小鼠精原干细胞冻存后体外培养

目的:研究冷冻后精原干细胞体外培养时的生物学行为.方法:体外培养冻存后的6日龄小鼠生精上皮细胞,并利用碱性磷酸酶活性及细胞形态,检测其中的精原干细胞.结果:当有BRL饲养层时,冻存后的精原细胞在贴壁、存活及增殖等生物学行为方面与新分离的精原细胞均无明显不同.培养25～30 d,培养体系中仍保留有少量精原干细胞及其最初几代分化细胞.结论:冷冻保存后的精原干细胞能在BRL细胞饲养层上正常地贴壁、生长和分裂.     

小鼠乳腺上皮细胞培养体系的建立及Heregulin-α的调控作用

旨在建立完善的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞体外培养体系,探讨Heregulin-α（HRG-α）对该体系乳腺上皮细胞增殖及代谢的影响,为进一步深入研究乳腺上皮细胞的形态、结构和功能,揭示HRG-α在小鼠乳腺发育中的作用及其规律提供理论依据.通过比较不同pH和不同血清浓度配比的生长培养液对小鼠乳腺细胞生长的影响,得出pH7.4,添加10%血清的生长培养液为乳腺上皮细胞生长的最佳条件.通过运用相差显微镜技术、MTT等研究方法进行不同取材时期乳腺上皮细胞的形态、接种存活率、倍增时间、生长曲线等生物学特性比较,获得妊娠15天为较好的乳腺细胞取材时期.采用免疫组化和RT-PCR方法对细胞重要的标志蛋白角蛋白-18进行检测,鉴定所获得的细胞为乳腺上皮细胞,成功建立小鼠乳腺上皮细胞体外培养体系.利用所建立的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞体外培养体系,采用液相色谱技术及MTT方法,初步探讨了HRG-α对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的影响.结果表明,适宜量HRG-α对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞生长和分泌总蛋白、乳糖均有显著促进作用,0.1～20ng/mL的HRG-α可促进小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的增殖和总蛋白、乳糖含量的增加,20ng/mL时达到最大值（P〈0.01）,50和100ng/mLHRG-α抑制小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,降低小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的总蛋白、乳糖含量（P〈0.05）.     

从人体尿液中分离肾源细胞构建拟肾血管单位小鼠皮下嵌合模型及其初步评价

目的 将健康人体尿液中分离培养的肾源细胞与人源间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)、人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs)以3∶3∶2的比例混合,并移植到NOD-SCID免疫缺陷小鼠皮下而构建人源化嵌合小鼠模型。方法 (1)体外培养MSCs、HUVECs,同时从健康人体尿液中分离培养肾源细胞,并对该细胞进行免疫荧光鉴定。(2)将上述3种细胞以3∶3∶2的比例混合后与Matrigel基质胶一起注射到NOD-SCID小鼠皮下形成人源组织,通过HE染色、免疫组织化学对移植模型进行鉴定。结果 (1)成功地从尿液中分离培养出肾源细胞,并检测鉴定了肾小管上皮细胞和集合管细胞;(2)将3种细胞混合后注射到NOD-SCID免疫缺陷小鼠皮下可初步形成小管结构以及与小鼠血管相连通的人源血管结构。结论 具有肾小管上皮细胞和集合管细胞的肾源细胞与HUVECs和MSCs皮下移植入NOD-SCID免疫缺陷小鼠体内可形成嵌合的人肾血管单位小鼠模型。该模型可为肾病个体化治疗和相关病毒感染研究提供一个人源化动物...     

间充质干细胞外泌体对肺脏上皮钠离子转运的调控作用研究

该文讨论了小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞来源的外泌体(bone mesenchymal stem cell-exo-some,BMSC-exo)对肺损伤引起的肺泡上皮钠离子转运障碍的调控.从BMSCs的条件培养基中分离外泌体,利用透射电镜技术对其形态结构以及大小进行了鉴定;对培养的经典肺上皮细胞系H441细胞分别给予脂多糖或外泌...     

用小鼠血液淋巴细胞构建核移植重构胚的研究

本实验用小鼠血液淋巴细胞为核供体进行了核移植研究。用淋巴细胞分离液(比重1.088)分离出小鼠血液中的淋巴细胞,直接用作核移植供体细胞,采用胞质内注射法成功构建的重构胚经常规培养2h后,SrCl_2激活处理6h,然后添加mM16培养液和小鼠输卵管上皮细胞饲养层共培养。把发育至早期囊胚阶段的重构胚转移至小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上,添加ES细胞培养液继续培养。对孵化出的内细胞团进行消化,然后接种培养。结果显示,小鼠血液淋巴细胞可以支持体细胞核移植重构胚的发育,核移植重构胚2-细胞率41.03%(128/312),桑葚胚和囊胚发育率分别为9.29%(29/312),1.92%(6/312)。重构囊胚在小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上分离出2个内细胞团,分离率为0.64%(2/312)。实验证实利用小鼠血液淋巴细胞进行体细胞核移植是可行的,可用于深入研究。     

吸烟小鼠呼吸道上皮细胞上皮钙粘附素表达的研究

通过免疫荧光法检测不同吸烟时间小鼠呼吸道上皮细胞上皮钙粘附素（Ｅｃａｄｈｅｒｉｎ,Ｅｃｄ）表达的动态变化,并采用显微荧光光度术进行定量分析。结果表明,首次吸烟１ｈ后呼吸道上皮细胞Ｅｃｄ表达与正常对照组比较明显下调（Ｐ＜００１）,４６Ｗ后降到最低水平。以后逐渐上调,吸烟８Ｗ后Ｅｃｄ表达恢复正常,气管上皮细胞表达高于正常（Ｐ＜００１）。提示,Ｅｃｄ表达的动态变化在呼吸道上皮细胞损伤与修复过程中起重要作用     

嗜肺巴氏杆菌在实验大鼠和小鼠中的传染性研究

目的观察不同来源的嗜肺巴氏杆菌在实验大鼠和小鼠中的传染性.方法取源于野鼠、实验大鼠和小鼠的嗜肺巴氏杆菌3株,对30只受试大鼠和小鼠进行交叉人工感染,并于感染后不同时期取咽拭子分离培养,对感染前后菌株,应用RAPD-PCR、SDS-PAGE和Western blot进行基因型、蛋白和抗原成份比较,以及生物学特性的比较.结果受试实验动物对3株嗜肺巴氏杆菌均易感,被接种的动物能稳定携带嗜肺巴氏杆菌直到试验结束,重新分离的嗜肺巴氏杆菌在生物学特性、蛋白成份、抗原性和基因型方面无明显改变.结论同一株嗜肺巴氏杆菌能在实验大鼠和小鼠中相互传染.     

鹦鹉热嗜衣原体禽鸟株的分离鉴定及小鼠呼吸道感染模型的建立

【目的】优化鹦鹉热嗜衣原体(Chlamydophila psittaci,C.psittaci,Cps)禽鸟株分离培养技术,建立Cps呼吸道感染的小鼠模型。【方法】从禽鸟肝组织中抽提总DNA,PCR法体外扩增Cps ompA基因,初步鉴定Cps阳性标本;同时将阳性标本的肝组织匀浆液接种到HeLa和Vero细胞中培养,Giemsa和免疫荧光染色法鉴定衣原体包涵体。将临床株扩大培养后,用2×104、2×105、2×106 IFU三个剂量鼻内接种小鼠,分别于感染后5 d和10 d处死小鼠,显微镜观察受染小鼠各脏器病理变化。【结果】采用PCR扩增Cps ompA基因,从100只禽鸟标本中检测到阳性Cps标本6例(6%),并成功地在HeLa及Vero细胞中培养出3例,且Vero细胞内的衣原体包涵体体积大,结构致密,对衣原体感染引起的宿主细胞溶解耐受性较HeLa细胞强,更适合用于Cps的分离培养及体外研究。成功建立Cps的鼠呼吸道感染模型,105 IFU是建立Cps呼吸道感染小鼠模型的适宜菌量。【结论】优化了Cps禽鸟株的分离培养技术,成功建立了Cps呼吸道感染小鼠模型,为Cps流行病学调查及研究衣原体的致病性和致病机制奠定基础。     

FIP200对FN诱导的人类呼吸道上皮细胞增殖的影响

目的研究 FIP200(FAK-family interacting protein of 200 kDa)对细胞外基质成份诱导的呼吸道上皮细胞增殖和细胞周期演进的影响及其作用机制.方法通过纤连接蛋白(FN)诱导培养呼吸道上皮细胞增殖,以FIP200反义寡核苷酸(ODN)经脂质体转染细胞;利用四唑盐(MTT)比色实验研究呼吸道上皮细胞增殖情况;采用流式细胞术分析呼吸道上皮细胞细胞周期各期分布情况;以Western blot检测FIP200和FAK蛋白表达水平;以免疫共沉淀检测FIP200和FAK结合情况和FAK磷酸化程度.结果 FN诱导的呼吸道上皮细胞MTT吸光度明显增强,G1期细胞数量明显减少,S期和G2期细胞数量明显增多,同时FAK表达水平及其酪氨酸磷酸化程度显著增高,FIP200表达有降低趋势,FAK与FIP200的结合程度显著减低;与40mg/L FN组相比,经脂质体转染了反义FIP200寡核苷酸的气道上皮细胞MTT吸光度值显著增高,G1期细胞数明显减少,S期和G2期细胞数显著增多,FIP200表达水平显著降低,FAK表达水平无明显变化,与FIP200结合的FAK显著降低, FAK酪氨酸磷酸化程度明显增高.结论内源性FIP200和FAK的结合抑制FAK的活化,从而抑制呼吸道上皮细胞增殖和细胞周期演进,内源性FIP200作为FAK的抑制剂而存在;FN能够促使FAK和FIP200结合的解离而活化FAK,从而促进细胞增殖.     

鹦鹉嗜衣原体禽鸟株的分离鉴定及小鼠呼吸道感染模型的建立

摘要：【目的】优化鹦鹉热嗜衣原体（Chlamydophila psittaci,C. psittaci,Cps）禽鸟株分离培养技术,建立Cps呼吸道感染的小鼠模型。【方法】从禽鸟肝组织中抽提总DNA,PCR法体外扩增Cps ompA基因,初步鉴定Cps阳性标本;同时将阳性标本的肝组织匀浆液接种到HeLa和Vero细胞中培养,Giemsa和免疫荧光染色法鉴定衣原体包涵体。将临床株扩大培养后,用2×104 、2×105 、2×106 IFU三个剂量鼻内接种小鼠,分别于感染后5d和10d处死小鼠,显微镜观察受染小鼠各脏器病理变化。【结果】采用PCR扩增Cps ompA基因,从100只禽鸟标本中检测到阳性Cps标本6例（6%）,并成功地在HeLa及Vero细胞中培养出3例,且Vero细胞内的衣原体包涵体体积大,结构致密,对衣原体感染引起的宿主细胞溶解耐受性较HeLa细胞强,更适合用于Cps的分离培养及体外研究。成功建立Cps的鼠呼吸道感染模型,105IFU 是建立Cps呼吸道感染小鼠模型的适宜菌量。【结论】优化了Cps临床株的分离培养技术,成功建立了Cps呼吸道感染小鼠模型,为Cps流行病学调查及研究衣原体的致病性和致病机制奠定基础。     

A mosaic genetic screen for Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressor genes based on defective pupation

The Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) coordinately control cell polarity and proliferation in epithelial and neuronal tissues. While a small group of neoplastic TSG mutations have been isolated and their corresponding genes cloned, the regulatory pathways that normally prevent inappropriate growth remain unclear. Identification of additional neoplastic TSGs may provide insight into this question. We report here the design of an efficient screen for isolating neoplastic TSG mutations utilizing genetically mosaic larvae. This screen is based on a defective pupation phenotype seen when a single pair of imaginal discs is homozygous for a neoplastic TSG mutation, which suggests that continuously proliferating cells can interfere with metamorphosis. Execution of this screen on two chromosome arms led to the identification of mutations in at least seven new neoplastic TSGs. The isolation of additional loci that affect hyperplastic as well as neoplastic growth indicates the utility of this screening strategy for studying epithelial growth control.     

Isolation and characterization of epithelial cells of colon mucosa: preliminary results

A procedure for the isolation of epithelial cells from rat and human large bowel is described; the minced tissue was carefully washed with saline and incubated for 45 min in a collagenase-jaluronidase solution; the dispersion of the epithelial cells was achieved by a subsequent treatment with the calcium chelator EDTA. The isolated cells were characterized by cytological and histochemical (PAS, alkaline phosphatase, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase) procedures; viability index was assessed by the trypan blue exclusion test; the ability to grow in culture on both liquid and semisolid media was also tested. This method can be successfully applied either to normal or neoplastic colonic mucosa, the resulting cell suspension being suitable for further characterization.     

Stem cells of the respiratory epithelium and their in vitro cultivation

Summary Parenchymal (epithelial or mesenchymal) stem cells are rapidly drawing both scientific and clinical attention in solid organs like the liver, skin, intestine and abdominal mesothelium, just as has been the case in the hematopoietic system. For the stem cells of these organs various definitions, markers for identification, methods of isolation and in vitro cultivation, and lineage mechanisms have been proposed and some of them are now proven to be valid and useful. In this article attempts will be made to explore whether there are stem cells in the lower respiratory system (from the trachea to the lung periphery) and what they look like. Because of its anatomical and functional complexity the stem cell concept for the respiratory system has been developing rather slowly. Nevertheless, the data available seem to indicate that in analogy to the above mentioned organs there is only one type of epithelial stem cells throughout all sections of the lower respiratory system during fetal through adult stages. They are multipotent for cell differentiation and able to yield lineage progenitors for ciliated, goblet, basal, Clara, neuroendocrine, alveolar type 1 and alveolar type 2 cells.     

Cloned murine non-malignant, spontaneously transformed and chemical tumour-derived cell lines related to the type 2 pneumocyte

NAL1A is a murine type 2 pneumocyte-related cell line cultured from normal BALB/c adult mouse lung. In vitro spontaneous transformation of 3 out of 7 clones of NAL1A has led to the isolation and establishment in continuous cell culture of sibling-related non-neoplastic (NAL1A) and spontaneously arising neoplastic (NAL1As) cell strains. NAL1As cells exhibited a similar phenotype to cloned NUL1 cells cultured from urethane-induced mouse lung adenomas. All NAL1As and NUL1 clones grew vigorously in 0.3% agar and formed invasive, poorly differentiated carcinomas following subcutaneous inoculation into immunesuppressed mice. Several subcutaneous nodules metastasised preferentially to the lung. All spontaneous and chemically-derived malignant clones were less differentiated than the non-malignant clones as assessed by staining with a type 2 pneumocyte-specific polyclonal antiserum. The clones described in this report form a useful model in the study of spontaneous and chemically-induced neoplastic transformation in mouse epithelial lung cells.     

Cell population kinetics of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic neoplasms and their adjacent colonic mucosa in the mouse.

The parameters of cell population kinetics of symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic neoplasms and their adjacent colonic mucosa in the mouse were analyzed using the fraction labeled-mitoses curve method and compared with those of three groups of epithelial cells in the crypt of the descending colon of normal mouse. The analysis of three groups of epithelial cells in the crypt of normal mouse indicates that differentiation of epithelial cells was associated not only with a smaller proliferative pool of cells but also with a shortening of the duration of G2 phase and a prolongation of mitotic time. Other parameters of cell cycle did not change significantly. The mean cell cycle time of neoplastic cells in chemically induced colonic neoplasms was similar to that of epithelial cells in normal colon, but the variance was much greater in neoplastic cells. In neoplastic cells, the proliferative pool was greater, the G1 phase prlonged, and the S phase and the mitotic time became shorter as compared to epithelial cells in normal colon. The duration of G2 phase of neoplastic cells fell between the values of presumptive stem cells and differentiating cells in normal colon, compatible with the hypothesis that neoplastic cells are transformed stem cells defective in cellular differentiation. In the colonic mucosa immediately adjacent to neoplasms, the fraction-labeled-mitoses curve showed a flat second wave, indicating that the group of cells initially labeled by the pulse became a mixture of cells, some continuing the proliferative cycle normally, some going out of cycle, some slowing down in their passage from S through G2 to M, and some being arrested in mitotic phase. Such heterogeneous behavior of cells may be closely related to expansion of neoplasms. With some assumptions, however, cell cycle parameters of those normally cycling cells were estimated: the cell cycle time and the duration of G1 phase and mitotic phase were prolonged as compared to neoplastic cells and epithelial cells of normal colon.     

DNA profiling of spermatozoa by laser capture microdissection and low volume-PCR

Genetic profiling of sperm from complex biological mixtures such as sexual assault casework samples requires isolation of a pure sperm population and the ability to analyze low abundant samples. Current standard procedure for sperm isolation includes preferential lysis of epithelial contaminants followed by collection of intact sperm by centrifugation. While effective for samples where sperm are abundant, this method is less effective when samples contain few spermatozoa. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a proven method for the isolation of cells biological mixtures, even when found in low abundance. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of LCM coupled with on-chip low volume PCR (LV-PCR) for the isolation and genotyping of low abundance sperm samples. Our results indicate that this method can obtain complete profiles (13-16 loci) from as few as 15 sperm cells with 80% reproducibility, whereas at least 40 sperm cells are required to profile 13-16 loci by standard 'in-tube' PCR. Further, LCM and LV-PCR of a sexual assault casework sample generated a DNA genotype that was consistent with that of the suspect. This method was unable, however, to analyze a casework sample from a gang rape case in which two or more sperm contributors were in a mixed population. The results indicate that LCM and LV-PCR is sensitive and effective for genotyping sperm from sperm/epithelial cell mixtures when epithelial lysis may be insufficient due to low abundance of sperm; LCM and LV-PCR, however, failed in a casework sample when spermatozoa from multiple donors was present, indicating that further study is necessitated.     

Flow cytometric enrichment for respiratory epithelial cells in sputum.

BACKGROUND: Induced sputum, in contrast to bronchoscopic biopsies and lavages, is an easily obtained source of biological specimens. However, obtaining abnormal exfoliated cells for detailed molecular studies is limited because respiratory epithelial cells comprise only about 1% of sputum cell populations. METHODS: We developed a multiparameter flow sorting strategy to purify epithelial cells from nonepithelial sputum cells, using anti-cytokeratin antibody AE1/AE3 to recognize human epithelial cells and DAPI to stain DNA. We excluded cells with a high degree of side-scatter, which were composed predominantly of squamous cells and contaminating macrophages. The remaining cytokeratin-positive respiratory epithelial cells were then sorted based on anti-cytokeratin (PE) vs DNA (DAPI) parameters. RESULTS: In this proof of principle study, the AE1AE3 cytokeratin/DNA flow sorting strategy enriched rare diploid respiratory epithelial cells from an average of 1.1% of cells in unsorted induced sputum samples to average purities of 42%. Thus, AE1AE3 flow-sorting results in a 38-fold enrichment of these cells. CONCLUSIONS: We report a multiparameter flow cytometric assay to detect and enrich rare respiratory epithelial cells from induced sputum samples to average purities of 42%. With further development, this methodology may be useful as part of a molecular screening approach of populations at high risk for lung cancer.     

High-quality RNA and DNA from flow cytometrically sorted human epithelial cells and tissues

Microarray technologies have made possible comprehensive analyses of nucleic acid sequence and expression. However, the technology to obtain efficiently high-quality RNA and DNA suitable for array analysis from purified populations of neoplastic cells from human tissues has not been well addressed. Microdissection can enrich for populations of cells present in various tumor tissues, but it is not easily automated or performed rapidly, and there are tissues in which cells of interest cannot be readily isolated based on morphologic criteria alone. Here we describe a protocol for efficient RNA and DNA isolation from flow cytometrically purified whole epithelial cells from primary tissue. The aqueous reagent, RNAlater, which preserves RNA, allows immunolabeling and purification of whole epithelial cells by flow sorting without special instrument preparation to reduce RNase activity. We used real-time PCR to determine RNA quality afterflow sorting. High-quality RNA and DNA suitable for expression and genotype analysis can be readily obtained from flow cytometrically purified populations of neoplastic cells from human tissues.     

Selective isolation and culture of a proliferating epithelial cell population from the hamster trachea

Summary A reliable cell isolation technique was developed to allow the cultivation of cells from the hamster respiratory tract. Repeated thermolysin treatments and gradient centrifugation yielded a cell culture completely free from contamination by fibroblasts. Viable cells could be isolated from as little tissue as a single hamster trachea, but in vitro proliferation occurred only if the hamster was less than 4 months of age. The cultured cells could be repeatedly passaged and subcultured for weeks by employing normal tissue culture techniques. Morphologically, the monolayers appeared to be a homogeneous population of epithelial cells, and successful cloning of freshly isolated single cells resulted in apparently identical cultures. The epithelial origin of these cells was also suggested by continued growth in minimum essential medium withd-valine substituted forl-valine. The relative ease with which this cell type can be isolated, cultured, and manipulated in vitro should encourage its application as a model of the respiratory epithelium. This research was supported by Public Health Service Grant P50-HL 19171 and Research Career Development Award 1-K04-AI 00178 to J. B. B.