钦州湾浮游植物周年生态特征

2008-2009年对钦州湾及附近海域进行4个季节航次的浮游植物调查,共鉴定出浮游植物131种,其中硅藻种数最多,达101种,占浮游植物总种数的77.1％;甲藻次之,23种;其他种类3门7种.浮游植物以广温性种和暖水性种为主.总种类数的季节变化与硅藻种类数均为春季最低,夏、秋、冬依次增加,冬季最高.各季节浮游植物丰度为232.28×104～ 977.0×104 cell·m-3,平均为558.57×104 cell·m-3;各季节浮游植物丰度呈现夏、春、冬和秋依次减少的趋势;各区域浮游植物丰度四季均为由内湾至外湾先升高、到湾外逐渐降低的趋势,但在夏季其高丰度区由外湾南移至湾口附近.浮游植物群落的Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为3.18和0.63,多样性水平较高.浮游植物丰度与温度、盐度、溶解性无机氮及活性磷酸盐的相关关系因季节而变化.     

应用光合色素研究广西钦州湾丰水期浮游植物群落结构

通过2010年6月现场航次19个站点的调查,应用反相高效液相色谱(RP - HPLC) 并结合二极管阵列检测器分析技术,分析了丰水期广西钦州湾浮游植物光合色素组成,进而由CHEMTAX 软件估算全粒级浮游植物的群落结构。结果表明,钦州湾浮游植物光合色素含量以叶绿素a最高,其次为岩藻黄素;浮游植物的优势类群为硅藻,其次为蓝藻和青绿藻,它们分别平均占据了浮游植物生物量的70.2%、12.6%和9.4%,而其它藻类除了绿藻茅岭江河口占据较高的比例(40.2%)之外在其它站点所占比例很低。钦州湾浮游植物群落结构形成了茅岭江口、内湾、外湾和湾外近海共四种类型,茅岭江口以绿藻为优势类群,内湾以硅藻、蓝藻和青绿藻为主要优势类群,外湾以硅藻为单一优势类群,湾外相对于外湾硅藻比重略为下降。主要光合色素含量及浮游植物类群生物量的分布特征与盐度、营养盐关系密切,浮游植物群落结构的分布变化主要受径流及其输入导致的营养盐变化的影响,而这种影响导致了内湾和外湾之间浮游植物主要类群的生物量多寡及浮游植物群落结构的差异。     

四十里湾营养状况与浮游植物生态特征

研究了2006-2010年5月、8月和10月四十里湾的营养盐结构、海水营养级、有机污染状况、浮游植物数量及多样性变化特征,并对上述因子进行了相关性分析.结果表明,近5年N/P值先增加后降低,5月和8月海水多为贫营养和磷限制中度营养,而10月多呈磷限制潜在性富营养;除2006年和2007年10月水质分别达到轻度和中度污染外,其他时期基本未受有机污染,四十里湾有机污染状况有向好趋势.浮游植物多样性指数年际变化显示,总体呈先降低后增加的趋势,与其数量变化趋势相反.相关性分析显示,有机污染指数A与无机磷(IP)浓度呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),与DIN相关不显著(P＞0.05),这说明IP是影响四十里湾有机污染水平的首要因素;浮游植物多样性指数与其数量呈负相关,而与Si/P和IP浓度分别呈正相关(P＞0.05),浮游植物多样性指数与Si/P和IP的Pearson相关系数分别达到0.446和0.413.IP是四十里湾海水营养状况、有机污染及浮游植物多样性的主要影响因子之一.     

基于光合色素的钦州湾平水期浮游植物群落结构研究

应用反相高效液相色谱(RP - HPLC) 并结合二极管阵列检测器分析技术,分析了2010年平水期钦州湾浮游植物光合色素组成,进而由CHEMTAX 软件估算全粒级浮游植物的群落结构。结果表明：平水期浮游植物特征光合色素含量以岩藻黄素最高,其次为叶绿素b、玉米黄素和青绿素,其它特征光合色素含量较低;水体中色素组成表明浮游植物的优势类群为硅藻,其次为蓝藻和青绿藻,它们分别平均占据了浮游植物生物量的73.9%、11.7%和8.7%,其它藻类所占比例很低。硅藻呈现出从湾顶往外随着盐度增加而增加的趋势,而青绿藻显现出相反的分布趋势。钦州湾浮游植物群落结构形成了茅岭江和钦江河口、湾颈-外湾近岸和外湾靠外海域共三种类型,平水期浮游植物群落结构的组成和分布特征主要是由茅岭江和钦江径流变化以及营养盐等环境所决定。平水期叶绿素b和青绿素在大部分站点存在证实了青绿藻在钦州湾的分布,而且表明青绿藻、绿藻和定鞭金藻等微型藻类在钦州湾占有相当比重,它们的重要性有待进一步研究。     

水东湾海域浮游植物潮汐分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

2014年秋、冬两季,每个季节在大潮期和小潮期对水东湾海域浮游植物群落结构和环境因子进行了调查,共鉴定出4门57属134种。其中硅藻门42属106种,占浮游植物种类数的79.1%;甲藻门13属26种,占浮游植物种类数的19.4%;蓝藻门1属1种,占浮游植物种类数的0.8%;针胞藻纲1属1种,占浮游植物种类数的0.8%。优势种15种,主要为尖布纹藻Gyrosigma aluminatum、圆海链藻Thalassiosira rotula、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus和舟形鞍链藻Campylosira cymbelliformis等。4个航次共有种类数在18—40种,Jaccard种类相似性指数范围在0.200—0.404,多样性指数和均匀度平均值分别为2.60和0.60。秋季大、小潮期多样性指数差异较显著(P0.05),冬季细胞丰度、多样性指数和均匀度大、小潮期均无明显差异。浮游植物细胞丰度变化范围为0.95×10~4个/L—28.0×10~4个/L,平均为6.86×10~4个/L,平均丰度冬季小潮期(9.46×10~4个/L)秋季小潮期(7.56×10~4个/L)冬季大潮期(5.97×10~4个/L)秋季大潮期(4.44×10~4个/L)。主成分分析(PCA)表明:盐度和营养盐可能是影响水东湾海域生态环境的主导因子。对水东湾海域浮游植物群落结构与主要环境因子进行Spearman相关性分析,细胞丰度与盐度在秋季大、小潮期为负相关,在冬季大、小潮期呈显著正相关;与无机氮和磷酸盐在冬季大、小潮期呈极显著负相关,在秋季大、小潮期均无相关性。冬季小潮期水温与多样性指数、均匀度和细胞丰度均呈正相关;从测定结果来看浮游植物细胞丰度、多样性指数和均匀度与叶绿素a含量均无统计学意义上的相关性。     

深澳湾浮游植物群落特征及其多样性研究

2007年1月～2008年12月对汕头深澳湾进行的浮游植物周年调查表明,深澳湾共有浮游植物64属178种。其中硅藻为最大的优势类群,共57属154种,占总种数的86.03%;甲藻5属23种;其它浮游植物类群2属2种。2007年和2008年浮游植物总丰度年均值分别为5.47×10⁷ cells·m^-3和2.26×10⁸ cells·m^-3。周年变动模式为单峰型(2007年和2008年的高峰分别位于7月和8月)。2007年和2008年多样性指数与均匀度指数范围分别是0.435～2.490、0.118～0.825和0.211～2.632、0.059～0.820,且夏季的多样性指数和均匀度指数都是最低的。中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum是该湾的全年优势种,其2007年和2008年优势指数与优势度年均值分别是55.17%、0.489与68.65%、0.652。中肋骨条藻的绝对占优已在很大程度上改变了该湾浮游植物的群落结构,并使中肋骨条藻赤潮的发生机率大大增加。深澳湾浮游植物的分布与水文、营养盐、滤食生物的摄食等均有一定的关系。     

广西防城港湾周年浮游植物生态特征

2007年3、6、9和12月,对防城港湾海域浮游植物的种类组成、优势种类、群落结构、丰度分布进行了调查,分析了浮游植物丰度、生物指数及其与环境因子的相关性.共鉴定出浮游植物54属138种.其中硅藻门37属112种;甲藻门12属21种;绿藻门和金藻门各2种,蓝藻门1种.全年浮游植物优势种主要为硅藻门的中肋骨条藻.浮游植物种数呈现湾内低于湾外、由春至冬减少的趋势,浮游植物细胞丰度则呈由湾内向湾外递减的趋势.不同季节调查海区浮游植物细胞丰度平面分布格局具有显著差异,夏季(6月)浮游植物丰度最高,达151.39×104 cells·dm-3,冬季(12月)丰度最低,为0.35×104 cells·dm-3.春季防城港湾海域的浮游植物多样性较高,物种较丰富.相关性分析表明,浮游植物群落分布与营养盐、水温、盐度等环境因子存在一定的相关性.西湾内的S1和S2测站,受防城江径流及潮汐等水动力条件的作用,盐度较低,富营养化程度较高,夏季时中肋骨条藻会大量增殖,甚至具有发生赤潮的隐患.     

钦州湾春、夏季浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了探究人类活动对钦州湾浮游植物群落的影响,分别于2013年3月和7月进行了两航次综合调查。采用聚类和典型对应分析法,分别对浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明春夏两季浮游植物共有3门45属115种,其中硅藻100种、甲藻14种、蓝藻1种。两季浮游植物生态类群分别以暖温带广布种和暖温带近岸种为主,季节性差异明显。典型对应分析表明,影响浮游植物分布的主要环境因子是悬浮物、pH、盐度和营养盐。受入海径流和外来水团等因子影响,钦州湾浮游植物群落在夏季更易聚为相似性群落,春季则呈斑块化分布。     

近20年广西钦州湾有机污染状况变化特征及生态影响

利用1990至2010年长期监测的结果,采用有机污染指数法对钦州湾近20年有机污染程度进行评价,分析其变化趋势并探讨其对海湾环境的潜在生态影响。结果表明近20a钦州湾有机污染指数变化较大,内湾变化范围为-0.55-5.49,外湾的变化范围为-0.44-3.96。20世纪90年代内湾和外湾有机污染物程度均显下降趋势,1999-2003年显上升趋势,2003年以后外湾显平稳波动状态而内湾为显著增加的趋势,近几年内湾有机污染加重到严重污染的程度。径流输入、浮游植物消耗以及水体交换等因子的综合作用是该海湾有机污染变化的主要因素,也是导致内湾和外湾变化差异的主要原因。海湾有机污染的变化导致富营养化的变化,有机污染和富营养化程度的变化并没有与浮游植物生物量的变化显著相关,但内湾近年来急剧加重的有机污染增加了赤潮等生态灾害的风险。内湾有机污染加重也会对水产增养殖等产生影响,需要加大关注和防治。     

珠江口广州段浮游植物群落特征研究

2008～2010年对珠江口广州段浮游植物进行了12个航次现场调查,共鉴定出浮游植物185种。中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulate)及其最窄变种(Melosira granulate v.angustissima)为主要优势种,并有明显的季节演替现象。调查期间,珠江口广州段浮游植物细胞数的平均值为5.51×10⁵cells/L,且浮游植物细胞数量存在年间变化。通过比较各年的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度年均值,结果表明,2010年的生态环境较2008年和2009年好,浮游植物群落结构较稳定。经相关性分析,磷酸盐为调查河口区浮游植物生长繁殖主要影响因子。     

淀山湖浮游植物优势种生态位

运用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定了淀山湖浮游植物优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,分析了生态位宽度、种间生态位重叠与优势种密度和优势度的相关性.结果表明： 不同时期各优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠不尽相同,各物种对环境因子的适应能力存在差异.根据不同季节的生态位宽度可以将淀山湖浮游植物优势种分为4类;尖尾蓝隐藻和小球藻的生态位较宽,数量较多,分布较广,能充分利用环境资源.水华暴发时期,蓝藻门各优势种与其他藻类之间的生态位重叠程度相对偏高;铜绿微囊藻的生态位变宽,而其他优势种的生态位宽度相对有所降低.各季节优势种的优势度与其生态位宽度呈显著相关,优势种密度与生态位重叠呈极显著相关.     

Community characteristics and of zooplankton in Qinzhou Bay

Qinzhou Bay, the biggest bay in Guangxi Province, is very species-rich and is developing a robust marine economy. In recent years, as human impact has increased, problems associated with the environment have become more complicated. Measuring zooplankton diversity and abundance is a way to monitor environmental conditions. According to the data from four ecological surveys of the zooplankton in Qinzhou Bay during 2008 and 2009, a total of 134 species of zooplankton were identified, including 52 Copepoda species, 27 Medusa species, 14 Planktonic larvae, 9 Chaetognatha species, 8 Pteropoda species, 5 Amphipoda species, 4 Cladocera species, 4 Ostracoda species, 3 Thaliacea species, 2 Appendiculata species, 2 Sergestdae species, 2 Protlsta species, 1 Rotiera species and 1 Cumacea species. The fauna was clearly characterized as tropical population. The total species number was highest in autumn, followed by spring, winter and summer. Zooplankton species diversity in Qinzhou Bay has increased compared with the results obtained in 1983–1985 (83 species). However, compared with other bays, the number of zooplankton species in Qinzhou Bay is close to Daya Bay (128), higher than in Zhilin Bay (60), Jiaozhou Bay (81) and Luoyuan Bay (70), and far lower than in the north South Sea (709). We adopted the dominant index Y > 0.02 as the distinguishing standard of dominant species. The number of dominant species in spring, summer, autumn and winter were six, nine, eight and five. There was only one common dominant species (Penilia avirostris) appeared in different seasons, For summer and autumn, the shared dominant species numbered about four. Between other seasons, the shared dominant species varied between two and three. The number of uniquely dominant species was four in summer, three in autumn and one in both spring and winter. The dominant species in different seasons have some overlaps and some differences. The average biomass of zooplankton was 378 mg/m³ at all times of year. The average biomass was largest in autumn, followed by winter, and was the least in spring and summer. The average density of zooplankton for the entire year was 805.11 ind/m³. The average density was largest in summer, followed by winter, and was least in autumn and spring. Copepoda and Planktonic larvae were the major components of zooplankton in spring and summer at Qinzhou Bay, with the other species’ densities under 10%. In autumn, Copepoda, Planktonic larvae and Chaetognatha were the major components of the biomass, and in winter, the major species were Copepoda and Cladocera, with the others species’ density under 10%. The average value of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) was 3.84 and the evenness index (J′) was 0.77. The zooplankton diversity index and community evenness overall were good and the community organization had a complete and stable state, but the status of the community was relatively weak. The relationship between biomass/density of zooplankton and environmental factors is remarkable. Biomass and density are positively correlated with temperature and nutrient concentration, and are negatively correlated with salinity.     

巨桉凋落叶分解对菊苣生长及光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了巨桉凋落叶分解初期对菊苣幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响.试验设置A₁(30 g·pot^-1)、A₂(60 g·pot^-1)、A₃(90 g·pot^-1)和对照（CK）4个凋落叶水平,将各处理的凋落叶分别与12 kg土壤混合后装盆,播种菊苣.待A₃处理植株的第3片真叶完全展开后测定菊苣光合生理指标及相关生长指标.结果表明：巨桉凋落叶分解初期明显抑制了菊苣生物量积累、叶面积的增加及光合色素的合成,且随着凋落叶施入量的增加抑制作用加大;菊苣叶片胞间CO₂浓度增加,而净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著低于对照;随土壤中凋落叶含量的增加,除CO₂补偿点呈增加趋势外,其他光响应和CO₂响应的特征参数都呈明显下降趋势,并与对照差异显著.巨桉凋落叶分解过程中,其化感物质逐步释放并作用于受体植物,抑制其光合色素合成和光合作用,降低其环境适应能力,从而抑制菊苣的生长.     

钦州湾越冬鸻鹬类对不同生境的选择分析

2008年12月至2009年1月及2011年12月至2012年1月对钦州湾的越冬鸻鹬类进行了调查,对越冬鸻鹬类退潮后在各类型生境的分布情况和原因进行了分析,以期为制定有效保护越冬鸟类及其生境的措施提供科学依据。冬季在钦州湾记录到鹬鸻类27种,结果表明,在不同的天气情况下退潮后各生境内记录到的鹬鸻类种数和数量均不同,钦州湾不同生境鹬鸻类结构特征随天气变化改变。相似性比较显示,晴天生境相似性指数最高的是盐田-养殖塘生境和农田生境,相似性指数为0.96;相似性指数最低的是红树林滩涂生境和光滩生境,相似性指数为0.49。阴冷天生境相似性指数最高的是光滩生境和盐田-养殖塘生境,相似性指数为0.79;最低是红树林滩涂生境和光滩生境,相似性指数为0.52。分析表明人类活动的干扰对越冬鹬鸻类栖息地选择的影响是巨大的。     

福建九龙江北溪浮游植物群落分布特征及其影响因子

分别于2011年枯水期(2月)、丰水期(5月)和平水期(10月),系统调查研究了福建九龙江北溪浮游植物群落组成、丰度的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.共鉴定浮游植物107种,隶属于7门64属.不同水文期浮游植物主要优势种类不同,枯水期为马索隐藻和梅尼小环藻,丰水期为四尾栅藻和四角十字藻,平水期则演替为微小平裂藻.不同水文期浮游植物丰度变化明显,其平均值依次为枯水期(154.77×10⁴ cells·L^-1)>平水期(76.40×10⁴ cells·L^-1)>丰水期(45.40×10⁴ cells·L^-1).相关分析表明, 枯水期和平水期浮游植物丰度与铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)呈显著正相关,丰水期浮游植物丰度与温度呈极显著正相关.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,水体温度是影响该水域浮游植物分布格局的重要因子,溶解态活性磷浓度也对浮游植物的分布有较大的影响.CCA排序图较好显示了浮游植物物种分布和环境因子之间的关系.     

Dynamic analysis of phytoplankton community characteristics in Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay is a large bay along the southern coast of China. The composition, abundance, community structure and diversity of phytoplankton in Daya Bay were investigated to assess its status in different seasons in 2002, and a total of 48 genera and 114 species of phytoplankton were identified. The cell abundance of phytoplankton varied from 5.79 × 10⁴ cells/m³ to 5.37 × 10⁶ cells/m³ with an average of 1.14×10⁶ cells/m³. The largest community was Bacillariophyta containing 84 taxa, and its average abundance was 1.08 × 10⁶ cells/m³. Annual abundance variations show a typical one-peak cycle, with the highest peak recorded during summer and the lowest recorded during autumn. The ecotypes of phytoplankton were mostly alongshore warm-water species; however, marine warm-water species and eurytopic species during winter and autumn are more abundant than during the other seasons. The dominant species were diverse and varied with seasons. The species diversity index of phytoplankton in Daya Bay was low during summer, especially near the nuclear power station (NPS) and the aquaculture farms during summer and autumn. Community structure and cell abundance were categorized in relation to monsoon, current and anthropological activities. It is presented that the temperature and hydrodynamics in conjunction with the pattern of nutrients (DIN, DIP and N/P) availability and depletion affect the composition, abundance, community structure, community succession and diversity of phytoplankton.     

Dynamic analysis of phytoplankton community characteristics in Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay is a large bay along the southern coast of China. The composition, abundance, community structure and diversity of phytoplankton in Daya Bay were investigated to assess its status in different seasons in 2002, and a total of 48 genera and 114 species of phytoplankton were identified. The cell abundance of phytoplankton varied from 5.79 × 10⁴ cells/m³ to 5.37 × 10⁶ cells/m³ with an average of 1.14×10⁶ cells/m³. The largest community was Bacillariophyta containing 84 taxa, and its average abundance was 1.08 × 10⁶ cells/m³. Annual abundance variations show a typical one-peak cycle, with the highest peak recorded during summer and the lowest recorded during autumn. The ecotypes of phytoplankton were mostly alongshore warm-water species; however, marine warm-water species and eurytopic species during winter and autumn are more abundant than during the other seasons. The dominant species were diverse and varied with seasons. The species diversity index of phytoplankton in Daya Bay was low during summer, especially near the nuclear power station (NPS) and the aquaculture farms during summer and autumn. Community structure and cell abundance were categorized in relation to monsoon, current and anthropological activities. It is presented that the temperature and hydrodynamics in conjunction with the pattern of nutrients (DIN, DIP and N/P) availability and depletion affect the composition, abundance, community structure, community succession and diversity of phytoplankton.