欧美陆地鸟类监测的历史、现状与我国的对策

鸟类是生物多样性评估与监测,以及生态环境影响评价的重要指标.有关鸟类种类组成、数量与分布动态的长期监测工作在欧美地区已有100多年的历史.本文在总结欧美陆地鸟类监测历史与现状的基础上,着重介绍了英国繁殖鸟类调查 (the Breeding Bird Survey,BBS)、北美繁殖鸟类调查 (the North American Breeding Bird Survey,BBS)和圣诞鸟类调查 (the Christmas Bird Count,CBC)等重要的陆地鸟类长期监测计划.同时,本文在分析中国鸟类调查和现状的基础上,参照英国BBS计划的调查设计与野外方法,提出了中国BBS(the Chinese Breeding BirdSurvey,Chinese BBS)计划的具体建议:(1)以国家相关部门为实施丰体、然后逐渐向以非政府组织(non-government organization,NGO)为主体过渡,并以学术团体为技术依托,组织全国鸟类学工作者、观鸟爱好者和志愿者参与野外调查工作;(2)根据各地观鸟志愿者的数量采用分层随机抽样 (stratified random sampling)的取样策略选取调查样方,并结合样线法(line transects)和样点法(point transects)进行鸟类调查;(3)组建中国BBS信息共享平台,要求鸟类调查者按照统一的数据格式将调查结果在线输入平台之中;(4)相关部门和学术团体积极推动各地观鸟组织的发展,充分利用志愿者力量实施中国BBS计划.     

上海崇明明珠湖摇蚊幼虫群落结构特征及其对水质的指示作用

2006年7月至2008年4月,对上海崇明岛明珠湖摇蚊群落的结构特征进行了季节调查研究.共调查到11种摇蚊,隶属3亚科10属,优势种为红裸须摇蚊和微小摇蚊.聚类分析表明,优势种具有明显的季节性,春夏季优势种为微小摇蚊、秋季为中国长足摇蚊、冬季为红裸须摇蚊.摇蚊群落物种多样性（H′）季节间差异显著,春、秋、冬季较高,夏季最低;物种多样性与均匀度（J）和物种丰富度（S）均显著相关,但主要受均匀度的影响.摇蚊幼虫年平均密度冬季最高、秋季最低,生物量冬季最高,其他3季均处在较低水平上.红裸须摇蚊和微小摇蚊种群动态季节变化显著,而中国长足摇蚊的变化不明显.采用Shannon多样性指数和Hilsenhoff生物指数对明珠湖的水质进行了评价,表明该湖的水质等级为中污染-污染,已达富营养化水平.     

基于蝴蝶监测的学科活动的开展与研究

蝴蝶是一种变温动物,对环境和气候的变化十分敏感.通过对蝴蝶种群的监测,可评估生态环境的变化.开展基于蝴蝶监测的学科活动,既增强了学生的环保意识,又提升了学生的生物科学素养.     

浅析我国食品安全监测、监管现状与对策

改革开放以来,我国食品生产加工业得到了快速的发展,各种食品日益丰富,琳琅满目.然而,在我国食品工业取得骄人业绩的同时,在食品生产加工过程中掺杂使假、滥用添加剂、用工业原料和病死畜禽肉生产加工食品等违法犯罪活动也日益增多,致使人们对吃东西失去安全感.近几年,我国食品安全事件更是频频曝光,不仅给消费者健康带来了极大的危害,也使我国的食品安全监测、监管问题面临着极大的考验.文章从监督机制、法律法规、检测机构三个方面分析了我国食品安全监测、监管中存在的问题,如食品安全监管体系不完善、食品安全控制措施落后、生产经营方式分散、检测技术和标准陈旧等等,并提出相应的对策与建议,以期能够对我国食品安全的监测、监管制度的完善有所裨益.     

林奈收藏的欧洲蝴蝶模式标本(鳞翅目:锤角亚目)

修订了林奈(C.Linnaeus)建立的欧洲蝴蝶原始模式标本的地位.确认了38个分类单元的选模地位.本文为以下分类单元指定了选模:Papilio apollo Linnaeus,1758;P.daplidice Linnaeus,1758和P.palaeno Linnaeus,1761.对以下18个物种,由于它们在林奈...     

我国蝴蝶产业发展中亟待解决的几个问题

本文简略介绍了我国目前蝴蝶产业的背景情况和发展现状,着重阐述了该产业发展中亟待解决的目标与思路、政策与法律、科研与技术、人才与培养等一系列问题,并针地性提出了相应解决意见。     

蝴蝶饲养与产业的发展

蝴蝶资源的可持续性利用,可以通过人工饲养的途径来实现.人工饲养分全虫态饲养和非全虫态饲养.依据蝴蝶的生物学特性,满足饲养蝶种对生态环境的要求,是人工饲养获得成功的关键.蝴蝶的成功饲养、产业的持续发展和开拓创新,都离不开高素质人材.因此,应把人力资源建设放在蝴蝶饲养与产业发展的第一位.生态蝴蝶园建设,则列为蝴蝶资源多种利用的首选项目.     

蝴蝶槐的嫁接与管理

蝴蝶槐又名五叶槐、畸叶槐,系国槐的变型,其小叶簇集生在一起,形似蝴蝶落于枝头,故而得名,是园林中的珍贵树种,繁殖宜用国槐作砧木嫁接。一、培育选择砧术培育一般用途苗的砧木,可将成熟的国槐荚果凉晒干,翌春播种前用水浸泡４８小时后去皮,条播或穴播。出苗后,在培养过程中应移植ｌ——２次后定植,每次应施足基肥。当苗干胸径长到１．５——３厘米时即可作砧木。可以从中选出主干较直,树皮平滑色绿,长势旺盛的苗使用。若培育盆景用砧木,可采挖国槐老桩或自幼苗培育成的盆栽国槐,攀扎好生坯后,待新生枝条的粗度长至０．８—…     

蝴蝶果花、叶挥发油的化学成分

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法从大戟科蝴蝶果花、叶中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油化学成分进行分析,并应用面积归一化法测定各成分的相对百分含量。从花中鉴定出10种化合物,占总油量的96.90%,其主要成分为十六烷酸(59.89%)、(Z,Z)-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(13.82%)、(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯-1-醇(6.58%)及双(2-乙基)邻苯二甲酸酯(5.59%)。从叶中鉴定出10种化合物,占总油量的45.26%,主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(19.64%)、二丁基羟基甲苯(10.58%)、十六烷酸(3.70%)及苯甲酸(3.46%)。     

生态蝴蝶园的类型与建设

蝴蝶园作为可持续性利用的生态产业在世界范围内广为营建,尤其在发达国家。人们在工作之余来到生态环境优美的蝴蝶园,可以愉悦心情、享受自然,感悟人与自然和谐的美妙。我国生态蝴蝶园的产业属起步阶段,在温带地区的冬天、初春和秋末气温低,宜建封闭式温室型蝴蝶园,人为（电脑）控制室内的温度、湿度;在热带、南亚热带地区,全年大多数时间有蝴蝶活动,宜建开放式和封闭式网型蝴蝶园。本研究依据蝴蝶生态学的原理,首次提出了复式蝴蝶园的概念并在实践中获得良好的效果。复式蝴蝶园必须有森林生态的环境条件,地理位置处于原始林、次生林边缘的地方可以营建复式蝴蝶园,其类型是在开放式蝴蝶园中,建特定蝶种的封闭式网型蝴蝶园,选定的特定蝶种应属于大型、美丽和飞翔较缓慢的类群,以供人们观蝶和赏蝶;在出入封闭式网型蝴蝶园的人行道两旁种植上蜜源植物,在远离人行道的地方种植原生态蝶种的寄主植物,形成蜜源植物、寄主植物和封闭式网型蝴蝶园内蝶类发出的性信息素的三种引诱作用,吸引自然界中的蝴蝶在蜜源植物处群集,从而形成封闭式网型蝴蝶园外的开放式蝴蝶园。复式蝴蝶园兼有开放式和封闭式网型蝴蝶园的功能,是蝴蝶生态产业的新发展,它提升了蝶园的生动性、可看性与生态效益。     

Inter‐annual monitoring improves diversity estimation of tropical butterfly assemblages

Monitoring programs for diverse tropical butterfly assemblages are scarce, and temporal diversity patterns in these assemblages are poorly understood. We adopted an additive partitioning approach to determine how temporal butterfly species richness was structured at the levels of days, months, and years in five tropical/subtropical sites across three continents covering up to 9 years of monitoring. We found that observed butterfly richness was not uniformly distributed across temporal extents. Butterfly species composition differed across months and years, potentially accounting for the fact that temporal butterfly species richness contributed a high proportion to total species richness. We further examined how species richness of common and uncommon species (> and <0.5% of total abundance, respectively) were structured across temporal extents. The results showed that the common species relative contribution to total species richness was higher at lower‐temporal levels, whereas uncommon species contributed more at higher‐temporal resolutions. This suggests that long‐term sampling will be more effective in capturing patterns of rare species and the total species pool while lower‐temporal level sampling (e.g., daily or weekly) may be more useful in examining common species demographic patterns. We therefore encourage careful consideration of temporal replication at different extents in developing butterfly monitoring schemes. Long‐term monitoring is essential for improvement in the resolution of species estimation and diversity patterns for tropical ecosystems. Abstract in Chinese is available with online material.     

The conservation of declining butterfly populations in Britain and Europe: priorities, problems and successes

The status, ecology and conservation of butterflies in Europe and Britain are reviewed, as a background to the National Trust's past and future contribution to British conservation. Britain has a poor butterfly fauna by European standards, the main areas of endemism and species richness being in the Alps and southern Europe. To date, the main declines among European butterfly populations have occurred across central-northern Europe, with slightly higher extinction rates in mainland countries than in Britain. The main causes of decline are biotope destruction, the loss of certain species' habitats within surviving semi-natural biotopes due to changed land management, and a failure by several species to track the patches of their habitat that are still being generated in modern fragmented landscapes. Until recently, most conservation programmes failed to take account of the latter two factors, resulting in many local extinctions of rare butterfly species even in conservation areas. Recent measures have been much more successful; many were first tested on National Trust properties.     

The 'edgeeffect' in butterfly oviposition: causality in Anthocharis cardarnines and related species

Abstract. 1. An 'edge-effect', where outlying host plants receive proportionately most attention from insect herbivores, is described from the literature, and from data on Anthochoris cardamines (L.), in northern England.
2. Six hypotheses are examined as explanations for the effect in A.curdamines . Four are shown to be refuted by studies on female behaviour and the survival of larvae.
3. It is argued that the 'edge-effect' comes about due to two or more aspects of the searching behaviour of females. The effect may be seen as an outcome of behaviour adapted to searching for host plants of low density.     

广州市不同城市化发展区域蝶类多样性

2005～2006年,对广州地区4个不同城市化发展区域(森林区、农田区、城市区、沿海湿地区)的蝶类进行6次调查,共统计到10科46属73种.森林区科、属、物种和个体数目都最多,沿海湿地区各项数量指标都最小,农田区的个体数量大于城市区,但科、属和物种数却与城市区差异不大.多样性分析结果表明,森林区的种类丰度、多样性指数最高,沿海湿地区的种类丰度和多样性指数最低;均匀度大小依次为沿海湿地区﹥农田区﹥森林区﹥城市区;优势度指数大小依次为沿海湿地区﹥城市区﹥农田区﹥森林区.相似性分析结果表明,森林区和农田区具有的相同物种数最多,相似性系数最高;沿海湿地区和森林区、农田区、城市区具有的相同物种数都较少,相似性系数也较低.     

重庆市蝴蝶多样性环境健康指示作用和环境监测评价体系构建

在重庆市生态功能区蝴蝶多样性参数研究的基础上,进行区系相似性分析;选取22个蝴蝶多样性参数和5项主要环境因子指标,进行回归和主成分分析,进而探讨监测指标、监测种类和类群的选取与评价体系的建立。分析结果表明:当进行区域级的监测时,在22个指标中,种、科、属的多样性指数和均匀度指数可以忽略;5项环境指标中,人口压力(X22)因子重于面积比例(X18)、人口密度(X19)、林地比例(X20)、土地载有量(X21)等4项因子。选出物种数(X1),蝴蝶属(X2)、科级(X3)单元的多少,种类优势度(X9),各数量等级的物种数贡献率(X10—X13),人口压力(X22)及4个主成分的综合得分等10个因子,作为重庆市生态功能区环境健康状况的10个评价指标;和24个蝴蝶监测种类,12个蝴蝶监测类群一起,探讨评价方法,共同构筑了重庆市生态功能区环境监测评价体系。在此基础上,对各功能区环境健康状况的评价表明,功能区1的环境健康评价为非常健康,5、9、10区为健康功能区;2、3、6、7、14区为亚健康功能区;不健康功能区是4、8、11、12、13区。功能区13、14是城市化区域,它们的分值在14个区中,居第十二位和第七位,不是最低的,这表明城镇化与环境质量并不完全是因果关系,即通过绿化和环境保护,城镇环境是可能得到很好改善的。期望此监测评价体系在实践中进一步完善。     

Habitat use of the endangered butterfly Euphydryas maturna and forestry in Central Europe

The knowledge of ecological requirements of declining butterflies of European woodlands remains limited, which hinders conservation management of their localities. This also applies for continentally threatened scarce fritillary Euphydryas maturna . On the basis of the largest data set on its habitat use ever collected in Central Europe, we analyse habitat requirements of its populations in Austria (A), the Czech Republic (Cz) and Germany (D). All studied populations inhabit open-canopy sites within woodlands, but larval survival decreases under full sun and preferred sites are relatively humid and sheltered. Nests of pre-hibernation larvae occur at terminal branches of Fraxinus excelsior , 1.5–3 m above the ground. Pre-hibernation mortality reaches 70% (Cz, D). Another limiting factor is quality of woodland vegetation: post-hibernation larvae consume a wide range of herbs and shrubs, and adult distribution is linked to nectar availability. The butterfly thus depends on highly heterogeneous early successional stages of deciduous woods, historically maintained by coppicing (Cz, D) and forest pasture (A). Restoration of these traditional methods offers the only chance for survival of E. maturna in Central Europe, and the butterfly may become a flagship for other threatened organisms of open-canopy woodlands.