MIND-SETS OF THE WINE CONSUMER

This paper presents the results from a study of consumer reactions to different attributes of red and white wine, with stimuli presented in the form of small, experimentally designed, test concepts (conjoint measurement). The results show that possibly four consumer mind-sets exist, with each mind-set comprising a different set of communication drivers for concept acceptance. Most subjects fit into one of three key categories; "Classics" (who want their wines to be traditional), "Imaginers" (who want to get into the drinking experience through knowing details about their wines) or "Elaborates" (who want their wines to produce many sensations and flavors). A fourth group (No Frills), were interested in simple and safe wines without any detail of flavor or origin. This segment was found in the red wine study, but not in the white wine study.     

COMPARISONS OF SALT-MARSH FUCOID PRODUCTION ESTIMATED FROM THREE DIFFERENT INDICES1

Production of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) LeJolis ecads and Fuscus vesiculosus L. was calculated from measurements of in situ growth, seasonal variations in standing-crops and seasonal variations in photosynthetic capacity. A computer model for predicting daily, monthly and yearly net production from photosynthesis data was constructed. This model used daily irradiation, actual biomass of algae/m² contributing to production and photosynthesis vs. light intensity relationships as data inputs. Comparison of production estimated from in situ growth, standing-crops and photosynthesis indicated that both marsh fucoids turn over biomass twice per year. Total net production of both fucoids, estimated from photosynthesis data, was ca. 315 g C · m^?2· yr^?1. On the other hand, production of both fucoids calculated from standing-crop data was only 155 g C · m^?2· yr^?1.     

IMMUNOCHEMICAL COMPARISONS OF SEED PROTEINS FROM POPULATIONS OF PINUS RADIATA (PINACEAE)

Antisera were prepared to seed proteins from five populations of Pinus radiata and to seed proteins from six other pine species. Differences between the P. radiata populations detected with these antisera were compared to differences in sizes of cones from the same populations. The strong correlation between antigenic differences and cone size differences provides evidence that in P. radiata, both seed proteins and cone size indicate quantitative genetic relationships among the populations. The data suggest that the three California mainland populations of P. radiata are more closely related to one another than to the insular populations, and that the insular populations are more closely related to each other than to the California populations, to P. attenuata, or to P. muricata.     

人胚皮层神经干细胞培养方法的探讨(简报)

神经干细胞是一类具有多向分化潜能、自我复制能力,在特定条件诱因下,能够向特定类型神经元或神经胶质细胞分化的未分化或低分化细胞。神经干细胞的研究对于我们阐明神经发生机制,进行神经变性疾病的细胞替代治疗都有重要意义。目前,从人胚组织分离神经干细胞的方法不尽相同,对于大脑皮层神经干细胞的分离,一些学者认为机     

元谋小河-竹棚与雷老地点古猿牙齿特征的对比分析

针对学术界持有不同看法的在元谋盆地发现的古猿化石是否代表着两个种的争议 ,本文把迄今在元谋发现的全部古猿牙齿化石按地点分为小河 -竹棚和雷老两组 ,从牙齿形态特征、测量数据分析及犬齿形态指数三方面对出自元谋不同地点的古猿在牙齿特征上的相似及差异程度进行了对比。结果显示在本文所对比的牙齿特征中 ,不同地点的古猿牙齿在形态特征、牙齿大小及犬齿形态比例的表现非常相似 ,未发现它们彼此之间在这些特征上存在任何明显的差别。作者认为本研究不支持在元谋不同地点发现的古猿之间存在不同种类的观点。     

COMPARISONS OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS RELEASED DURING CONSUMPTION OF A COMPLEX FOOD BY DIFFERENT ASSESSORS WITH EXPRESSIONS OF PERCEIVED FLAVOR DETERMINED BY FREE CHOICE PROFILING

Comparisons of volatile compounds released during consumption by different assessors with individual differences in the assessors'chewing patterns, saliva production rates and ultimately their expressions of perceived flavor have received little research attention to date, although such comparisons are fundamental to the understanding of flavor. To address this, eight untrained assessors were chosen and each consumed six Cheddar cheeses during Buccal Headspace Analysis of the volatile compounds released, while in parallel measures of each assessor's mastication behavior using Electromyography, their stimulated saliva production during consumption and their sensory perceptions of the cheeses flavor during Free Choice Profiling were determined. Relationships between the volatile compounds released and the sensory and physiological measures were investigated using Principal Components Analysis, Generalised Procrustes Analysis and Partial Least Squares regression. It was found that although there were differences between assessors'mastication behavior and saliva production rates, the assessors'individual volatile profiles obtained by Buccal Headspace Analysis were similar for each cheese examined. Also, Partial Least Squares was successful in predicting the most important flavor differences between cheeses from the volatile compounds released during their consumption by different assessors.     

DETERMINATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN LISTERIA ISOLATED FROM FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT

Listeriosis in humans and animals is caused by the opportunistic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. The repeated outbreaks in 1980s have increased the interest in the epidemiology of the disease. The organism is widely distributed in the environment, and healthy carriers are found among humans and animals. It has been isolated from a variety of foods including chicken, cheese, milk, sausages, and smoked, fermented and marinated fish products.
The ubiquity of L. monocytogenes and risk to the target populations make study of the epidemiology of the etiological agent important. Phage and serotyping have been employed in conjunction with other methods in modern molecular biology to isolate, identify and type the various strains of L. monocytogenes. Information regarding the genetic diversity among different species of the genus Listeria and among the same species is lacking. This report attempts to address this problem.     

SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION IN OUTBREAKS OF FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY SALMONELLA BACTERIA FROM MEAT IN THE NETHERLANDS

SUMMARY: In outbreaks of food poisoning from meat, caused by Salmonella organisms, intravital infection and post-mortem contamination of the meat must be distinguished. Man and different species of animals suffering from Salmonella infection may be a source of infection or contamination. In the Netherlands this is especially the case with carriers of Salm. dublin in adult cattle. In the National Salmonella Centre, 41 Salmonella types were isolated from man and animals in the years 1946–1952. In 1949–1952, eighteen outbreaks of food poisoning due to meat products and only one due to fresh meat were examined. In 4 cases an intravital infection of the meat was established; in the remaining cases the source of contamination remained unknown. The causative types were: Salm. dublin, Salm. typhi-murium, Salm. paratyphi B, Salm. oregon, Salm. newport and Salm. bovis-morbificans .     

中更新世非洲Bodo人类头骨化石与周口店直立人的比较--中国与非洲人类头骨特征对比之三

发现于埃塞俄比亚MiddleAwash地区Bodo地点距今60万年的人类头骨化石是迄今发现的最为古老和完整的非洲中更新世人类化石。由于Bodo头骨化石在形态特征上兼有直立人与智人的特点,多年来学术界对其分类地位一直存在争议。Rightmire认为Bodo头骨化石与BrokenHill及Petralona等在分类上属于古老型智人的中更新世人类更为接近,是非洲直立人向古老型智人过渡的代表。至少在距今60万年的中更新世早期直立人向古老型智人转变的成种事件在非洲就已经发生。以Bodo头骨为代表的一批更新世中期非洲和欧洲人类化石构成了可能是后期人类祖先的人属海德堡种。这些观点导致了近年学术界对古老型智人在非洲及欧亚出现时间以及更新世中期非洲和欧亚地区古人类相互之间演化关系的关注。基于这样的背景,本文对年代与Bodo化石接近的周口店直立人头骨特征与Bodo头骨的相似及差异表现情况进行了对比研究。结果发现Bodo头骨在一系列特征上与周口店直立人相似,同时在包括颅容量在内的其它一些特征上呈现出后期智人的特点,但总体形态上似乎与直立人更为相似。作者认为尽管这种进化上的镶嵌现象在中国古人类化石记录上也广泛存在,但由于中国人类化石标本在年代上的不确定性,目前还没有可靠的证据说明这种集直立人与智人化石特征为一体的镶嵌性在中国古人类化石出现的时间接近或早于非洲。考虑到中国与非洲直立人生存年代的巨大差异及人类演化的不同步或地区间差异,具有较多后期人类特征表现的人类首先出现在非洲是完全可能的。根据这些研究对比,作者就人类演化的镶嵌现象、更新世中期非洲与亚洲地区人类演化上的差异等问题进行了讨论。     

SCALE-WORMS--OCCASIONAL FOOD OF OCTOPUS

Harpoon-like setae from the polychaete scale-worm, Hermionehystrix, were found embedded deeply in the brain of Octopusvulgaris. The setae had passed across the cuticular lining andmuscles of the oesophagus before entering the surrounding softnervous tissues. Further investigation showed that Octopus willeat Hermione, confirming other reports that polychaetes formpart of the diet of octopods. (Received 23 November 1982;