Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Soil-Crop System from an E-Waste Dismantling Area

Soil is an essential resource for agricultural production. In order to investigate the pollution situation of heavy metals in the soil-crop system in the e-waste dismantling area, the crop and soil samples (226 pairs, including leaf vegetables, solanaceous vegetables, root vegetables, and fruits) around the e-waste dismantling area in southeastern Zhejiang Province were collected. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Cr were determined. The average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Cr in soils were 0.94, 107.79, 80.28, and 78.14 mg kg^-1, respectively, and their corresponding concentrations in crops were 0.024, 0.7, 0.041, and 0.06 mg kg^-1, respectively. The transfer capacity of leaf vegetables was significantly higher than that of non-leaf vegetables, and the accumulation of four heavy metals in crops tended to be Cd > Cu > Cr/Pb. The pollution index’s results revealed that the soil pollution degree under different land uses ranked as root vegetables soil > leaf vegetables soil > solanaceous vegetables soil > fruit soil. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metal exposure were ranked as food intake > accidental ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The comprehensive non-carcinogenic risk was ranked as Cr > Cd > Pb/Cu. Our results could be used to provide useful information for further crop cultivation layout in the study area, which can guarantee the local residents’ health and food safety.

     

西安市蔬菜中重金属污染分析评价

采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光度法,测定了西安市郊区10种蔬菜40个样品中汞、砷、铅、铬和镉的含量;并以国家标准(GB18406.1-2001)为依据.对蔬菜重金属污染状况进行分析评价,以明确西安市蔬菜中重金属污染状况.结果表明,西安市10种蔬菜总体合格率为83%,铅是蔬菜中的主要污染元素,在测定的10种蔬菜中普遍存在,总体超标率为77.5%;汞和铬只在芹菜和茼蒿上出现污染,总体超标率分别为10%和2.5%;叶菜类蔬菜铅污染>茄果类蔬菜;砷和镉含量均末超过国家标准规定,合格率为100%.铅的污染程度按蔬菜种类依次为:生菜>茼蒿>韭菜>茄子>芹菜>豇豆>青椒>油麦菜>西红柿>黄瓜,按不同生产区域依次为:西郊>北郊>东郊>南郊.     

Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Soil Pollution: A Case Study in the Qixia Mining Area,China

In recent years, heavy metal pollution accidents have occurred in many regions of China, and the public has become increasingly concerned about its health. Based on a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency model and using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, this article presents a procedure for health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution. A case study was conducted in the Qixia lead and zinc mining area. Based on the magnitude of heavy metal contamination in the mine factory, vicinal Qixia scenic site and village, the potential health risk calculated for a lifetime of exposure (through ingestion and dermal contact) was determined as the cumulative carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for workers, tourists, and local residents (including children and adults), respectively. The risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic risk is not significant. However, Pb poses a significant cumulative non-carcinogenic risk, which tends to be serious for workers. Additionally, local children are more vulnerable than adults to the risks associated with heavy metal contamination. Accordingly, risk alleviation and preventive measures should be taken, especially for children and workers.     

福建漳州市香蕉园土壤重金属污染调查分析

调查福建省漳州市香蕉园土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、Cr、Cu及非重金属有害元素As含量,并采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行评价。结果表明,以福建土壤背景值为评价标准,漳州市部分香蕉园土壤受到重金属污染,单项污染指数的顺序为Hg(1.60)> Pb(1.26)> Cd(1.07)> Cu(0.76)> As(0.50)> Cr(0.38),污染元素主要为Cd、Pb、Hg,其中Cd、Hg为中度污染;综合污染指数为1.16,属轻度污染。而以土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,其综合污染指数为0.34,表明未受污染。对不同取样点土壤重金属污染情况比较分析,说明道路交通、生活垃圾及生活污水均会造成香蕉园土壤不同程度的重金属污染,主要表现为Cd、Pb、Hg的污染。     

分级分筛式异位重金属污染土壤淋洗技术

本研究采用去离子水作淋洗剂,开发一种分级分筛式异位重金属污染土壤淋洗技术,研究显示,土壤中粒径大于25μm颗粒占比接近80%,重金属Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd和Cr含量分别为125.85 mg/kg、85.93 mg/kg、63.29 mg/kg、1.31 mg/kg和108.39 mg/kg,基本符合土壤环境质量二级标准,可用于农田回用土;土壤中粒径小于25μm颗粒占比低于20%,其对应重金属含量超出土壤环境质量三级标准,可用作制砖原料。     

Pollution and ecological risk assessment of antimony and other heavy metals in soils from the world's largest antimony mine area,China

Xikuangshan is located in Lengshuijiang City, Hunan province, China. With intensive mining and metallurgical activities, large amounts of tailing containing heavy metals (in this study, the term “heavy metals” is used for both metals and metalloids) were introduced to the soils around the mine area. Those heavy metals including antimony and other heavy metals would pose huge risk to human health and ecological environment. With a view to providing information on the extent of contamination and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the soils of this mine area, the total contents of antimony (Sb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the soils were examined. The results revealed that the predominant pollutants in this area were Sb, Cd, and Zn with mean concentrations being 356.58, 9.98, and 486.42 mg kg^?1, 119.66, 117.41, and 5.17 times of the corresponding background values respectively. The pollution indices (Ps) indicated that the pollution levels of all sampling zones were serious including the control zones. The ecological risk levels of all heavy metals were very high on all the sampling zones except sampling zone 7 (as considerable), and Sb, Cd, and As were regarded as making great contribution to the risk indices (RI).     

武汉市蔬菜重金属污染现状的调查与评价

通过对武汉市6种蔬菜的供食部位及所对应的土壤中重金属Hg(汞)、Cu(铜)、Pb(铅)、Cd(镉)、Cr(铬)、Zn(锌)、As(砷)含量及分布特征进行了检测,结果表明:Pb、Cr是武汉市蔬菜中主要的污染元素;Hg、Cd只在个别叶菜类上超标;Zn、Cu、As无超标样。在所时应的土样中,普遍存在污染的是Cd,其它6种重金属元素均未超标。     

Sources and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Agricultural Soils of Huzhou,China

To identify sources of heavy metal(loid) (HM) contamination in agricultural soils of Huzhou, surface soil samples were sampled from 89 different agricultural regions in 2012. Concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s, along with pH, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM), were determined. Ecological risk was then assessed using a modified Hakanson ecological risk index, and the sources of contamination were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). Mean concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s were 10.26, 23.21, 83.75, 22.81, 0.25, 61.86, 33.03, and 0.15 mg kg^?1 for As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg, respectively. Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb were correlated positively with TP and there were obvious positive correlations among Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Cd. Risk index (RI) values varied from 39 to 1246 with a mean value of 137. Enrichment of Pb, Zn, Cu, and especially Cd can be attributed to excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers containing heavy metals, as well to surface irrigation and natural soil formation. While the ecological risk of most agricultural soils in Huzhou is low, it is recommended that the use of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers be restricted and production technology be improved to reduce the heavy metal(loid) concentrations. Results suggest that the Chinese environmental quality standard for soil should be revised to better address heavy metal(loid) contamination.     

广州市花都城区绿地土壤肥力与重金属污染分析

在对广州市花都城区绿地土壤取样调查的基础上,采用全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准和内梅罗污染指数法等对其土壤肥力和重金属污染情况进行分析评价,揭示花都城区绿地土壤存在的问题。结果表明,花都城区绿地土壤容重变幅在1.25～1.75 g·cm^–3之间,孔隙度变幅在30.81%～47.42%之间,pH在6.16～7.68之间,有机质含量在四级及以下标准,严重缺乏氮素和磷素。不同绿地类型中,厂区路旁绿地土壤重金属污染最严重,其次为主干道两侧绿地;研究区As污染最严重,Pb次之,未受Zn污染,存在不同程度的Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg污染。相关性分析表明,土壤pH与全钾、碱解氮含量极显著相关,有机质与全氮极显著相关,全氮、全磷分别与碱解氮、有效磷显著正相关,全钾与碱解氮显著负相关;重金属元素中,Cu与Zn、Cr、Ni极显著相关,Zn与Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni极显著相关,Pb与Zn、Cd极显著相关,Cr与Cu、Zn、Ni极显著相关,As和Hg与其他重金属元素均无显著相关性。     

Spatial Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil from Klang District (Malaysia): An Example from a Tropical Environment

Heavy metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) in surface soil of Klang district were determined and multivariate analysis was used to understand their potential sources. The total and bioavailability of concentrations were used in identifying the potential risks to the ecology and human health. The means for the total heavy metal concentrations were found to be in the order of Fe > Al > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Co > Cd, while the means for the bioavailability concentrations were found to be in the order of Al > Fe > Zn > Cu > Co > Cd > Pb > Cr. Principal Component Analysis showed Principal Component 1 as being of natural origin whereas Principal Components 2, 3, and 4 were associated with mixed anthropogenic sources, such as traffic and industrial emissions, organic matter, and granulometric fractions. Potential ecological risk assessment indicated an overall low ecological risk. Spatial assessment of non-carcinogenic risks showed that the Hazard Index values were more than one in Johan Setia, due to biomass burning of peat swamps exploited for agricultural development. While for spatial assessment of carcinogenic risks, the Lifetime Cancer Risk values were in the limit (1 × 10^?5), indicating low cancer inducing risks. Nevertheless, with intense development pressure in the Klang district could overlap pollution inputs in the future.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Enrichment,Bioavailability, and Controlling Factors in Sediments of Taihu Lake,China

Heavy metal distribution, bioavailability, and ecological risk in the surface sediment of Taihu Lake were evaluated. Samples were collected from eight representative sites in September 2011 and February 2012. In the surface sediment, average metal contents were in the order of Cr > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu. Spatially, Zhushan Bay maintained higher Cu, Ni, and Zn contents and Xiaomeikou maintained higher Cr and Pb contents than other sites. Spatial and temporal variation were observed in the bioavailable metals determined by acid-soluble fraction of BCR extraction. The labile metals in Zhushan Bay and Xiaomeikou were quantified by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and DGT-labile concentrations of Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Cd were in descending order, indicating the inconsistence of labile concentrations of different heavy metals with the total metal contents and that the toxic effect of Cd in sediment should be given attention. The ecological risk assessed by Hakanson potential ecological risk index showed that Zhushan Bay suffered the most serious pollution and should be given special attention. Bioavailability of metals should be taken into account during risk assessment for more accurate estimation.     

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution from an Industrial Area in Kumasi,Ghana

Knowledge of soil heavy metal concentration is very important for assessing the purity and quality of the soil in an environment. The concentrations of nine heavy metals (NHM), Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Hg, and As, from the near-surface soils (～ 0–15 cm) from an industrial cluster in Kumasi, Ghana, were qualitatively and quantitatively measured and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy analysis. The sources of these NHM were mainly anthropogenic as a result of the indiscriminate industrial waste disposal. In all, a total of about 100 soil samples were taken from six sampling sites, four of which were industrial and the remaining two residential. Forty soil samples out of the total number were carefully selected for elemental analyses and the mean heavy metal concentrations were calculated using statistical methods. The results from locations of high industrial impact showed that the mean concentrations of the NHM present in the soil were in the order of Zn (189.2?908.6 mgkg^?1), Pb (133.7?571.3 mgkg^?1), Cr (91.3?545.8 mgkg^?1), Cu (62.9?334.6 mgkg^?1), Co (38.6?81.9 mgkg^?1), Ni (12.4?30.9 mgkg^?1), Cd (6.9?13.2 mgkg^?1), Hg (5.5?10.4 mg kg^?1), and As (2.3?18.6 mgkg^?1). Apart from Ni and As, all the heavy metals recorded concentrations that ranged from 10?900% higher than their respective threshold limit values (TLVs). Heavy metal concentrations from the residential sites were comparatively far lower with only Cr, Cd, and Hg registering concentrations between 65?250% above their TLVs. The cluster with its residential communities is at a serious risk of soil heavy metal toxicity and awareness to this needs to be created as such.     

利用能源植物治理土壤重金属污染

随着工农业的发展,土壤重金属污染日益加剧,严重威胁着粮食生产和人类健康。植物修复因其成本低、环境友好以及可大规模原位修复等优点备受关注,成为近年来迅速发展的重金属污染土壤治理技术。在介绍国内外植物修复技术发展与应用现状的基础上,提倡大力发展能源植物修复重金属污染土地,并结合湖南重金属污染田间试验结果,重点对甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor(Linn.)Moench)用于重金属污染土壤修复的优势、可行性及提高修复效率的措施进行了深入分析与探讨。利用甜高粱治理土壤重金属污染,能将土壤修复与生物能源生产有机结合,使重金属从粮食链转入能源链,同时兼顾了生态和经济效益,具有广阔的应用前景。     

The current status of heavy metal in lake sediments from China: Pollution and ecological risk assessment

Heavy metal contamination in lake sediments is a serious problem, particularly in developing countries such as China. To evaluate heavy metal pollution and risk of contamination in lake sediments on a national scale in China, we collated available data in the literature of the last 10 years on lake sediments polluted with heavy metals from 24 provinces in China. Based on these data, we used sediment quality guidelines, geoaccumulation index, and potential ecological risk index to assess potential ecological risk levels. The results showed that approximately 20.6% of the lakes studied exceeded grade II level in Chinese soil quality standards for As, 31.3% for Cd, 4.6% for Cu, 20.8% for Ni, 2.8% for Zn, and 11.1% for Hg, respectively. Besides, the mean concentrations for As in 10.3% of lakes, Hg in 11.9% of lakes, and Ni in 31.3% of lakes surpassed the probable effect level. The potential ecological risk for toxic metals decreased in the order of Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn, and there were 21.8% of the lakes studied in the state of moderate risk, 10.9% in high risk, and 12.7% in very high risk. It can be concluded that Chinese lake sediments are polluted by heavy metals to varying degrees. In order to provide key management targets for relevant administrative agencies, based on the results of the pollution and ecological risk assessments, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, and Ni were selected as the priority control heavy metals, and the eastern coastal provinces and Hunan province were selected as the priority control provinces. This article, therefore, provides a comprehensive assessment of heavy metal pollution in lake sediments in China, while providing a reference for the development of lake sediment quality standards.     

红树植物抗重金属污染研究进展

综述了重金属污染对红树植物生长的影响,红树植物吸收重金属并在其体内分布以及在这种污染环境下红树植物可能存在的抗性机制。红树植物是通过根部吸收重金属的,进入其体内的重金属除少量分布在叶表面的各种腺体组织中外,主要富集在根部;对吸收到体内的重金属红树植物通过细胞壁沉淀,液泡的区域化等有效方式以降低其毒性;红树植物还可通过渗透作用把重金属排除到体外以减少对自身的毒害;另外,生长在此环境下的红树植物以增强自身抗氧化系统来加强其抗重金属的能力。对今后有关这方面的研究趋势提出了一些看法。     

合成生物学改造微生物及生物被膜用于重金属污染检测与修复

随着工业化进程不断加快,重金属污染日益加剧,尤其是水体的重金属污染,已严重威胁人类健康,迫切需要进行有效的污染修复.相比传统物理和化学修复,生物修复具有绿色环保和可持续性的特点.因为微生物生长繁殖迅速、生物被膜具有动态可调节和环境适应性好等特点,使其能更好耐受胁迫环境,在环境修复中有重要作用.合成生物学改造微生物及生物...     

Integrated Source Apportionment,Screening Risk Assessment,and Risk Mapping of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments: A Case Study of the Dongting Lake,Middle China

Surface sediment samples were collected from 10 typical locations throughout the Dongting Lake, China, in January 2009. Samples were assayed by atom absorption spectrophotometer and cold atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer for Pb, Cd, As, Hg. In order to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics, sources, and potential ecological risks of heavy metals, the geostatistics method, potential ecological risk index, and multivariate statistical analysis were applied. The results showed that except for the content of Hg, the contents of Pb, Cd, and As had similar spatial distribution characteristics. The average contents of Cd and As exceeded the second class contents of the National Standard for Soil Environment Quality (GB15618-1995), especially that for Cd. The potential ecological risk posed by these heavy metals decreased in the order of the outlet of the Dongting Lake > the East Dongting Lake > the South Dongting Lake > the West Dongting Lake spatially. From the results of multivariate statistical analysis, Pb and Cd, as the first group, were considered to be rooted in mining smelting processes for developed mining and heavy industry. And Hg, as the second group, was mainly derived from parent material weathering, while As was probably considered to originate from both sources above.     

重金属污染对蛙蟾类毒性的研究进展

基于近20年的大量相关资料,综述了重金属对蛙蟾类毒性影响方面的研究,介绍了实验动物和实验方法,综合了重金属对蛙蟾类在形态、器官、组织、细胞和分子水平上毒害的主要表现,从重金属致毒过程、环境因素、物种、发育、重金属积累、联合毒性等角度初步分析了重金属对蛙蟾毒性大小的影响因素和毒性作用的主要机理,归纳了蛙蟾的几种抗毒/解毒/避毒反应,对开展进一步的研究提出建议.     

Leaching Behavior and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in a Landfill of Electrolytic Manganese Residue in Western Hunan,China

We analyzed the leaching behavior and chemical speciation of heavy metals in a landfill of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR). The results showed that most of Pb, Cr, As, Cu, and Zn were associated with F4 (residual fraction) and Mn and Co were mainly present in F1 (exchangeable and weak acid soluble fraction). In order to evaluate potential risks of heavy metals to the landfill, modified potential ecological risk index (MPER), potential ecological risk index (PER), index of geo-accumulation (I_geo) assessment, and risk assessment code (RAC) were employed. Ranking order for potential risk based on RAC assessment is Mn > Co > Zn > Cu > Cr = As = Pb. Results from I_geo assessment indicates that Mn poses a potential for high risk to human health and the ecosystem. MPER, which integrates the characteristics of PER and RAC, shows that the potential risks of heavy metals are in the order of As > Cu > Mn > Co > Pb > Cr > Zn. The analysis indicates that Mn, Co, As, and Cu within EMR pose a potential risk when this material is placed in landfills and that these metals should be given particular attention when managing the land disposal of EMR.     

城市蔬菜的重金属污染及其对策

通过对我国主要城市已开展的蔬菜重金属污染调查的回顾 ,对城市蔬菜的重金属污染现状的评价进行了比较 ,综合分析了造成城市蔬菜重金属污染的成因 ,并提出了几点降低和控制城市蔬菜重金属污染的对策。