四川绵阳地区野生猕猴肠道寄生虫感染的调查研究

对四川绵阳地区野生猕猴抽样100只,分别采用饱和食盐水漂浮法和沉淀集印法检查粪便中寄生虫卵,监测肠道寄生虫的感染率和感染强度。结果显示,感染当地野生猕猴的肠道寄生虫主要有8种,总感染率为78．0％,分别为：吸虫50．0％,毛尾线虫48．0％,蛲虫41．0％,钩虫32．0％,蛔虫26．0％,泡状带绦虫16．0％,球虫4．0％,后圆线虫4．0％,感染强度为毛尾线虫“＋＋＋＋”,蛲虫“＋＋＋＋”,吸虫“＋＋＋”,钩虫“＋＋＋”,蛔虫“＋＋”,泡状带绦虫“＋”,球虫“＋”,后圆线虫“＋”。表明该地区野生猕猴寄生虫感染较普遍,感染强度较大。     

Morphology and biology of 2 ecotypes of Chaetogaster lymnaei, Baer, 1827]

Chaetogaster lymnaei (Oligochaeta, Naididae) has two life forms one of which is a commensal of pulmonae mollusks and the other--an endoparasite of Radix ovata Kidney. On the basis of statistical analysis of the second body segment chaetae morphological differences of the two races are considered. Their geographical distribution and biological peculiarities are discussed. The races of Gh. lymnaei represent two divergating sympatrical ecotypes rather than biological species as it was thought before.     

Taxonomic composition of bacteria associated with cultivated mollusks Crassostrea lugubris and Perna viridis and with the water of the Gulf of Nha Trang Lagoon, Vietnam

One hundred and four strains of heterotrophic bacteria have been isolated and characterized from two species of bivalve mollusks cultivated in the Gulf of Nha Trang (Vietnam) and from the water of a mariculture farm. The isolates have been identified on the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and chemotaxonomic properties, as well as by the content of G+C bases in DNA. In the microflora of mollusks, Vibrio alginolyticus was predominant; the pathogenic species V. harveyi and V. splendidus were found as well. Staphylococci and bacilli occupied the second place in abundance after vibrios. In addition, coryneforms and enterobacteria, as well as Pseudomonas spp. and Pseudoalteromonas spp., were revealed. The composition of the water microflora was more diverse as compared with the microflora of mollusks. In the water, Bacillus spp., Vibrio spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were predominant. Brevibacterium spp. and other coryneform bacteria, as well as enterobacteria, occurred in significant amounts. In addition, Pseudoalteromonas spp., Marinococcus sp., Halobacillus sp., Shewanella sp., Sulfitobacter sp., and bacteria of the CFB cluster were noticed. The presence of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacterial species in the water and mollusks is probably the reason for the high death rate of cultivated animals at the mariculture farm.     

The peculiarities of feeding of the American mink (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Neovison vison</Emphasis>) in the Southern Urals

The peculiarities of feeding of American mink in various waterbodies of the Southern Urals are described. The structure of the mink ration considerably depends on the type of water body. In all water bodies, fish, insects, and mammals were in the group of main forage; in lakes, mollusks or crayfish were added to this group. Birds and frogs in all water bodies were less important; reptiles (snakes) were accidental prey. It is revealed that the terrestrial mollusks played an important role in mink feeding. The differences in the structures of rations of the western and eastern populations of American mink were found.     

The role of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Viviparus contectus</Emphasis> (Millet) (Mollusca,Viviparidae) in the sedimentation of suspension and transformation of organic matter in the Tnya River (Ukraine)

As active filterers and sedimentators, mollusks Viviparus contectus (Millet) clear water from suspensions in the Tnya River. The sedimentation ability of mollusks is assessed on the basis of experimental studies at three stations using the funneling technique. Mollusks at the age of 3 and 5 years are used. The rate of sedimentation of V. contectus is 7.3 to 13.7 mg/(spec. day) in July 2014. The efficiency of suspended sedimentation is higher in younger individuals. The rate of sedimentation is determined by the total body weight of mollusks; the ratio between these parameters is described by the exponential function. V. contectus contributes to the decrease in the content of organic matter in the water with a rate of 0.055 to 0.069 mg of O₂/(dm³ spec. h), as well as to the enrichment of the near-bottom water layer with organic matter.     

Species composition and specific features of distribution of bivalves from the superfamily Pisidioidea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in the coastal zone of the Lower Tuloma Reservoir and in the Tuloma River Estuary (Kola Peninsula, Russia)

The fauna of bivalves of superfamily Pisidioidea from the coastal zone of the Lower Tuloma Reservoir and the estuary of the Tuloma River was studied in 2004–2005. Seventeen species mollusks were found. The influence of some ecological factors on the mollusks is analyzed. The most important factor in the Lower Tuloma Reservoir is the tidal rise; in the estuary of the Tuloma River, it is the time of coast exposure and water salinity.     

Chemical defense in the egg masses of benthic invertebrates: an assessment of antibacterial activity in 39 mollusks and 4 polychaetes.

Many marine invertebrates deposit benthic egg masses that are potentially vulnerable to microbial infection. To help counter this threat these species may have evolved some form of chemical protection for their encapsulated embryos. In this study the egg masses from 7 marine mollusks were tested for antibacterial activity against 4 marine pathogens: Enterococcus sericolicida, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio harveyi. Extracts from all of these egg masses were found to inhibit the growth of at least 1 marine bacterium at concentrations that approximate the natural concentration of extract in the egg masses. The egg masses of 39 mollusks and 4 polychaetes were then tested for antibacterial activity against 3 human pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Activity was detected in the egg masses from 34 species, including 2 polychaetes and mollusks from two classes and 18 families. Antibacterial activity in molluskan egg masses was found to extend across the marine, estuarine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Both gelatinous egg masses and tough egg capsules were found to inhibit microbial growth, suggesting that physical protection alone may not be sufficient to protect the eggs. Antimicrobial activity was observed in the fresh egg masses but not in the well-developed egg masses of a subset of species. The results of this study indicate that a wide range of invertebrates use chemical defense to protect their early stage embryos against bacterial infection.     

Features of the shell morphology of Mytilus trossulus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in the fouling of the alga Sargassum pallidum (Phaeophyceae: Sargassaceae)

The features of ontogenetic variation in the shell shape of the bivalve Mytilus trossulus were studied based on material that was collected from different biotopes in the Vostok Bay of the Sea of Japan in 2011. It was revealed that the mollusks had different shell shapes in rock populations and in foulings of artificial substrates but all the developmental changes fall within formerly recorded peculiarities. It is shown that significant deviations from the typical form of the shell are characteristic to mollusks from the fouling of thalli of the brown algae Sargassum pallidum that inhabit shallow water at surf-exposed rocky headlands. The mollusks from this biotope were characterized by numerous traces of deformations of the shell, an atypically skewed growth of the rear edge, and a significant excess (20–25%) of the width over the shell height. It was revealed that the recorded features of shell morphology are apparently associated with features of mussel habitation in an environment with active hydrodynamics.     

Nature’s Palette: Characterization of Shared Pigments in Colorful Avian and Mollusk Shells

Pigment-based coloration is a common trait found in a variety of organisms across the tree of life. For example, calcareous avian eggs are natural structures that vary greatly in color, yet just a handful of tetrapyrrole pigment compounds are responsible for generating this myriad of colors. To fully understand the diversity and constraints shaping nature’s palette, it is imperative to characterize the similarities and differences in the types of compounds involved in color production across diverse lineages. Pigment composition was investigated in eggshells of eleven paleognath bird taxa, covering several extinct and extant lineages, and shells of four extant species of mollusks. Birds and mollusks are two distantly related, calcareous shell-building groups, thus characterization of pigments in their calcareous structures would provide insights to whether similar compounds are found in different phyla (Chordata and Mollusca). An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction protocol was used to analyze the presence and concentration of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, two known and ubiquitous tetrapyrrole avian eggshell pigments, in all avian and molluscan samples. Biliverdin was solely detected in birds, including the colorful eggshells of four tinamou species. In contrast, protoporphyrin was detected in both the eggshells of several avian species and in the shells of all mollusks. These findings support previous hypotheses about the ubiquitous deposition of tetrapyrroles in the eggshells of various bird lineages and provide evidence for its presence also across distantly related animal taxa.     

Morphology of gametes of mollusks, echinoderms, and brachiopods in systematics and phylogeny

The morphology of eggs and sperm of echinoderms, mollusks, and brachiopods was studied and compared. The gametes of inarticulate brachiopods (two classes Lingulata and Craniata and two subphyla Linguliformea and Craniaformea) are shown to have significant morphological differences from those of articulate brachiopods (extant class Rhynchonellata, subphylum Rhynchonelliformea). Inarticulate brachiopods have similar sperm morphology to that of primitive brachiopods, bivalves and some polychaetes that have external fertilization. Sperm morphology of articulate brachiopods is similar to that of echinoderms, which are considered to be typical deuterostomate invertebrates. This similarity supports an early deviation of lophophore-bearing animals from Bilateria, before this lineage branched into Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Similar gamete morphology in Lingulata and Craniata supports the view that inarticulate brachiopods should be retained as a supraclass taxon for comparison with other Lophotrochozoa, in particular with phoronids, bryozoans, and mollusks. Based on the new data on the gamete morphology in inarticulate brachiopods, we propose the name Lingulophyles with the type genus Lingula, and for articulate brachiopods Coptothyrophyles with the type genus Coptothyris.     

Morphobiochemical Adaptations to the Littoral Environment in Some Atlantic Gastropods

The morphobiochemical adaptations to the drying and feeding of four species of littoral mollusks collected in a confined area of the Atlantic coast have been analyzed: Tectarius striatus, Siphonaria pectinata, Phorcus atratus, and P. sauciatus. It was established that these mollusks differ strongly from each other morphologically and biochemically, thus demonstrating a variety of adaptations to the same environmental conditions. It was noted that T. striatus is the most adapted to live in the tidal zone. It is assumed that the survival of P. atratus and P. sauciatus in the conditions of drying is to some extent maintained by the green pigment (biliverdin) concentrated in the soft tissues, as its quantity increases as the mollusks remain without water.     

Taxonomic composition of bacteria associated with cultivated mollusks <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea lugubris</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perna viridis</Emphasis> and with the water of the Gulf of Nha Trang lagoon,Vietnam

One hundred and four strains of heterotrophic bacteria have been isolated and characterized from two species of bivalve mollusks cultivated in the Gulf of Nha Trang (Vietnam) and from the water of a mariculture farm. The isolates have been identified on the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and chemotaxonomic properties, as well as by the content of G+C bases in DNA. In the microflora of mollusks, Vibrio alginolyticus was predominant; the pathogenic species V. harveyi and V. splendidus were found as well. Staphylococci and bacilli occupied the second place in abundance after vibrios. In addition, coryneforms and enterobacteria, as well as Pseudomonas spp. and Pseudoalteromonas spp., were revealed. The composition of the water microflora was more diverse as compared with the microflora of mollusks. In the water, Bacillus spp., Vibrio spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were predominant. Brevibacterium spp. and other coryneform bacteria, as well as enterobacteria, occurred in significant amounts. In addition, Pseudoalteromonas spp., Marinococcus sp., Halobacillus sp., Shewanella sp., Sulfitobacter sp., and bacteria of the CFB cluster were noticed. The presence of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacterial species in the water and mollusks is probably the reason for the high death rate of cultivated animals at the mariculture farm.     

Aerosolized leukotriene D4 converts monkeys that are negative aerosolized ascaris responders to positive airway responders

We designed studies to determine if Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) could alter airway reactivity such that rhesus monkeys with positive skin reactivity and consistently negative airway responses would respond to ascaris airway challenge. The experiments were complicated by the observation that aerosolized LTD4 would occasionally increase airway hyperreactivity in some monkeys used as controls such that an airway response occurred to saline, the diluent for ascaris antigen. In spite of this, we were able to demonstrate induction of airway responsiveness to ascaris antigen. These results demonstrate that LTD4 will induce airway hyperreactivity to a nonspecific stimulus such as aerosolized saline or to an allergen.     

The effect of water quality in the life cycle and in the attraction for the egg oviposition of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)

The present research aimed at evaluating the influence of the water quality in the life cycle and attraction of Aedes aegypti (L.) females to oviposit using different sources of water (raw sewage, effluent of UASB reactor, effluent of polishing lagoon, effluent of anaerobic filter, rain water and de-chlorinated water). The immature development time and survivorship were evaluated on a daily basis in two distinct feeding systems (with and without food). The quality of the water was shown to affect the egg and larval stages, but not the pupal or the adult. In the absence of food, no development was observed in rain water and de-chlorinated water. Immature development was faster in water sources from raw sewage, although with the lowest survivorship (37.3%). Free-choice tests indicated that females preferred to lay most of their eggs on water collected from the effluent of a UASB reactor, achieving the highest oviposition activity index (OAI) of 0.57. In non-choice tests, females laid larger batches of eggs in water collected from anaerobic filters (204.8 eggs), with the lowest number of eggs being laid on de-chlorinated water (37.3 eggs). It can be concluded that A. aegypti does not demonstrate any particular preference to lay eggs on clean water. This has serious implications for developing strategies to manage populations of this important vector in urban areas as it was shown to lay eggs and successfully develop on several different sources of water.     

Osmotic properties of the perivitelline fluid and some properties of the chorion of Atlantic salmon eggs (Salmo salar)

The chorion and perivitelline fluid of Atlantic salmon eggs were investigated by chemical and physical methods. The turgor pressure of the chorion in water hardened eggs was about 60 mm Hg. With newly stripped eggs in fresh water a similar pressure was achieved after about one day but the process of water uptake could be osmotically inhibited by adding high molecular weight substances to the external medium. Perivitelline fluid contained about 58 % water the remainder being a high molecular weight substance consisting mainly of protein but also containing significant quantities of carbohydrate and lipid. The functions of the chorion are discussed with reference to salmon eggs and also to marine pelagic fish eggs such as those of the plaice.     

Water relations in eggs of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, with experimental work on the capacity for water vapor absorption

This study shows that water stress is not countered in eggs of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), using water vapor, and suggests involvement of liquid water as a developmental cue. Eggs fail to maintain an equilibrium water content in subsaturated air, hence, gain not equal to loss, with net water losses occurring at relative humidities near saturation and these eggs exhibit a three-fold drop in viability, but not incubation period, as compared to eggs held in saturated air. Amblyomma americanum eggs are stenohydric and feature low 58% water content, slow water losses <1%/h, and an impermeable chorion wherein the Arrhenius activation energy, Ea = -66J/K, is suppressed. Thus, enhancement of water retention, not water vapor absorption, permits eggs to resist desiccation.     

Perspectives of the control of Opisthorchis invasion by the method of treating the molluskan population]

Sanitation of the mollusk population with highly effective cercaricide preparations can be used for the control of opisthorchosous infection. Low concentrations of molluskocides which are sublethal for non-infected mollusks have turned to be lethal for hyperinfected individuals. All tested molluskocides display a cercaricide effect in concentrations which are considerably lower than molluskocide ones. Low concentrations of cercaricides are toxic both for cercariae and parthenites from the liver of mollusks and for freely swimming cercariae. Disastrously affecting the freely swimming cercariae microdoses of cercaricides prevent the infection of the second intermediate hosts. Microdoses of cercaricides which are lethal for cercariae are not toxic for the majority of hydrobionts including fishes of all age groups. As far as the dynamics of the infection level of Bithynia with O. felineus is characterized by a one-peak curve with a distinct peak in the middle-end of July the treatment of water bodies with microdoses of cercaricides should be carried out just in this period.     

Acanthoparyphium tyosenense: the discovery of human infection and identification of its source

Acanthoparyphium tyosenense Yamaguti, 1939 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), was originally reported as an avian intestinal parasite; here, its presence is reported in 10 humans in the Republic of Korea. The patients were 9 adults aged 35-66 yr (males and females) and a young girl aged 7 yr residing in 2 coastal villages in Puan-gun, Chollabuk-do. The worms were recovered after treatment with praziquantel and purgation with magnesium salts. A total of 158 specimens (1-107 specimens/individual) was collected, together with varying numbers of other intestinal flukes. The patients had eaten various kinds of brackish water mollusks caught in an estuary near their villages. Five bivalves and a gastropod species suspected as sources of human infection were collected and examined. Two bivalves (Mactra veneriformis and Solen grandis) and the gastropod (Neverita bicolor) were found to be infected with the metacercariae of A. tyosenense; adult flukes were confirmed after the experimental infection of chicks. The results show that A. tyosenense infects humans and that brackish water mollusks are the source of human infection.     

Evolution of the Cleidoic Egg Among Reptilian Antecedents of Birds

Evolution of the avian egg from the naked amniotic egg of ancestralreptiles probably was the outcome of intense predation by soilinvertebrates and microbes on a highly integrated and coadaptedcomplex of characters. The calcareous shell which from its inceptionafforded a measure of protection to eggs against attacks bysoil organisms became progressively thicker and more complexin the face of continuing selection for antipredator devices.However, increases in thickness and complexity of eggshellsled to simultaneous reductions in the amount of liquid waterthat could be absorbed by incubating eggs from the substrate.Because embryos initially were dependent upon uptake of substantialquantities of water from the environment to satisfy their needsfor this solvent, adaptive increases in thickness of the eggshellrequired coupled increases in the amount of water containedby eggs at oviposition, thereby reducing the degree of dependenceof embryos upon external sources of water for successful completionof development. The rigid-shelled eggs resulting from this evolutionarysequence absorbed little (if any) liquid water during incubation,and the eggs contained sufficient water at oviposition to sustainembryos to hatching. Such eggs were functionally cleidoic andhad attained an avian level of organization.     

The uptake of calcium prior to the hatching of the second-stage juvenile of Globodera rostochiensis

Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of 83 eggs of G. rostochiensis for calcium content showed that juveniles from eggs exposed to active hatching factor in potato root diffusate for 48 h contained significantly more calcium than those exposed for this time to the same diffusate inactivated by autoclaving, or to water. This occurred despite a slightly greater calcium concentration in the autoclaved than in the untreated diffusate; both contained more calcium than the water. Eggshells removed from stimulated eggs also contained more calcium than those from unstimulated eggs. The calcium content of juveniles and eggshells exposed to inactivated diffusate was similar to their corresponding values for eggs soaked in water. A similar analysis was made of freeze-dried samples of fluid taken from the matrix surrounding the eggs in cysts exposed to water or to active root diffusate. This showed a significantly greater calcium concentration in the stimulated cysts after 48 h exposure. The concentration subsequently decreased over the succeeding 72 h however, suggesting that the rate of calcium uptake by the stimulated eggs exceeded that of diffusion into the cyst. This uptake of calcium by eggs of G. rostochiensis exposed to a hatching stimulus seems pertinent to recent evidence that the active factor in potato root diffusate may initiate hatching through a calcium-mediated process.