澜沧江中游水生昆虫生活史和生态学性状多样性的海拔格局: 气候和土地利用的影响

物种通过功能性状响应环境变化, 探究群落功能性状多样性的海拔格局是揭示生物多样性空间分布格局和形成机制的重要研究内容。气候变化和土地利用是影响溪流生物多样性变化及其群落构建的重要因素, 然而气候和土地利用沿海拔梯度如何影响水生昆虫功能性状垂直分布格局的系统研究仍旧比较缺乏。本文基于2016年和2018年在云南澜沧江中游1,000-3,000 m海拔共56个溪流样点的水生昆虫群落调查数据, 利用线性和二次回归模型探索并比较了生活史性状(化性、生活史快慢、成虫寿命)和生态学性状(营养习性、生活习性、温度偏好)的群落加权平均性状多样性指数沿海拔梯度的分布特征, 并通过随机森林模型解析流域尺度气候和土地利用变量对生活史和生态学性状多样性垂直分布格局的影响。结果表明: 生活史性状中, 少于1世代、无季节性、慢季节性、成虫寿命长等性状多样性沿海拔梯度呈显著的“U”型分布格局, 而快季节性和成虫寿命极短多样性呈显著的单峰型海拔格局, 成虫寿命短多样性呈显著递增的海拔格局。生态学性状中, 温度偏好多样性与海拔梯度无关, 附着者和爬行者的多样性沿海拔梯度分别呈显著的递增和“U”型格局, 滤食者、植食者和捕食者的多样性分别呈显著递增、递减和“U”型海拔格局。随机森林模型分析结果表明, 气候和土地利用对生活史性状多样性的解释量高于对生态学性状多样性的解释量, 年平均温度和农业面积百分比是共同的关键因素。综上, 水生昆虫群落功能性状多样性海拔格局存在差异, 主要受不同自然环境梯度和人类干扰因素驱动。研究结果可为制定澜沧江流域生物多样性保护对策提供理论基础。     

澜沧江流域水生昆虫群落分类多样性和功能多样性海拔格局的空间尺度依赖性

群落分类多样性和功能多样性的海拔格局研究, 是了解生物多样性空间分布现状、揭示多样性维持和变化机制的重要途径。当前对水生昆虫分类多样性和功能多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局, 及其尺度依赖性依旧缺乏深入研究。本文基于2013-2018年在云南澜沧江流域500-3,900 m海拔梯度共149个溪流点位的水生昆虫群落调查数据, 利用线性或二次回归模型探索并比较了局部尺度(点位尺度)和不同区域尺度(100 m、150 m、200 m、250 m海拔段)的分类多样性指数(物种丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数和物种均匀度指数)和功能多样性指数(树状图功能多样性指数(dbFD)、Rao二次熵指数(RaoQ)和功能均匀度指数(FEve))的海拔格局。结果表明, 在局部尺度, 物种丰富度指数和dbFD指数沿海拔梯度均无显著分布特征, Simpson多样性指数、RaoQ指数、物种均匀度指数和FEve指数沿海拔梯度呈现U型或者单调递减趋势。在区域尺度, 随着区域海拔带宽度的增加, 物种丰富度指数沿海拔呈不显著的单调递减格局, 但dbFD指数沿海拔分布由U型转变为单调递减趋势; Simpson多样性指数和RaoQ指数沿海拔梯度由显著U型趋势转变为无显著分布特征; 物种均匀度指数沿海拔梯度无显著分布特征, 但FEve指数呈显著增加的海拔格局。综上, 群落分类多样性指数和功能多样性指数沿海拔梯度分布存在局部和区域尺度的空间差异, 但区域尺度下二者海拔格局随海拔带宽度的增加存在一定程度的一致性。     

模拟酸雨胁迫对青冈幼苗光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

选择亚热带常绿阔叶林优势树种青冈幼苗为研究对象,设置3个酸雨处理：pH 2.5、pH 4.0、pH 5.6(CK),研究不同强度的模拟酸雨对青冈幼苗光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明：经过2年酸雨处理,青冈的净光合速率随着酸雨强度的增加而显著上升.pH 2.5、pH 4.0处理的酸雨增大了青冈的气孔导度和蒸腾速率,且对pH 2.5处理的影响更为显著.胞间CO₂浓度的大小顺序是pH 2.5>pH 5.6>pH 4.0.pH 2.5、pH 4.0处理青冈的最大净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率显著高于对照,表观量子效率对酸雨胁迫不敏感.pH 2.5、pH 4.0处理青冈的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和PSⅡ的潜在活性显著高于对照.青冈的叶绿素相对含量大小顺序是pH 2.5>pH 5.6>pH 4.0,且pH 2.5与pH 4.0之间有显著差异.说明青冈幼苗的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数指标在pH 2.5和pH 4.0的酸雨处理下有所增加,且在pH 2.5强度下增加更为明显.     

凉水、帽儿山低级溪流中水生昆虫的群落特征及水质生物评价

在东北林业大学凉水国家级自然保护区和帽儿山实验林场,对3种类型低级溪流中水生昆虫进行采集、鉴定,分析水生昆虫群落组成、季节优势集中性和取食功能群,并应用指示生物法、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、群落相似性系数和BI指数对溪流水质进行生物评价。共采集到水生昆虫4907个,分别隶属于8目38科,其中,毛翅目、蜉蝣目、横翅目和双翅目为四大优势类群,个体数量占水生昆虫总数量的91．13％。原始林溪流中水生昆虫个体数量最多,占总数的58．98％,次生林溪流次之,农田溪流最少。次生林溪流水生昆虫物种多样性要高于原始林和农田溪流,且其各种取食功能群比例较均衡。齿角石蛾科、鳞石蛾科、新蜉科和黑横科昆虫可以作为溪流清洁水质的指示生物。水生昆虫季节优势集中性与Shannon-Weiner多样性指数水质评价结果之间具有相关性,即随溪流水质污染程度的加重,水生昆虫的物种多样性逐渐减少。群落相似性系数的分析表明,原始林溪流和次生林溪流水质对水生昆虫的群落组成没有影响,农田溪流则产生中等影响。生物指数（BI）评价结果显示除了农田溪流10月的水质为轻污染外,其余时间3种溪流的水质都能达到清洁标准以上。     

西南山地源头溪流附石性水生昆虫群落特征及多样性--以重庆鱼肚河为例

{{@ convertAbstractHtml(article.abstractinfoCn, \"cn\")}}       

渭河底栖动物性状和功能对空间尺度环境变量响应的生态区差异性

以我国中部渭河南部流域山区和平原生态区的底栖动物为研究对象,通过计算29个生物性状类别和7个功能多样性指数,比较了不同生态区的生物性状组成和功能与性状多样性指数差异性;应用综合RLQ和fourth-corner方法探索底栖动物生物性状组成与土地利用和理化变量的关系;通过广义线性模型(GLM)比较不同空间尺度环境变量对底栖动物功能与性状多样性指数影响的生态区差异性。研究发现,共18个底栖动物性状组成在山区和平原间存在显著差异性,其中具有无庇护所和以叶片为庇护所材料、外骨骼轻微骨化和骨化良好、草食性、捕食性等生物性状的底栖动物栖息于栖境状况较好的山区,体壁呼吸、虫体柔软、集食者等生物性状更多的集中在人类活动较严重的平原区。除了功能均匀度指数外,山区的性状和功能多样性指数均显著高于平原,说明平原环境干扰显著降低了底栖动物性状和功能多样性。综合RLQ和fourth-corner方法表明底栖动物生物性状对环境胁迫的响应存在可预测性。GLM模型结果表明,山区和平原生物性状和功能多样性指数受到不同空间尺度土地利用和理化环境变量的影响:流域尺度城镇用地、水温和TN含量是影响山区功能和性状多样性指数模型的重要环境变量,但平原区河段尺度农业用地面积百分比和平均水深是影响功能和性状多样性的主要因子。     

疏勒河中游生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应

利用ArcGIS 9.2和ERDAS 9.1软件平台和生态经济学方法,采用Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算公式,结合中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值,探讨了疏勒河中游1990-2010年土地利用和生态系统服务价值变化特征.结果表明:1990-2010年,疏勒河中游土地利用以未利用地、牧草地、耕地为主,三者面积占研究区总面积的98.2％,20年间土地利用整体特征并未发生重大变化;疏勒河中游主要土地利用变化发生在耕地、建设用地和牧草地,土地利用动态度分别为13.6％、8.0％和7.7％;生态系统服务价值总体呈上升趋势,从344.85亿元增加到485.11亿元,牧草地和水域对研究区总体生态系统服务价值的贡献率最大.研究区生态经济的发展已经处于低度协调水平的边缘,需要加强生态环境保护力度.     

水生双翅目昆虫监测水体重金属污染的研究

水生双翅目昆虫是监测水体重金属污染的理想对象。文章归纳用于监测重金属污染的水生双翅目昆虫的种类,重点介绍水生双翅目昆虫在重金属污染下外部形态、内部结构、生化及分子水平的变化,以及相关生物标志物的研究,为水生双翅目昆虫用于水体重金属污染的生物监测提供科学依据。     

荒漠植物功能性状及其多样性对土壤水盐变化的响应

植物功能性状及其多样性对环境变化的响应研究有助于揭示极端环境下植物适应策略和群落构建机制。通过实地调查和实验分析,研究艾比湖荒漠植物形态、生理和化学等8个功能性状的特征,并从多维性状和一维性状角度揭示功能多样性对土壤水分和盐分变化的响应规律。结果表明:高水盐环境下(SW1),(1)群落加权株高、叶绿素含量(SPAD)及叶片碳(C)和钙(Ca)含量显著高于低水盐环境,叶片氮(N)、磷(P)、硫(S)含量在不同水盐环境间无显著差异。(2)SW1环境下,沿乔木-小乔木-灌木-草本层次,上层生活型植物性状值普遍高于下层植物,其中灌木叶片仅N、钾(K)含量显著高于草本;沿该生活型层次植物性状呈趋同变化。(3)低水盐环境下(SW2),乔木叶片性状差异特征与SW1相似;小乔木叶片C、N含量分别显著高于和低于灌木及草本;相比于草本,灌木SPAD、S含量显著高,K含量显著低,株高、C、N、P含量差异不显著;SW2环境下各生活型植物性状呈趋同变化。(4)SW1环境下多维功能丰富度、功能离散度显著高于SW2环境,但均匀度无显著差异。(5)一维功能均匀度在不同水盐环境间均无显著差异,但化学性状的均匀度总体高于植物株高;高水盐环境下叶片N、S和Ca的功能分异指数显著高于低水盐环境。研究为掌握胁迫环境下的植物适应策略和荒漠植被恢复提供参考。     

小叶锦鸡儿根际微生物群落功能多样性对环境变化的响应

利用Biolog技术对内蒙古草原灌丛优势种小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性特征及其对大气CO2浓度、土壤氮水平和土壤水分3个环境因子变化的响应进行了研究。结果表明:(1)小叶锦鸡儿根际土壤微生物利用碳源总量在整个培养过程中呈逐渐增加的趋势。其利用比例较高的碳源类型为聚合物、糖类和氨基酸。(2)主成分分析表明,8个处理组的微生物群落功能多样性差异显著,其中与主成分1显著相关的碳源有14种,分别属于聚合物、糖类、氨基酸和羧酸。(3)加倍CO2浓度极显著提高平均颜色变化率(AWCD)以及丰富度指数和Shannon均匀度。(4)氮素添加使AWCD、丰富度指数和Shannon均匀度均极显著降低,其抑制效应在加倍CO2浓度时有所缓解。(5)加水处理对上述指标均有一定的促进作用,但是差异未达显著水平。(6)加倍CO2浓度和氮素添加联合处理下,小叶锦鸡儿根际微生物活性高于对照处理,说明加倍CO2浓度对微生物活性的促进效应强于添加氮素的抑制效应。(7)CO2和氮素对上述指标有交互作用。综上所述,小叶锦鸡儿根际土壤微生物群落的功能在很大程度上受到外界环境因子的影响,对环境变化较敏感的碳源类型为聚合物、糖类、氨基酸和羧酸,与利用比例较高的碳源类型基本一致。     

Diatom Model Affinity (DMA), a New Index for Water Quality Assessment

A new index, diatom model affinity (DMA) was erected as a reference-based community metric, derived from generic and species composition. DMA provides an assessment of water quality by the calculation of percent similarity to a model community, which can be viewed as a reference standard. High similarity to the model indicates communities that are minimally disturbed, while lower similarity suggests water quality problems. The index is similar to that developed for macroinvertebrate communities by Novak & Bode (1992, Journal of the North American Benthological Society 11: 80-85). The index correlated well with environmental factors operating on hierarchical scales. Compared to other commonly used diatom indices, DMA-based community assessments demonstrated high correspondence to patterns derived from multivariate statistics.     

Leaf‐litter colonisation and breakdown in relation to stream typology: insights from Mediterranean low‐order streams

1. Scant information is available on leaf breakdown in streams of arid and semiarid regions, including the Mediterranean, where environmental heterogeneity can be high and the relationship between stream characteristics and leaf breakdown is poorly known. We tested the hypotheses that differences in leaf breakdown metrics would be substantially higher between mountain and lowland Mediterranean streams than among streams within each subregion and that variability among streams would be substantially higher in the lowlands, because permanent reaches in the semiarid lowland streams are rare and isolated. 2. We compared leaf breakdown and associated dynamics of nutrients, fungi and invertebrates in low‐order Mediterranean streams draining sub‐humid forests in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and nearby semiarid lowlands of south‐eastern Spain. Streams differed between the two subregions mainly in water ion content, temperature and riparian tree cover. We detected higher environmental heterogeneity among streams within the lowlands compared to the Sierra Nevada mountain range. In the lowlands, breakdown coefficients (k) of alder leaves spanned almost the entire range reported for this species from temperate streams, overlapping with less variable breakdown coefficients in the Sierra Nevada. 3. The high variability of k values among the lowland sites appeared to be caused primarily by variability in the composition and abundance of a few leaf‐consuming invertebrate taxa, particularly the snail Melanopsis praemorsa. Fungal and nutrient dynamics were less variable among sites within each subregion. 4. These results indicate that the critical condition for stream functional assessment of well‐constrained breakdown rates, or related metrics, could be met at reference sites within homogenous bio‐geo‐climatic regions such as the Sierra Nevada. By contrast, in heterogeneous areas such as the semiarid lowland streams, natural variability of breakdown rates can greatly exceed the magnitude of effects expected in response to anthropogenic disturbances.     

A Conceptual Framework for Using Mussels as Biomonitors in Whole Effluent Toxicity

As a main source of direct and continuous input of pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem, studying the effects of effluents on receiving ecosystems has a high ecological relevance. While ecological risk assessment procedures are usually based on a chemical-based single component approach, their application for complex mixtures and effluents is less straightforward. A chemical-based approach has to rely on the knowledge of what chemicals are present in effluents, their potential toxicity, how all of these individual chemicals interact and what their individual and combined contribution to the mixture is. Whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing, however, is an integrative tool that measures the toxic effect of an effluent as a whole and accounts for uncharacterized sources of toxicity and for interactions. This paper addresses the use of transplanted bivalves, i.e., caged mussels, as a biomonitoring tool in WET testing with special reference to field situations in both freshwater and marine environments. We indicate how endpoints at different levels of biological organization within exposed mussels can give an integrative overview of effects. Finally, we will provide a framework for future research using mussels and discuss a multitude of instream responses for routine, efficient and cost-effective active biomonitoring applications.     

Influence of seasonal variation on bioassessment of streams using macroinvertebrates

The EU Water Framework Directive requires assessment of the ecological quality of running waters using macroinvertebrates. One of the problems of obtaining representative samples of organisms from streams is the choice of sampling date, as the scores obtained from macroinvertebrate indices vary naturally between seasons, confounding the detection of anthropogenic environmental change. We investigated this problem in a 4th order calcareous stream in the western Carpathian Mountains of central Europe, the Stupavsky potok brook. We divided our 100 m study site into two stretches and took two replicate samples every other month alternately from each stretch for a period of 1 year, sampling in the months of February, April, June, August, October and December. Multivariate analysis of the macroinvertebrate communities (PCA) clearly separated the samples into three groups: (1) April samples (2) June and August samples (3) October, December and February samples. Metric scores were classified into two groups those that were stable with respect to sampling month, and those that varied. Of the metrics whose values increase with amount of allochthonous organic material (ALPHA_MESO, hyporhithral, littoral, PASF, GSI new, DSI, CSI), the highest scores occurred in February, April, October and December, while for metrics whose values decrease with content of organic material (DSII, DIS, GFI D05, PORI, RETI, hypocrenal, metarhithral, RP, AKA, LITHAL, SHRED, HAI) the highest values occurred in February, April, June and December. We conclude that sampling twice a year, in early spring and late autumn, is appropriate for this type of metarhithral mountain stream. Sampling in summer is less reliable due to strong seasonal influences on many of the metrics examined while sampling in winter is inappropriate for logistical reasons. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

松花江干流大型底栖动物群落结构与水质生物评价

于2010年春季（4-5月）、夏季（7-8月）和秋季（9-11月）,对松花江干流大型底栖动物群落结构进行调查研究,并利用生物指数对松花江干流水质进行评价.共采集到大型底栖动物16目36科116种,其中水生昆虫种类最多,为74种,属6目21科,占总数63.8%,年平均密度为66.80 ind·m^-2、生物量为24.30 g·m^-2.春、夏、秋季的平均密度以春季最高 (90.52 ind·m^-2),秋季(61.26 ind·m^-2)次之,夏季(48.63 ind·m^-2)最低;平均生物量以秋季最高(35.35 g·m^-2),夏季(23.12 g·m^-2)次之,春季(14.41 g·m^-2)最低.Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson指数均以春季最高,夏季与秋季相近.各断面微生境共有种不多, 物种相似性不高,最大仅为60%;功能摄食群种类数相近,共有撕食者26种,收集者32种,刮食者28种,捕食者30种.采用BI生物指数和FBI生物指数对松花江干流水质的评价结果基本一致,并与化学监测结果基本吻合.松花江干流哈尔滨断面以上水质一般,哈尔滨以下断面水质在不同时期处于污染或严重污染状态.推测大顶子山航电枢纽的修建已对大型底栖动物的物种组成、群落结构造成了较大影响.     

A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF ASPECTS OF SASS (SOUTH AFRICAN SCORING SYSTEM) FOR THE RAPID BIOASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN RIVERS,WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE INCORPORATION OF SASS IN A NATIONAL BIOMONITORING PROGRAMME

Summary

The rapid bioassessment method, SASS (South African Scoring System) has been developed to assess water quality in riverine ecosystems. It is a scoring system based on the presence or absence of macroinvertebrate groups, and yields three values, namely SASS4 Score, Number of Taxa and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT). The current and future use of SASS, including incorporation into the National Biomonitoring Programme for Riverine Ecosystems, necessitates evaluation of this bioassessment method. This study focuses on three aspects. namely spatial variation in SASS scores, including regional and longitudinal (sub-regional) variation; temporal variation in SASS scores, and the effect of biotope availability on SASS scores.