岗梅的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称岗梅[Ilexasprella(Hook.etArn.)Champ.exBenth.],别名称星树。2材料类别嫰枝。3培养条件芽启动诱导培养基:(1)MS+6-BA2.0mg·L-1(单位下同)+NAA0.05+3%蔗糖。增殖培养基:(2)MS+6-BA1.0+NAA0.01+2%蔗糖。生根培养基:(3)1/2MS+NAA0.1+2%蔗糖+0.1%活性炭(AC);(4)1/2MS+NAA0.5+2%蔗糖+0.1%AC;(5)1/2MS+NAA1.0+2%蔗糖+0.1%AC。以上培养基均附加0.7%的琼脂,pH5.8。光强27～36μmol·m-2·s-1,光照时间为10h·d-1;培养温度为(28±2)℃。4生长与分化情况4.1无菌材料的获得取10～15cm的嫰枝条,切去叶片,在超净工作台上,…     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Rourea microphylla (Hook. et Arn) Planch.

Eleven compounds were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Rourea microphylla (Hook. et Arn) Planch. They were identified as quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (Ⅰ), hyperin (Ⅱ), quercetin (Ⅲ), astilbin (Ⅳ), β-sitosterol (Ⅴ), β-sitosteryl-β-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅵ), physcion (Ⅶ), erythroglaucin (Ⅷ), stearic acid (Ⅸ), palmitic acid (Ⅹ) and n-nonacosanane (Ⅺ) respectively, by means of UV, IR, NMR, MS spectra analyses and through chemical methods. The compounds Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ, Ⅷ, Ⅸ, Ⅹ and Ⅺ were first reportedin the Rourea genus.     

Isolation and characterization of Sphingomonas sp. GTIN11 capable of carbazole metabolism in petroleum

A bacterial culture was isolated from a manufactured gas plant (MGP) soil based on its ability to metabolize the nitrogen-containing heterocycle carbazole. The culture was identified as a Sphingomonas sp. and was given the designation GTIN11. A cloned 4.2kb DNA fragment was confirmed to contain genes responsible for carbazole degradation. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the fragment contained five open reading frames (ORFs) with the deduced amino acid sequence showing homology to; carbazole terminal dioxygenase (ORF1), 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase subunits (ORF2 and ORF3), meta-cleavage compound hydrolases (ORF4), and ferrodoxin component of bacterial multicomponent dioxygenases (ORF5). The percent similarity was 61% of these proteins or less to known proteins. The specific activity of Sphingomonas sp. GTIN11 for the degradation of carbazole at 37 degrees C was determined to be 8.0 micromol carbazole degraded/min/g dry cell. This strain is unique in expressing the carbazole degradation trait constitutively. Resting cells of Sphingomonas sp. GTIN11 removed 95% of carbazole and 50% of C1-carbazoles from petroleum in a 16-h treatment time.     

Comparison of two cysteine endopeptidases from latices of Morrenia brachystephana Griseb. and Morrenia odorata (Hook et Arn.) Lindley (Asclepiadaceae)

The properties of morrenain b II, a proteinase isolated from the latex of Morrenia brachystephana, were compared with those of morrenain o II, a proteinase obtained from the latex of Morrenia odorata. Both peptidases were purified to homogeneity by acetone precipitation followed by cation exchange chromatography. The enzymes have pI values higher than 9.3 and similar molecular masses (close to 26 kDa) as determined by SDS-PAGE. They display maximum proteolytic activity within an alkaline pH range, and also exhibit esterolytic activity. The N-terminal sequences of morrenain o II and morrenain b II show a high degree of homology between each other and to other cysteine plant proteinases.     

Notes on African species of the genus Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. (Asteraceae)

Two new species of the genus Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. (Asteraceae) are described: A. athanasioides Paiva & Ortiz, from Angola, and A. pseudopinnaididus Ortiz & Paiva, from Namibia. The morphological variability of the A. chinensis-A. africanus complex is studied and two new combinations are proposed: A. chinensis subsp. africanus (Hook, fil.) Ortiz & Paiva and A. chinensis subsp. lobatus (Wild) Ortiz & Paiva.     

Notes on African species of the genus Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. (Asteraceae)

Two new species of the genus Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. (Asteraceae) are described A. athanasioides Paiva & Ortiz, from Angola, and A. pseudopinnatifidus Ortiz & Paiva, from Namibia. The morphological variability of the A. chinensia-A. africanus complex is studied and two new combinations are proposed: A. chinensis subsp. africanus (Hook. fil.) Ortiz & Paiva and A. chinensis subsp. lobatus (Wild) Ortiz & Paiva.     

卤地菊乙醇提取物W40单体诱导GLC-82细胞凋亡的分子机制研究

目的:探讨卤地菊Wedelia prostrate(Hook.et Arn.)Hemsl.的乙醇提取物W40单体对非小细胞肺癌GLC-82细胞的抗肿瘤作用分子机制。方法:通过MTT和克隆形成抑制实验检测W40对非小细胞肺癌GLC-82细胞增殖的影响;通过细胞划痕实验检测W40对细胞迁移的影响;通过Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测W40对细胞凋亡的诱导;通过Western blotting分析细胞增殖和凋亡相关蛋白的水平。结果:MTT实验表明,W40对GLC-82细胞有较为明显的细胞毒作用;克隆形成抑制实验表明,W40可以显著抑制GLC-82细胞增殖,且抑制程度呈现浓度依赖效应;细胞划痕实验表明,W40能够在一定程度上抑制GLC-82细胞的迁移能力;Annexin V-FITC/PI双染的结果显示,随着药物浓度的增加,细胞凋亡率逐渐增加;Western blotting结果表明,随着药物浓度的增加,p-Stat3蛋白的表达水平下降,Stat3下游蛋白Bcl-2、Mcl-1的表达减少。同时,促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达增多,并伴随Caspase-9、Caspase-3活化及多聚ADP-核糖聚合酶PARP酶切失活;p-BRAF蛋白的表达水平下降,p-BRAF下游蛋白p-MEK、p-ERK表达减少。结论:W40通过抑制BRAF/MAPK/ERK及Stat3信号通路来诱导细胞凋亡。     

Influence of fertilizer levels on phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated soils with the tropical pasture grass Brachiaria brizantha (hochst. ex a. rich.) stapf

Determination of fertilizer levels in phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons is a complex issue, since nutrient demands of the plant and of degrading microorganisms in the rhizosphere have to be considered In the present work, three fertilizer levels were tested in a greenhouse experiment with the aim of optimizing growth of the tropical pasture grass Brachiaria brizantha and enhance microbial degradation of heavy crude oil in soil Fertilizer was applied twice in a concentration of 200, 300, and 400 mg each of N, P, and K per kg soil before and after the first sampling (14 wk). The medium fertilizer concentration resulted in best root growth and highest absolute oil dissipation (18.4%) after 22 wk The highest concentration produced best shoot growth and highest relative oil dissipation after 14 wk (10.5% less than unplanted control). In general, degradation of total oil and grease was higher in planted than in unplanted soil, but differences diminished toward the end of the experiment. Next to fertiizer quantity, its composition is an important factor to be further studied, including the form of available nitrogen (N-NO3- vs. N-NH4+). Field trials are considered indispensable for further phytoremediation studies, since greenhouse experiments produce particular water and nutrient conditions.     

Mycorrhizae in Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.: a combination of unusual ecto- and endo-forms

 The mycorrhizal status of Adenostoma fasciculatum, the dominant shrub in California chaparral, has been unclear. In two typical, nearly monospecificstands, A. fasciculatum was found to have arbuscules and intercellular hyphae. Antisera detected hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal genera Acaulospora, Glomus, and Scutellospora, although we found only spores of Glomus. Some roots had partial sheaths and inter- and intracellular septate fungi without indications of root necrosis. Ectomycorrhizal root tips were also found, including Cenococcum and other unknown taxa. Sporocarps of EM fungi including species of Rhizopogon, Pisolithus, Balsamia, Laccaria, Hygrophorus, and Cortinarius were found in the stand, with no other EM or arbutoid mycorrhizal plants nearby. These observations indicate that A. fasciculatum forms mycorrhizae with AM, septate, and EM fungi, but often fails to form easily recognizable mycorrhizal structures. Accepted: 5 September 1998     

Acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucosides in the red-purple flowers of Arabis blepharophylla Hook. & Arn. (Brassicaceae)

Acylated anthocyanins from the red-purple flowers of Arabis blepharophylla 1: pigment 1, R₁ = H, trans, R₂ = malonic acid 2: pigment 2, R₁ = OCH₃, trans, R₂ = malonic acid 3: pigment 3, R₁ = H, cis, R₂ = malonic acid 4: pigment 4, R₁ = H, trans, R₂ = H 5: pigment 5, R₁ = OCH₃, trans, R₂ = H.

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Highlights► Five anthocyanins were isolated from the flowers of Arabis blepharophylla. ► Anthocyanins were identified as acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside. ► Anthocyanins were acylated by p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid and/or malonic acid.     

Substrate,Hormone, Winnowing,and Stratification Influence the Seed Germination of <i>Ilex asprella</i> (Hook. et Arn.) Champ. ex Benth

Ilex asprella (Hook. et Arn.) Champ. ex Benth is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines in southern China. The seeds of Ilex asprella usually have extremely low germination due to their dormancy characteristics, which severely impacts the efficiency of seedling raising and increases labor costs. In this study, to improve the seed germination of I. asprella, the effects of germination substrate, hormone, winnowing, and stratification treatments on the seed germination of I. asprella were investigated. The results of the germination matrix showed that the highest germination percentage of 45.2% was achieved under the 20°C/10°C day/night temperature and vermiculite germination medium conditions. The results of hormone treatments revealed that 100–400 mg/L of gibberellin (GA) and 50–100 mg/L of salicylic acid (SA) were found to be effective in releasing the dormancy of I. asprella seeds. Moreover, winnowing could effectively eliminate unsaturated seeds and impurities, thus improving the seed germination of I. asprella. Furthermore, warm temperature (15°C) stratification could expand the temperature range of I. asprella’s seed germination, which was beneficial for seed germination of I. asprella and for seed nursery at room temperature in production practice. The present study obtained a method to break dormancy and increase seed germination in I. asprella, thereby forming a groundwork for improving the efficiency of large-scale planting of I. asprella.     

Evaluating and modeling biogas production from municipal fat, oil, and grease and synthetic kitchen waste in anaerobic co-digestions

The feasibility of using synthetic kitchen waste (KW) and fat, oil, and grease (FOG) as co-substrates in the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) was investigated using two series of biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests. Ranges of ideal substrate to inoculum (S/I) ratio were determined for the FOG (0.25-0.75) and KW (0.80-1.26) as single substrates in the first experiment. The second experiment, which estimated the methane production performances of FOG and KW as co-substrates for WAS co-digestion, was conducted based on the optimal parameters selected from the results of the first experiment. Results indicated that co-digestions with FOG and KW enhanced methane production from 117±2.02 mL/gTVS (with only WAS) to 418±13.7 mL/gTVS and 324±4.11 mL/gTVS, respectively. FOG exhibited more biogas production than KW as co-substrate. Non-linear regression results showed that co-substrate addition shortened the lag phases of organic biodegradation from 81.8 (with only WAS) to 28.3 h with FOG and 3.90 h with KW.     

Philibertain g I, the Most Basic Cysteine Endopeptidase Purified from the Latex of Philibertia gilliesii Hook. et Arn. (Apocynaceae)

A new papain-like cysteine peptidase isolated from latex of Philibertia gilliesii Hook. et Arn., Apocynaceae (formerly Asclepiadaceae) has been purified and characterized. The enzyme, named philibertain g I, is the most basic component present in latex extracts and was purified by acetone fractionation followed by cation exchange chromatography (SP-Sepharose HR) using FPLC system. Homogeneity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and mass spectroscopy (MS). Molecular mass of the enzyme was 23,530 Da (MALDI-TOF MS), its isoelectric point was >10.25, and maximum proteolytic activity (casein) was achieved at pH 7–8. The new protease was inhibited by E-64 a cysteine peptidases inhibitor. K_m was 0.15 mM, using PFLNA as substrate. The N-terminal sequence of philibertain g I (LPASVDWRKEGAVLPIRHQGQCG) was compared with those of twenty plant proteases. Philibertain g I showed the higher degree of identity (73%) with caricain, one of the Carica papaya endopepetidases.     

Morpho–anatomical and ultrastructural analysis of extrafloral nectaries in Inga edulis (Vell.) Mart. (Leguminosae)

The presence of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) between leaflets is an usual feature in Inga edulis (Vell.) Mart. (Leguminosae). Extrafloral nectaries are secretory structures involved in production of nectar and which serve in the protection of plants against herbivores through association with ants. This study aimed to characterize the EFNs of I. edulis at different developmental stages and describe their morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure. Leaf fragments, containing secretory structures, were processed according to standard methods for light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The EFNs were classified into three stages based on morphology: pre‐secretory, secretory and post‐secretory. The pre‐secretory stage occurs in young leaves, whereas secretory and post‐secretory stages occur in developed and senescent leaves, respectively. The EFNs possess a concave surface and a central cleft in which nectar is accumulated and which was not observed in pre‐secretory EFNs. Histochemical tests identified the presence of sugars, proteins, phenolic compounds, mucilage and lipids at all developmental stages of the EFNs. Calcium crystals were identified in all tissues and stages of the EFNs. The secretory cells of the EFNs exhibit a granular cytoplasm, small vacuoles, prominent nuclei, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Post‐secretory stage EFNs exhibited intense cytoplasmic degradation and the presence of microorganisms. The performance of EFNs of I. edulis appear to follow the leaf development.     

国内外生物航煤产业回顾与展望

回顾了近年来国内外生物航煤产业进展,重点综述了通过ASTM D7566(美国材料与试验协会标准)认可的生物航煤生产路线及相应航煤产品性质、油脂原料来源及"十二五"期间国内外生物航煤产业现状,结合笔者自身的研究工作,对未来生物航煤产业发展进行了展望并提出发展建议。     

Molecular analyses of the Chinese herb Leigongteng (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., known as Leigongteng (Thunder God Vine) in traditional Chinese medicine, has attracted much attention for its applications in relieving autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and for treating cancer. Molecular analyses of the ITS and 5S rDNA sequences indicate that T. hypoglaucum and T. doianum are not distinct from T. wilfordii, while T. regelii should be recognized as a separate species. The results also demonstrate potential value of rDNA sequence data in forensic detection of adulterants derived from Celastrusangulatus in commercial samples of Leigongteng.     

Water Stress-Induced Changes in the Morphology of the Powdery Mildew, Leveillula taurica (Lèv.) Arn.

Water stress in Capsiucm annuum L., induced by means of polyethylene glycol influenced the length and branching frequency of conidiophores and conidial dimensions of the powdery mildew, Leveillula taurica (Lèv.) Arn. Conidiophore branching frequency and length as well as conidial length and width decreased with decreasing relative water content. The availability of water to host plants seems to have a direct effect on the growth vigour and development of the powdery mildew possibly is suggested that water stress may be imposed on host plants by the dry harmattan season resulting in reduced growth vigour of the powdery mildew. Morphology of powdery mildew developing under low water potential may be altered.     

Morphological and molecular concordance for the recognition of two species in the New ZealandPolystichum richardii (Hook.) J. Smith complex

The New Zealand fernPolystichum richardii is shown to comprise at least two evolutionary lineages. A narrow-scaled morphological form and a wide-scaled morphological form are recognised. Principal Component Analysis of a set of frond, soral and spore characters supports this morphological separation. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) DNA fingerprinting shows that the two morphological forms are also genetically distinct. They are sympatric across a broad area of central New Zealand, and often grow together without apparent ecological separation at the local level. Both are known to form sterile hybrids withP. vestitum, suggesting that both morphological forms ofP. richardii are at least partially outcrossing. The morphological and genetic distinctiveness of these two morphological forms, combined with their sympatric distributions and their (at least partially) outcrossing mating systems, merits their recognition as separate species.