河南省洞栖蝙蝠的多样性与保护

2011 年6 月至2013 年7 月,利用雾网和抄网捕捉蝙蝠,采用直接计数、拍照等方法统计蝙蝠的数量,调查了河南省60 个洞穴中蝙蝠的种类、数量及分布,根据蝙蝠的外形及头骨特征鉴定种类,计3 科6 属17 种,其中易危(VU)物种3 种,近危(NT)和无危(LC)物种各7 种。马铁菊头蝠和菲菊头蝠为河南省广布种。依据洞穴的开发情况和人类入洞活动的频度等,评估洞穴的干扰程度,30 个洞穴属严重干扰,10 个洞穴属轻度干扰,20 个洞穴属自然状态。依据洞穴中蝙蝠的种类、数量及濒危程度,将洞穴的相对重要性划分为4 个级别,级别1 和多数级别2 的洞穴具有大的空间和复杂的洞穴系统,这些洞穴既是蝙蝠的繁殖地又是冬眠场所,其中栖息的蝙蝠种类多且数量大。对洞穴的总长度、最大宽度和最大高度进行了测量,比较4 个级别洞穴的测量数据,级别1 洞穴的总长度、最大宽度、最大高度的平均值明显大于其他级别。目前,多数洞穴未得到很好的保护,由于旅游开发等原因,洞栖蝙蝠正面临着严重的生存危机。     

中华菊头蝠的栖息生态特征及种群保护

中华菊头蝠(Rhinolophus sinicus)主要分布于我国境内,属于典型的洞栖食虫性蝙蝠,具有重要的研究意义与保护价值。近年,在湘西州境内的16个溶洞中对其栖息生态特征进行了观察,共记录到其个体12942只次,数据分析结果显示：该蝠是该区域溶洞中的居留型优势蝠种,具有集群冬眠的习性。每年的9月中下旬开始逐步聚群冬眠,翌年的3月底开始苏醒,其夏季的繁育场所非常隐蔽,通常位于人无法进入的洞段或人迹罕至的洞穴。总体上,其栖点主要集中于距洞口150—200 m(91.60%)的洞段,离地高度6—10 m(91.75%),多以“双足悬挂”的栖姿将身体悬空倒挂于洞道的顶壁。其体温与栖点温度之间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),但具有明显的线性正相关关系(R~2=0.8886)。其栖点安全性春夏季高,秋冬季中等偏低。中华菊头蝠作为该区域洞栖性蝙蝠的优势种,在维持洞穴生态系统的稳定中发挥着至关重要的作用,加强对洞穴生态系统中蝙蝠伞护性的研究有助于洞穴生态保护教育及对蝙蝠种群的保护实践。     

潇水河永州零陵段沿岸蝙蝠物种多样性调查

2011年5月—2013年8月对潇水河永州零陵段沿岸蝙蝠物种多样性进行了初步调查。共记录到蝙蝠8种,分属3科5属。从分布型看,东洋型种类占多数(62.5%);从种群数量看,东亚伏翼Pipistrellus abramus与大蹄蝠Hipposideros armiger占优势,斑蝠Scotomanes ornatus数量最为稀少。区域内蝙蝠喜栖于竹丛、树冠、岩壁、洞穴、民居与古建筑等处。上、下游所栖蝙蝠种类存在差异,但均喜好在水体与植被交接处活动而形成活动聚集地,且洞穴冬眠型蝙蝠的年活动周期较房屋冬眠型蝙蝠的短。调查结果增加了对潇水河沿岸蝙蝠生存现状的了解,可为进一步开展蝙蝠研究和保护提供参考。     

河南济源人工引水渠隧道蝙蝠冬眠生态学特征

2017-2020年期间,每年1月份对河南省济源市邵原镇布袋沟水库人工引水渠隧道内蝙蝠进行冬眠生态学特征调查,共发现2科5属7种蝙蝠在此冬眠,包括马铁菊头蝠（Rhinolophus ferrumequinum）、小菊头蝠（R.pusillus）、华南水鼠耳蝠（Myotis laniger）、白腹管鼻蝠（Murina leucogaster）、金管鼻蝠（Mu.aurata）、奥氏长耳蝠（Plecotus ognevi）和亚洲宽耳蝠（Barbastella leucomelas）。马铁菊头蝠是优势种（约52%-73%的冬眠个体）,其次是小菊头蝠（约19%-37%）、华南水鼠耳蝠（约5%-8%）,其余蝙蝠物种数量不足3%。2017-2020年冬眠蝙蝠个体总数呈增长趋势,但仍少于早期报道的数量。有42个隧道每年均有蝙蝠冬眠,而且不同年度冬眠数量也不尽相同。通过多元线性回归分析发现,隧道长度可能是影响蝙蝠冬眠栖息场所选择的主要影响因子（Adjusted R²=0.208,P=0.001）。每个隧道内,蝙蝠具有不同的冬眠栖点位置,约4/5的蝙蝠选择温暖且环境相对稳定的隧道深处（> 30 m）作为冬眠栖点,超过95%的个体选择长度> 60 m的隧道冬眠。蝙蝠具有不同的冬眠方式,绝大多数个体采用独栖方式进行冬眠（> 90%）,少数采用聚集方式。不同的冬眠栖点和冬眠方式可能有利于冬眠成本优化。此外,栖点温度与蝙蝠体温之间呈显著正相关（R²=0.98,P < 0.001）,而且蝙蝠冬眠期间的栖点温度具有种内和种间差异。研究结果为我国蝙蝠种群保护和冬眠场所管理提供科学依据。     

广西桂平市鳄蜥种群及栖息地现状的分析研究

2004年7月,对广西桂平市鳄蜥种群及其栖息地进行了调查,并首次采用量化指标对鳄蜥栖息的回水塘进行了分析。结果表明：桂平市鳄蜥分布区已破碎成白沙坑、牛头坳和黄凉冲、大藤峡碧滩段三个片段,分布区面积从58．39km^2减小至16．14km^2。鳄蜥种群数量约为150只。通过主成分分析发现,鳄蜥栖息回水塘的长度、宽度、水深、塘底组成、水温、栖枝类型和栖枝高度是影响鳄蜥选择回水塘的主要因子,而海拔、栖枝直径、水流速度的影响不大。鳄蜥倾向栖息于常绿阔叶林生境中,对溪沟的坡向和沟型选择不明显。     

四川绵阳洞栖蝙蝠多样性及受胁现状

1999～2005年,对四川省绵阳市洞栖性蝙蝠进行了凋杳。共采集到4科,5属,14种,约占四川蝙蝠种类31．8％,中国蝙蝠种类11．7％。其中,大足鼠耳蝠（Myotis ricketti）为中国特有种,中华鼠耳蝠（Myotis chinensis）已被列入《中国物种红色名录》中的易危（VU）种,南蝠（Iu io）等5种被列入近危（NT）种。调查中发现不少洞穴已被开发或正在被开发成旅游景点,人为干扰已严重威胁洞穴内蝙蝠的生存。建议对蝙蝠栖息地采取一定的保护措施,并加强保护蝙蝠的宣传教育。     

西南鼠耳蝠(Myotis altarium)栖息生态学

西南鼠耳蝠(Myotis altarium)是典型的洞栖性蝙蝠,是我国的准特有种。近年,在湘西州境内的13个溶洞中记录到该蝠361只次,并对其栖点的空间分布、栖息姿势、体温、栖点温度及个体的安全性进行了观测。结果表明:其栖点主要集中在距离洞口200 m的范围之内,离地面的高度通常在2—6 m之间,约74%的个体采用腹部贴壁倒挂的姿势栖息;体温变化范围在3.57—20.25℃之间,个体体温均略高于其栖点温度,但两者之间不存在显著性差异(P0.05)而不同月份之间的体温、栖点温度均存在显著性差异(P0.05);仅60.1%的个体栖息在"安全性高"的栖点,栖息在"安全性中"和"安全性低"栖点的比例分别达22.7%和17.2%。加强对地方群众的宣传教育,增强民众对蝙蝠物种、生物多样性及洞穴资源的保护意识,减少人为因素对洞穴环境和蝙蝠种群的干扰与破坏,将有助于保护该珍稀物种。     

西南鼠耳蝠(Myotisaltarium)的栖息生态学研究

西南鼠耳蝠(Myotis altarium)是典型的洞栖性蝙蝠,是我国的准特有种。近年,在湘西州境内的13个溶洞中记录到该蝠361只次,并对其栖点的空间分布、栖息姿势、体温、栖点温度及个体的安全性进行了观测。结果表明:其栖点主要集中在距离洞口200 m的范围之内,离地面的高度通常在2—6 m之间,约74%的个体采用腹部贴壁倒挂的姿势栖息;体温变化范围在3.57—20.25℃之间,个体体温均略高于其栖点温度,但两者之间不存在显著性差异(P0.05)而不同月份之间的体温、栖点温度均存在显著性差异(P0.05);仅60.1%的个体栖息在“安全性高”的栖点,栖息在“安全性中”和“安全性低”栖点的比例分别达22.7%和17.2%。加强对地方群众的宣传教育,增强民众对蝙蝠物种、生物多样性及洞穴资源的保护意识,减少人为因素对洞穴环境和蝙蝠种群的干扰与破坏,将有助于保护该珍稀物种。     

贵州省松桃县东部地区翼手目物种多样性

2008年7月至2009年2月,对贵州省松桃县东部地区的14个镇(乡)47洞穴翼手目的种类、数量、分布及生境进行调查研究。通过标本的采集、鉴定,确定该地区共有翼手目动物3科14种,其中2种为待定种;爪哇伏翼(Pipistrellus javanicus)、棒茎伏翼(P.paterculus)、单角菊头蝠(Rhinolophusmonoceros)3种在贵州省首次发现,其中单角菊头蝠是在中国大陆首次发现。另外,还对该地区蝙蝠的冬眠行为、对冬眠地的选择以及栖息环境的受胁现状进行了初步调查,发现不同种类蝙蝠的冬眠行为是不一样的;同时发现,洞外捕食生境的不同会造成洞穴内分布翼手目种类的不同。     

野生大鲵繁殖洞穴生态环境的初步研究

为了探明野生大鲵(Andrias davidianus)自然繁殖所需要的主要生态条件,给人工养殖条件下大鲵的自然繁殖提供生态学依据,对张家界国家级大鲵保护区境内野生大鲵的栖息繁殖洞穴进行生态学考察。对海拔、洞口的宽度与高度等10个生态因子进行定量观测和主成分分析,结果表明,影响大鲵选择繁殖洞穴的主要因子是海拔、洞口高度、洞底组成,以及洞穴中水的透明度、pH、流速、饵料丰度7个因子。对大鲵繁殖洞穴相连河段进行调查,发现多为山溪流。对繁殖洞穴中水的溶解氧、化学耗氧量、硫化物等5项主要指标进行检测,除硫化物外,其他指标多达到国家饮用水的水质标准,可见大鲵自然繁殖对洞穴与水质的要求较高。     

Distribution of cave-dwelling bats and conservation status of underground habitats in the Istanbul area

Populations of cave-dwelling bat species were investigated in the transitory region between the Eastern Thrace and the Western Pontus. Data were collected during 30 surveys in 13 underground sites, 10 of which had not been surveyed previously by bat researchers, between March 1999 and March 2000. Approximately 20 000 bats representing eight species were recorded. Grouping the sites according to their ecological resemblance, by means of cluster and correspondence analyses, yielded different results for the summer and winter data. In summer, there was a partial separation of the sites by their location in biogeographic regions. In winter, no regional grouping was observed. It was concluded that in the transitory region, species distribution does not differ considerably between the Eastern Thracian and Western Pontic ecosystems. In addition, a conservation scoring system is proposed for those sites investigated, their status is evaluated, and the most important local roosts are identified.     

Analysis of the distribution of insectivorous bats in Israel

Data on localities from which insectivorous bats were collected or sighted in Israel were compiled into a Geographical Information System (GIS) in order to analyse patterns of species distribution. By intersecting precipitation and temperature data with spatially-referenced data on species observations stored in the GIS we determined the 'climatic envelope' of each species and constructed predictive maps which show the potential distribution of each species. Using cluster analysis, the bats were classified into three main biogeographic groups according to their distribution, namely desert, Mediterranean, and widespread in Israel. The potential distribution maps of all the species indicate that there are areas which have suitable bat habitats but from which bats have never been collected or observed. In the Mediterranean region of Israel, this is attributed to a large reduction in population size due to fumigation of caves, cave visitation and secondary poisoning.     

Distribution and underground habitats of cave-dwelling bats in China

To understand the distribution and relative abundance of cave-dwelling bats and to identify those sites that would be important for conservation of bat species, 25 underground sites that had not been previously surveyed were investigated in this 3-year study (from December 2003 to April 2006) in Funiu Mountain of Henan province, China. Approximately 80 000 bats were recorded, representing 12 species. The most abundant species were Rhinolophus affini s, Miniopterus schreibersi and Hipposideros pratti . The roosts were evaluated for their conservation importance. The most important sites in the area are Yunhua and Nanzhao caves, which serve as hibernaculums and nursery roosts to c . 13 740 and 11 803 bats, respectively, representing seven species. By means of cluster and correspondence analysis, the distribution of bat species was different between the two sides of the mountain and was highly dependent on the size of the cave. The underground sites in the south region hosted c . 80% of the total bats, representing 11 species. The sites in the north region hosted 20% of the total bats, representing seven species. Presently, none of the caves in the region has adequate protection and some bat populations are under serious threat. Many large caves that contained large bat populations and several species of concern had been developed as tourist sites, and so some advice on protecting the most important local habitats was sought based on the assessment of the conservation status of underground sites. This paper presents basic data concerning the distribution of cave-dwelling bats and the patterns of cave use on Funiu Mountain. The data will help local governments and policy-makers develop suitable strategies to promote local tourisms while protecting important habitats of animal species.     

Ecological zoogeography of the bats of Paraguay

Aim To relate the composition of bat assemblages in Paraguay to environmental factors (vegetation) and to test the hypothesis that the observed patterns of distribution of Paraguayan mammals is ultimately due to soils and geological features. Location Paraguay. Methods Museum specimens were used to create a data base of 3762 individuals of forty-eight species collected in twenty-six 50 × 50 km sites distributed throughout the country. Proportion of each of sixteen vegetation types per site was estimated from vegetation maps. Vegetation and bat data were related using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests. The same analyses were performed with the bat data grouped in terms of trophic strategies. Results A significant relationship was found between composition of vegetation and composition of bat assemblages. CCA ordination arranged plant associations and bat assemblages into three distinct groups: Dry Chaco, Floodable Lands and Eastern Paraguay, which correspond to the major characteristics of the Paraguayan vegetation, geology and soils. Frugivorous bats were restricted to Eastern Paraguay and Floodable Lands, whereas most insectivore and omnivore species occur across the entire country. However, the maximum abundance of insectivorous and omnivorous species within each genus indicates that there is at least a partial segregation of species to one of the three regions, and in those cases where the maximum abundance of congeneric species coincide, those species differ considerably in size. Main conclusions The Paraguayan bat fauna is a composite of species from various South American biomes, with no endemic species. However, species are not randomly distributed across the country despite the lack of geographical barriers and the high dispersal capabilities of bats. Instead, species presence at any given site is strongly associated with vegetation patterns that are ultimately the result of the geological history of the area. This correlation can be explained partially in terms of habitat suitability and resource availability. Additionally, results suggest that interspecific interactions are also an important component in determining the composition of a given bat assemblage.     

广东省蝙蝠新纪录种——大墓蝠

1984年9月24日在广东连州采集到2只蝙蝠(1♀,1♂),体型大,头体长分别为92.0mm,85.0mm,前臂长73.2mm,73.0mm,颅全长24.68mm,23.97mm;尾端有少量长毛;脑颅比较狭窄。经与国内已采集的黑髯墓蝠Taphozous melanopogon标本及已报道的同类蝙蝠特征相比较,鉴定该蝙蝠标本为鞘尾蝠科的大墓蝠Taphozous theobaldi Dobson,1872,为广东省蝙蝠新纪录种。     

Descriptive ecology of bat flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) associated with vampire bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the cerrado of Central Brazil

We studied the ectoparasitic bat flies of three phyllostomid vampire bat species. Bats were collected monthly from April 2004-March 2005 in caves within the Cafuringa Environmental Protection Area in the Federal District of Brazil. A total of 1,259 specimens from six species in the Streblidae family were collected from 332 bats. High host affinity from the sampled bat fly species and high prevalence of bat flies confirms the primary fly-host associations (Strebla wiedemanni, Trichobius parasiticus and Trichobius furmani with Desmodus, Trichobius diaemi and Strebla diaemi with Diaemus and T. furmani with Diphylla). Male flies outnumbered females in several associations. Some of the observed associations (e.g., Strebla mirabilis with Desmodus and S. mirabilis, Trichobius uniformis and S. wiedemanni with Diphylla) were inconclusive and the causes of the associations were unclear. There are several explanations for these associations, including (i) accidental contamination during sampling, (ii) simultaneous capture of several host species in the same net or (iii) genuine, but rare, ecological associations. Although various species of vampire bats share roosts, have similar feeding habits and are close phylogenetic relatives, they generally do not share ectoparasitic streblid bat flies. T. diaemi and S. diaemi associations with Diaemus youngi have not been previously reported in this region.     

A faunal survey of streblid flies (Diptera: Streblidae) associated with bats in Paraguay

An extensive survey of the ectoparasites infesting bats in Paraguay provides information regarding the taxonomy and host distribution of streblid bat flies at a geographic interface between subtropical and temperate habitats. Five families of bats representing 45 species, including Molossidae (5 genera and 15 species), Natalidae (1 genus and 1 species), Phyllostomidae (11 genera and 15 species), Noctilionidae (1 genus and 2 species), and Vespertilionidae (4 genera and 12 species) were collected from 24 localities across Paraguay and sampled for ectoparasites. In total, 2,467 bat flies were collected, representing 11 genera and 31 nominal species of Streblidae, of which 6 genera and 24 species are new records for Paraguay. No streblids were collected from vespertilionid bats; 23 species infested phyllostomids, 6 species noctilionids, 1 species a natalid, and 1 species molossids. Streblid bat flies were highly specific to certain host groups and individual host species, and their geographic distributions closely followed those of their host bats. Of 31 streblid species surveyed, 27 were monoxenous (i.e., associated with a single host species), and 4 were stenoxenous (i.e., associated with a group of phylogenetically related hosts). The number of streblid species is greatly reduced in the Chaco region west of the Paraguay River, largely because of the lack of phyllostomid host bats.     

Bat flies on phyllostomid hosts in the Cerrado region: component community, prevalence and intensity of parasitism

Streblidae flies are specialised parasites of bat hosts, mainly phyllostomids. There is a high richness of streblids in the savannah-like Cerrado region; however, there is little quantitative data available in parasitological indices. Here, we describe the component community, prevalence and intensity of a streblid infestation on a phyllostomid bat assemblage in Serra da Bodoquena, a Cerrado region in Southwest Brazil. We conducted surveys by capturing and inspecting bat hosts during the seven-month period between October 2004-December 2005. All the ectoparasites found on the bats were collected in the field and then counted and identified in the laboratory. We captured 327 bats belonging to 13 species, of which eight species were parasitized by 17 species of streblids. Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina were infested with seven streblid species, whereas the other bat species were infested with four or fewer streblid species. Megistopoda proxima and Aspidoptera falcata flies were found on Sturnira lilium, and Trichobius joblingi was the most prevalent fly on C. perspicillata. Megistopoda aranea and Aspidoptera phyllostomatis were highly prevalent and had a high intensity of infestation on Artibeus planirostris. Overall comparisons of the available data suggest that the component communities of streblids vary more between the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest phytogeographical regions than between localities within the same phytogeographical region.     

Ectoparasites of the particolored bat (Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758, Chiroptera,Mammalia) in the Urals and adjacent regions

The ectoparasite fauna on the most widespread synanthropic chiropteran species, the particolored bat (Vespertilio murinus L., 1758), is described from localities in the Urals and West Siberia. 86 individual bats have been examined, off which 463 ectoparasite specimens from 8 species have been collected. The species composition and ecology of these arthropods are analyzed. The core of the ectoparasite fauna on the particolored bat in the Urals has been found to consist of gamasine mites of the genus Steatonyssus.     

On the bats (Chiroptera) of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

As part of a study of the mammalian fauna of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a number of interesting bat specimens have been collected. The Egyptian fruit-eating bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus , and the Greater mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma microphyllum , are recorded for the first time from the country. Distributional notes and comments on the biology of these two and on five other species of bats from Saudi Arabia are mentioned. Previous distributional records of the other eight species known from the country are summarized. A map showing collecting localities is included.