西南峡谷型喀斯特区坡地土壤矿物质的空间分布特征

探明峡谷型喀斯特土壤矿物质的分布规律可以为喀斯特地区植被恢复和生态重建提供参考。基于动态监测样地(200 m×300 m)的网格取样,采用经典统计分析和地统计学方法分析土壤矿物质(SiO2、Fe2O3、CaO、MgO、Al2O3、MnO)的空间分布特征。结果表明,研究区土壤矿物质含量差异较大,但变异系数不大,SiO2和Al2O3占了土壤矿物质总量的85.99%;SiO2、Al2O3、MgO、MnO均服从正态分布,Fe2O3、CaO分别经过平方和倒数转换后也服从正态分布。土壤各矿物质半变异函数的最佳拟合模型均为指数模型,块金值与基台值比C0/(C0+C)均较小,具有中等或强烈的空间相关性,表明空间变异主要由结构性因素引起;Al2O3和MnO的变程较大,空间连续性较好,其它矿物质的变程较小且相近,空间依赖性较强;Kriging等值线图表明峡谷型喀斯特区土壤SiO2和MnO具有相似的空间分布,受坡位和人为干扰共同影响,基本呈现坡顶高、坡脚低的分布格局;Fe2O3、CaO和MgO的空间分布也相似,斑块较破碎,主要受地形的影响;Al2O3的空间格局呈单峰分布,沿海拔的升高而升高。因此,减少干扰、增加植被覆盖对土壤矿物质具有良好的保持和调控作用。     

纳米Fe3O4对生菜生长及土壤细菌群落结构的影响

纳米Fe₃O₄的广泛应用增加了其暴露到农田环境的可能性,因此亟待研究纳米Fe₃O₄对农业生态环境的影响.本研究采用盆栽试验方式,研究不同浓度纳米Fe₃O₄颗粒(1、10、100 mg·kg^-1)对生菜生长及土壤细菌群落的影响,并与相应浓度的普通Fe₃O₄处理进行对比.通过测定植物光合速率常数、植株Fe含量来评价植物生长;采用高通量测序技术研究土壤细菌群落结构及组成.结果表明: 不同浓度纳米Fe₃O₄的影响不同.低浓度纳米Fe₃O₄能提高植物生物量,增强植物叶片光合速率,增加土壤中黄单胞菌目的相对丰度,降低蓝细菌、鞘脂杆菌纲的相对丰度,但对群落多样性指数影响不显著.高浓度纳米Fe₃O₄抑制作物生长,提高植株中Fe积累及土壤电导率,降低细菌群落系统发育多样性,降低黄单胞菌目、鞘脂杆菌纲相对丰度,增加蓝细菌相对丰度.此外,一些土壤功能微生物对纳米Fe₃O₄及普通Fe₃O₄处理的响应也存在差异,说明不同粒径及浓度的Fe₃O₄均会对土壤微生物群落产生影响,并可能影响地上部分植物性状.因此,在评估纳米颗粒的生物学效应时需较多关注土壤微生物.     

纳米Fe3O4对生菜生长及土壤细菌群落结构的影响

纳米Fe₃O₄的广泛应用增加了其暴露到农田环境的可能性,因此亟待研究纳米Fe₃O₄对农业生态环境的影响.本研究采用盆栽试验方式,研究不同浓度纳米Fe₃O₄颗粒(1、10、100 mg·kg^-1)对生菜生长及土壤细菌群落的影响,并与相应浓度的普通Fe₃O₄处理进行对比.通过测定植物光合速率常数、植株Fe含量来评价植物生长;采用高通量测序技术研究土壤细菌群落结构及组成.结果表明: 不同浓度纳米Fe₃O₄的影响不同.低浓度纳米Fe₃O₄能提高植物生物量,增强植物叶片光合速率,增加土壤中黄单胞菌目的相对丰度,降低蓝细菌、鞘脂杆菌纲的相对丰度,但对群落多样性指数影响不显著.高浓度纳米Fe₃O₄抑制作物生长,提高植株中Fe积累及土壤电导率,降低细菌群落系统发育多样性,降低黄单胞菌目、鞘脂杆菌纲相对丰度,增加蓝细菌相对丰度.此外,一些土壤功能微生物对纳米Fe₃O₄及普通Fe₃O₄处理的响应也存在差异,说明不同粒径及浓度的Fe₃O₄均会对土壤微生物群落产生影响,并可能影响地上部分植物性状.因此,在评估纳米颗粒的生物学效应时需较多关注土壤微生物.     

桂北喀斯特峰丛洼地植物群落特征及其与土壤的耦合关系

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林4个生态系统24个样地(20 m × 20 m)的系统取样调查, 研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统群落的结构组成与生物多样性特征, 选取代表植物群落和土壤性质的35个指标, 对不同生态系统及整个喀斯特脆弱生态系统植物群落与土壤主要养分、土壤矿质养分和土壤微生物间的相互关系进行了主成分分析与典范相关分析。结果表明: 沿草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林的顺向演替发展, 重要值(importance value, IV)>10.00的科、属、种及物种多样性最大值出现在次生林, 群落结构最佳值出现在顶级群落原生林; 喀斯特峰丛洼地景观异质性高, 各生态系统影响因子不同, 土壤微生物在喀斯特脆弱生态系统处于主导地位, 其次为灌丛; 不同集团因子的典范相关分析表明, 植物多样性指标与土壤氮素、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、土壤微生物生物量碳(C_mic)、真菌和细菌关系密切。因此, 在喀斯特脆弱生态系统恢复与重建过程中, 应针对不同生态系统制定相应的培育管理措施。     

不同土地利用方式下喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤微生物群落特征

基于对喀斯特峰丛洼地6种土地利用类型(坡耕地、草丛、灌丛、人工林、次生林、原生林)的土壤微生物、养分、矿物质和植被4组变量35个指标的调查分析,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物种群数量、微生物生物量C、N、P及其分形特征,以及土壤微生物与植被、土壤养分、矿物质的关系.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下喀斯特峰丛洼地的土壤微生物种群数量及组成不同.微生物种群数量均以原生林和坡耕地最高,人工林最低;3种森林土壤的细菌比率较大,坡耕地、草丛、灌丛的放线菌比率较大,真菌的比率均很小;土壤微生物生物量C、N、P的含量均很高,其中原生林最高;土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤微生物种群数量具有良好的分形关系,而土壤微生物生物量氮、磷与种群数量不存在分形关系;土壤微生物与植被、土壤养分、土壤矿物质显著相关,其中土壤微生物生物量碳与乔木层的Shannon指数、土壤速效氮、Fe₂O₃、CaO含量显著相关.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质的组成特征与作用

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地农作区、人工林、次生林、原生林4类典型生态系统动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)土壤矿质养分因子(7个)、植被(9个)、地形(4个)、土壤理化性状(10个)共计30个指标的全面调查取样分析,采用经典统计分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了土壤矿物质的组成特征、作用以及与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的耦合关系.结果表明： 喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质组成以SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、Fe2O3为主,明显低于全球土壤平均背景值和同区域地带性红壤,CaO、MgO含量居中,MnO含量很低;不同生态系统土壤矿物质组成和变异不同,土壤的发育程度也不同,植被和土壤的原生性呈同比正相关,均有潜在的石漠化风险;4类生态系统景观异质性高,主成分分析的降维效果不好,土壤矿物质均为各生态系统的主要影响因子,且与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的关系非常密切,特别是SiO2、CaO和MnO,其中对植被的影响主要是物种多样性,对土壤则为有机质、全氮、全钾等主要养分.土壤矿物质是影响喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤肥力和植物生长发育的限制因子之一,有效利用矿物质资源、合理施用矿质养分对喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建作用重大.     

磁性纳米金属对盐单胞菌生长特性及胞内Ectoine的积聚影响

为了提高野生型坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌株(Halomonas campaniensis sp. XH26)胞内Ectoine的积聚量,选用磁性纳米金属颗粒(Fe₃O₄ NPs),采用单因素实验、Plackett-Burman设计和响应面法分析菌株胞内的Ectoine积聚量和菌株生长量,并探讨Fe₃O₄ NPs应用于盐单胞菌发酵的可行性。单因素分析表明Fe₃O₄ NPs能促进菌株生长和促进菌株Ectoine的积聚,菌株生长对数期是最佳的Fe₃O₄ NPs添加时期。Plackett-Burman及响应面分析表明：优化条件下(0.05 g/L Fe₃O₄ NPs、1.53 mol/LNaCl和0.03 mol/LL-谷氨酸钠),摇瓶发酵Ectoine的积聚量可达640.28 mg/L,与野生菌株(391.35 mg/L)相比提高了63.61%。透射电镜显示Fe₃...     

不同带长微喷带灌溉对麦田土壤水分分布和干物质积累及籽粒产量的影响

为了研究麦田用微喷带灌溉的适宜带长,2015—2016和2016—2017两年度以‘济麦22’为材料,设置了带宽80 mm微喷带下带长为60 m (T₁)、80 m (T₂)和100 m (T₃) 3个处理的试验,试验小区长度等于带长,试验小区内沿灌溉方向每20 m为一个取样区段,依次命名为A、B、C、D、E,分析不同带长微喷带灌溉对麦田土壤水分和干物质积累的影响.结果表明:1)两年度不同处理A区段拔节期、开花期灌水后0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量为T₁23,B区段为T₁、T₂3,C区段为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃;各处理区段间土壤相对含水量的变异系数为T₁23.2)不同处理A、B区段小麦开花后20、30 d的叶面积指数和冠层光截获率、开花后干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量均无显著差异,C区段上述指标为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃;不同处理开花后20、30 d叶面积指数、冠层光截获率及开花后干物质积累量为T₁>T₂>T₃,成熟期干物质积累量为T₁、T₂>T₃.3)不同处理A、B区段籽粒产量均无显著差异,C区段为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃,整畦籽粒产量为T₁、T₂>T₃.4)两年度不同处理籽粒产量、水分利用效率为T₁、T₂>T₃,灌溉水利用效率为T₁>T₂>T₃.综合考虑籽粒产量和水分利用效率,本试验条件下带宽80 mm、带长60 m的处理(T₁)是节水高产的最优处理,带长为80 m的处理(T₂)是较优处理.研究结果可为山东省小麦利用微喷带进行节水高产灌溉提供理论依据.     

微喷带长宽对不同区段麦田水分和小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响

2014—2015和2015—2016年小麦生长季,设置微喷带长宽组合处理:带宽65 mm下设置带长60 m (T₁)、80 m (T₂)和100 m (T₃)处理,带宽80 mm下设置带长60 m (T₄)、80 m (T₅)和100 m (T₆)处理,研究不同组合对麦畦各区段(沿微喷带铺设方向分为D₁至D₆)水分和旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明: 拔节期灌溉,带宽65 mm下喷洒均匀系数为T₁>T₂、T₃,带宽80 mm下为T₄、T₅>T₆;开花期灌溉,带宽65 mm下为T₁>T₂>T₃,带宽80 mm下为T₄>T₅>T₆.65 mm带宽下,T₁开花期灌溉后各区段0～40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量,以及花后20和30 d旗叶实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、电子传递效率(ETR)和籽粒产量均无显著差异;T₂为D₁、D₂>D₃>D₄>D₅;T₃为D₁、D₂>D₃>D₄>D₅、D₆.各区段花后20和30 d旗叶Φ_PSII、NPQ、ETR以及成熟期各区段干物质积累量为T₁>T₂、T₃.80 mm带宽下,T₄开花期灌溉后各区段0～40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量,以及花后20和30 d旗叶Φ_PSII、NPQ、ETR和籽粒产量无显著差异,T₅为D₁、D₂、D₃>D₄、D₅;T₆为D₁、D₂、D₃>D₄>D₅>D₆.各区段花后20和30 d旗叶Φ_PSII、NPQ、ETR以及成熟期各区段干物质积累量为T₄、T₅>T₆.籽粒产量和水分利用效率为T₁、T₄、T₅>T₂、T₃、T₆,灌溉效益T₁、T₄优于T₅处理.本试验条件下,带宽65 mm下T₁和带宽80 mm下T₄为节水高产的最优处理,T₅为较优处理.     

添加秸秆和磷素对土壤微生物群落的影响

为了探讨添加小麦秸秆和磷素对低磷土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响,设置2个梯度的小麦秸秆添加量(N₀和N₁分别为0和2.08 g·kg^-1)和4个施磷水平(P₀、P₁、P₂和P₃分别为0、100、200和400 mg·kg^-1)组合处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定土壤微生物生物量.结果表明: 添加秸秆配合施入磷素对微生物总生物量、细菌生物量、真菌生物量和真菌/细菌(F/B)比值具有显著的促进作用,微生物总生物量、细菌生物量、真菌生物量和F/B均为N₁P₁>N₁P₀>N₁P₂>N₁P₃>N₀P₁>N₀P₂>N₀P₃.在相同磷素水平下,添加秸秆处理的各指标均显著高于未添加秸秆处理;在添加相同秸秆量条件下,施磷处理的各指标随磷素施入量先增加后降低,以P₁水平组合最优,其次是P₀,最后是P₂和P₃.     

Adsorption of lipoproteins onto mineral dust surfaces: a possible factor in the pathogenesis of particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis?

We compare the adsorption behavior of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) on "fibrogenic" and "nonfibrogenic" mineral dusts. The adsorption tests with bovine lipoprotein concentrate and human serum produced the following results: 1) All seven examined fibrogenic dusts (SiO2 DQ12, SiO2 F600, silica, graphite, TiC, kaolin, talc) adsorbed significantly more high density lipoproteins (HDL), than the five examined nonfibrogenic (inert) dusts (TiO2, SnO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4). This different behavior was particularly conspicuous in the presence of competing adsorbates (serum proteins). 2) In contrast, the adsorption of LDL did not correlate with the fibrogenicity of the mineral dusts. 3) The known silicosis-protective substance polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide inhibits the HDL adsorption of alpha-quartz. These results indicate that the adsorption of HDL could have a causal relationship with the triggering of a fibrotic reaction. The adsorption on the surface of fibrogenic dust particles provides an exceptional opportunity for the intake of HDL by macrophages. During the phagocytosis of the inhaled dust particles, the HDL adsorbed on the surface of the particles could be taken up by macrophages regardless of the receptor. There the HDL particles and/or compounds associated with them, such as lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase, could stimulate the macrophages to release fibrogenic mediators by some yet unknown mechanism.     

林地开垦后坡面土壤元素的时空变化特征

土壤中常量元素Ca,Mg和微量元素Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe是植物生长必需的重要元素,也是评价土壤质量的重要指标,林地被开垦破坏后,坡面土壤元素的空间分布受人为犁耕活动,侵蚀－沉积－搬运过程和元素性质的影响;林地开垦初期（1－2年）,坡面不同部位土壤Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe,K,Ca和Mg皆增加;而开垦两年后,受土壤侵蚀的影响,这些元素又趋于下降;开垦6年后,Cu,Fe,K和Mg比开垦前下降了1.5%-4.56%,SiO2含量在坡面上部随开垦年限的增加而增加,在坡面中部则随开垦年限而减少。Al的变化则与SiO2相反。     

降水对海南省吊罗山季雨林及橡胶林土壤中元素迁移的影响

本文根据3年的定位资料,研究降水对海南省热带季雨林和橡胶林土壤生态系统中凋落物的分解以及透过水、地表径流、土壤渗漏水和沟谷水等各类型水中硅、铁、铝、钙、镁、锰、钾、钠、磷等9种元素迁移的影响。     

Mineral Elements in Root of Wild Saposhnikovia divaricata and Its Rhizosphere Soil

Mineral elements are important components of medicinal herbs, and their concentrations are affected by many factors. In this study, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentrations in wild Saposhnikovia divaricata and its rhizosphere soil collected from seven locations at two different times in China were measured, and influences of rhizosphere soil on those minerals in plant were evaluated. The results showed that mean concentrations of eight minerals in plant samples decreased in the order: Ca > Mg > Na > K > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, and those in the soil samples followed the following order: Na > Fe > Ca > K > Mg > Mn > Zn > Cu. Mean concentrations of Ca, Na, Mg, and K in plants were higher than those in soils, while higher mean concentrations of the other four minerals were found in soils. It was found that there was a positive correlation of Mg, Na, and Cu concentrations in the plant with those in the soil respectively, but a negative correlation of Mn concentration in plant with that in the soil. Except Ca, K, and Mn, the other five minerals in plant were all directly affected by one or more chemical compositions of soil. The results also indicate that pH value and concentrations of total nitrogen, Mg, Mn, and Cu in soil had significant correlations with multimineral elements in plant. In a word, mineral elements uptake of S. divaricata can be changed by adjusting the soil fertility levels to meet the need of appropriate quality control of S. divaricata.     

Factors controlling spatial distribution of soil acidification and Al forms in forest soils

Soil acidification and Al release in forest soils is controlled by a number of factors, like acid deposition, forest type, parent rock, altitude, etc. This paper studies the principal stand factors affecting spatial distribution of the content of KCl-extractable Al (Al(KCl), mainly exchangeable), Na4P2O7-extractable Al (Al(Na4P2O7), mainly organically bound), and other soil characteristics related to acidification in surface organic (O) and subsurface mineral (B) horizons in the Jizera Mountains region. Geostatistical methods were exploited. The highest Al(KCl) contents in the O horizons were related to high S and N content, low pH and low Ca and Mg content in soil. Liming decreased Al(KCl) contents in the O horizons. Al(Na4P2O7) in the O horizons was more abundant under spruce than under beech; in both horizons it was increased on the immission clear-cut areas populated by grass. Surface horizons are more sensitive to external influence (acid deposition, liming) and their spatial variation is stronger. In the mineral horizons, the effect of pedogenetic processes is more important. The effect of stand factors on Al behaviour is complex and often indirect, mediated for example by organic matter or soil reaction. It is difficult to clearly distinguish the effects of the particular factors.     

Phosphate minerals in a lateritic crust from Venezuela

Ferruginous crusts and pisolites have chemical and mineralogical properties that differ from the surrounding soil due to Fe and Al enrichments which cause cementations that can harden irreversibly. In addition to, and possibly as a result of the Fe and Al accumulation, other ions, particularly phosphate are often also enriched by a factor of 2–20 relative to the surrounding soil. The P accumulated in ferruginous materials is normally bound to the Fe or Al in amorphous forms of low solubility. Distinct minerals have rarely been identified.We examined a section through a Venezuelan ferruginous crust, which contained portions with P contents>100 g kg^–1, chemically, mineralogically and micromorphologically with the aim to show some of the mechanisms that cause such extreme P accumulation and segregation in a landscape that is otherwise very nutrient poor.Except for the cementation, manifested as an in-filling of pores by Fe, the morphology of the ferruginous crusts reflected that of the original soil. At approx. 30 cm below the crust's surface, goethite, strengite and leucophosphite (KFe₂(PO₄)₂OH·2H₂O) were identified along a downward sequence of pores nearer the surface to pores at greater depth to the matrix of the lower crust. While the lower crust contained highly soluble P, Fe oxides from outer pore spaces showed high P sorption. The element and mineral distribution across thin sections suggested that incoming Fe had interacted with a soil matrix that was exceptionally rich in K and P to form highly soluble leucophosphite, followed by less soluble strengite and finally Fe oxides that essentially occluded the more soluble minerals found in the lower crust. Associated organic C dated at 18,700 y b.p., suggesting that the occlusion process occurred around the last glacial maximum, when the region became more arid. Although extreme in its extent, the process of separation and occlusion of minerals demonstrated here, may be useful for interpreting similar processes in soils and soil cementations that affect the biogeochemical turnover of elements.     

Plant community characteristics and their relationships with soil properties in a karst region of southwest China

In this study, we analyzed plant community characteristics and the relationship between plant and soil properties based on forest successional stages in depressions between karst hills. The secondary forests showed the maximum number of species, genera, and families with important values >5 and the highest species diversity, and primary forest was the optimal community structure. The arboreal layer played a dominant role in determining fragile karst ecosystem status, followed by shrubs, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃. A close relationship existed between species diversity and soil organic C, total N, total P, Fe₂O₃, MnO, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass P. Plant characteristics could be explained by the soil nutrient factors (21.6%), soil microbes (17.1%), soil mineral components (10.2%), and interactions among these variables (29.3%).     

The conditions favourable to oxidation of Cr (III) to Cr (VI) and the presence of chromium forms on the area contaminated by tannery wastes

The aim of this paper was to study the conditions favourable to Cr (III) oxidation such as: type of soil, soil water content, presence of organic matter and three oxidisers (MnO2, NaNO3 and Fe2O3). Also concentrations of different species of chromium in water and soils were examined in the area contaminated with tannery wastes containing 5-10% of Cr2O3. The action of oxidisers was studied in batch experiment for 2 h at room temperature at pH=5.35+/-0.2. The highest level of oxidised trivalent chromium was registered for soil with the lowest content of organic matter (0.72% C(org)), when Cr (III) was oxidised by MnO2, Fe2O3 and NaNO3 did not show properties towards Cr (III) oxidation under the conditions described.