原发性肝癌染色体8p、16q遗传变异的研究

目的：分析人肝癌（HCC）组织中染色体8p、16q部分基因及染色体片段的遗传变异及与临床病理关系,初步筛选HCC相关的抑癌基因。方法：应用聚合酶链反应-变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶-银染法分析45例HCC组织标本中染色体8p和16q的杂合性丢失（LOH）及微卫星不稳定性（MSI）。结果：发生LOH的总频率为68.89%（31/45）,其中D16S511位点的发生LOH率最高为53.33%（24/45）,其次是D8S261（39.02%,16/41）和D8S499（34.88%,15/43）。MSI出现的总频率为11.11%（5/45）,出现在三个微卫星位点（D8S261、D8S499及D16S511）上。结论：染色体16q23、8p22-21.3及8p12区域的LOH发生频率高,其可能存在与HCC发生发展相关的新的抑癌基因,特定位点的遗传变异可能与HBV感染、临床病理恶性程度等预后因素相关。     

非小细胞肺癌6号染色体长臂的杂合性缺失的微卫星扫描分析

为探讨6号染色体长臂上与非小细胞肺癌发生相关的微卫星位点,应用多重PCR对41例非小细胞肺癌中6号染色体长臂上的36个微卫星位点进行扩增。PCR产物应用聚丙烯酰胶凝胶电泳分离,电泳结果用GeneScan^TM、Genotyper^TM软件进行分析。结果发现各个位点有明显不同的LOH频率,除D6S1579在41例非小细胞肺癌中未发现杂合性缺失外,其余35个位点均有至少一个位点发生突变,LOH频率从3.57%到75%不等,总LOH频率为78%（32/41）,其中D6S302位点的LOH频率最高（75%）。LOH频率超过20%的位点共有14个,主要分布在2个区域。其中有6个位点：D6S458（21.43%)、D6S1694（26.92%）、D6S1717（35.71%）、D6S1565（40%）、D6S302（75%）、D6S1706（36.36%）分布在6q21附近,具体区域是6q16.3-q21;有5个位点：D6S1550（38.4%）、D6S264（20%）、DS1585（25%）、D6S446（33.3%）、D6S281（30.77%）分布在6q27附近,具体区域是6q26-q27。因此6q21、q27附近可能存在与非小细胞肺癌发生相关的巳知或未知肿瘤抑制基因。     

中国人胃癌染色体17q21区域基因遗传不稳定性研究

研究17号染色体上D17S396位点、D17S579及D17S855位点微卫星不稳定性和杂合性缺失,探讨其对胃癌nm23H_1和BRCAl蛋白表达的影响,为胃癌临床治疗及分析预后提供实验依据。石蜡包埋组织中抽提DNA,应用PCR-单链构象多态性(singlestrandconformationpolymorphism,SSCP),常规银染、Envision免疫组织化学及Leica-Qwin计算机图像分析等方法。结果发现,40例胃癌D17S396位点MSI、LOH检出率和nm23H_1蛋白阳性率分别为20.00%、17.50%和55.00%。40例胃癌D17S579位点MSI、LOH检出率和BRCAl蛋白阳性率分别为22.50%、15.00%和37.50%。37例胃癌D17S855位点MSI、LOH检出率和BRCAl蛋白阳性率分别为18.92%、18.92%和37.84%。在肿瘤TNM分期中,上述3个位点MSI检出率在Ⅰ Ⅱ期分别高于Ⅲ Ⅳ期,结果具有统计学意义;而LOH检出率在Ⅲ Ⅳ期分别高于Ⅰ Ⅱ期。随着胃癌TNM分期的升高,MSI检出率呈现降低趋势,而LOH检出率有增加趋势。对于D17S396位点,淋巴结转移组的MSI检出率为5.00%,低于无淋巴结转移的35.00%(P<0.05);在淋巴结转移组,LOH检出率为30.00%,高于无淋巴结转移组(5.00%)(P<0.05)。在D17S579位点,MSI检出率随着胃癌分化程度的降低而呈下降趋势,高、中、低分化组阳性率分别为50.00%、20.00%、0%。TNMⅠ Ⅱ期的nm23H_1蛋白、BRCAl蛋白阳性率明显高于TNMⅢ Ⅳ期,并随着管状腺癌分化程度升高,它们的阳性率呈增高趋势,均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在淋巴结转移组,nm23H_1蛋白阳性率为30.00%,低于无淋巴结转移组的80.00%(P<0.01)。nm23H_1蛋白阳性率在MSI阳性组高于MSI阴性组(P<0.05);而在LOH阳性组nm23H_1蛋白阳性率低于LOH阴性组。BRCAl蛋白阳性率在MSI阳性组高于MSI阴性组(P<0.05)。实验结果提示,MSI和LOH通过不同的途径调控散发性胃癌的发生、转移,MSI可作为胃癌的早期分子指标之一。而nm23H_1蛋白可抑制胃癌转移及恶化,BRCAl蛋白能阻止胃癌向低分化发展,并改善患者预后。     

应用荧光标记多重PCR对原发性胃癌进行微卫星不稳定性检测

为探讨 19号染色体微卫星不稳定性 (microsatelliteinstability ,MSI)在原发性胃癌发生中的作用 ,选择覆盖 19号染色体的 2 6个高分辨 (<5cM)微卫星标记 ,采用FAM、TET和HEX3种不同颜色的荧光染料标记微卫星引物 ,应用荧光标记多重PCR对 44例原发性胃癌及其正常对照组织进行扩增 ,产物在ABI3 77测序仪上经变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 ,通过GeneScanTM及GenotyperTM 软件进行图像收集和MSI分析。同时采用PCR SSLP 银染技术检测了其中4个位点的MSI状态。 2 6个微卫星位点中 ,2 2个 (84 62 % )存在MSI,以D19S40 2MSI发生频率最高 (2 2 73 % ) ,平均MSI频率为 8 3 %。 44例胃癌中 ,3 4例 (77 2 7% )在一个或一个以上位点出现MSI。MSI作为胃粘膜癌变过程中一种可能的分子病理学机制 ,可作为胃癌分子检测的指标之一     

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病8号染色体基因扫描

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(Coronary heart disease,CHD)的全基因组扫描研究在世界各大研究中心展开,关于CHD易感基因位点的报道多集中于1号、3号、9号、11号、16号染色体,对8号染色体的研究报道甚少。在汉族人群中未见关于CHD的8号染色体的基因扫描研究。文章旨在查找汉族人群中CHD易感基因位点,选取8号染色体上间隔10 cM遗传距离的13个微卫星遗传位点,采用DNA混合池的方法对CHD患者组156例和正常对照组1 000例DNA样本进行基因扫描,经卡方检验分析患者组和对照组每个位点的等位基因频率差异。发现在患者组与对照组中D8S264位点(8p23.3-p23.2)及D8S285位点(8q12.1)的等位基因频率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。汉族人群中CHD患者8号染色体上8p23.3-p23.2、8q12.1区域可能存在CHD易感基因,需要进行候选基因突变筛查。     

中国人结肠癌nm23H1基因遗传不稳定性的研究

采用石蜡包埋组织抽提DNA、PCR-单链构象多态性(SSCP)、常规银染、Envision免疫组织化学和Leica-Qwin计算机图像分析等方法,研究中国人17号染色体D17S396位点微卫星不稳定性和杂合性缺失,对nm23H1基因表达的影响,阐明nm23H1基因遗传不稳定性与结肠癌进展的关系,为临床治疗提供实验依据.实验中,30例结肠癌D17S396位点MSI、LOH检出率和nm23H1蛋白阳性率分别为26.67%、20.00%和53.33%.在肿瘤TNM分期中,Ⅰ+Ⅱ期的MSI检出率和nm23H1蛋白阳性率分别为43.75%和81.25%,高于Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的7.14%(MSI,p＜0.05)和21.43%(nm23H1,p＜0.01).而LOH检出率在Ⅲ+Ⅳ期35.71%高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期6.25%(p＜0.05).随着结肠癌病理Duke's分期的升高,LOH检出率呈现增加趋势.nm23H1蛋白阳性率在管状腺癌组为60.00%,明显高于粘液腺癌组的20.00%(p＜0.01).随着管状腺癌分化程度的升高,其阳性率呈增高趋势.此外,nm23H1蛋白阳性率在MSI阳性组为75%,也高于MSI阴性组的45.45%(p＜0.05).计算机图像定量分析显示,nm23H1蛋白在各临床病理参数影响下的表达强度没有差异.实验结果提示MSI和LOH通过相互独立的途径调控散发性结肠癌的进展.LOH多发生于散发性结肠癌的晚期阶段并赋予散发性结肠癌细胞高侵袭、低预后的表型.相反,MSI是散发性结肠癌的早期分子标志,提高结肠癌局部nm23H1蛋白表达量可有效抑制结肠癌转移并改善散发性结肠癌患者预后.     

细胞角蛋白基因13在喉鳞状细胞癌中缺失和表达的研究

为了探讨细胞角蛋白基因13（Cytokeratin13,CK13)在喉癌发生中的作用,在CK13基因内部及附近选择5个微卫星引物进行杂合性丢失（loss of heterozygosity,LOH)分析,于DNA水平间接检测72例喉鳞状细胞癌患者中该基因的缺失,应用Northern Blot检测16例喉鳞癌患者的配对肿瘤及癌旁正常组织中CK13基因的表达差异;同时应用CK13蛋白单克隆抗体对不同分化程度的喉鳞癌组织进行免疫组化染色。结果表明：5个STR位点均存在LOH,其中D17S1964E、D17S2092、D17S791、D17S1665及D17S808位点的LOH频率分别为18．03％、28．13％、27．42％、39．68％和34．85％,其中D17S1665位点的LOH频率最高,至少一个位点出现LOH的病例高达77．78％（56／72）,杂合性丢失与临床分期、淋巴结转移无显著相关,但与肿瘤分化程度高低相关（P＜0．05）。Northern blot结果表明：16例喉鳞癌患者C13基因在正常组织中的表达比肿瘤组织显著增强,免疫组化结果也显示CK13蛋白在正常组织或高分化肿瘤中的表达明显高于低分化者,且存在显著差异（P＜0．01）。证实CK13基因可能在喉鳞状细胞癌的发生中具有重要作用,可能是一个新的抑癌基因。     

微卫星不稳定性与脊柱裂发生的关联性研究

目的:通过对脊柱裂(spina bifida)胚胎脑组织中微卫星不稳定性(microsatellite instability,MSI)的分析,探讨遗传不稳定性是否为此疾病的特征之一,进而研究错配修复系统(mismatch repair,MMR)与脊柱裂发病的分子机制。方法:19例脊柱裂和19例非神经管畸形对照脑组织中提取DNA;尿素变性凝胶电泳法检测标本中MSI发生情况。结果:在19例脊柱裂脑组织中9例MSI阳性,阳性率47.4%。其中2例为高度微卫星不稳定(high frequency microsatellite instability,MSI-H),7例为低度微卫星不稳定(lowfrequency microsatellite instability,MSI-L),其余10例为微卫星稳定(microsatellite stable,MSS),对照组中未出现MSI。选择的5个微卫星位点MSI的阳性率分别为Bat34C4(10.5%)、Bat26(26.5%)、D2S123(10.5%)、D3S1611(5.3%),D2S119(5.3%)。结论:脊柱裂中存在MSI现象,提示MSI、错配修复系统可能与脊柱裂的发生有一定关系。     

中国人结肠癌nm23H1基因遗传不稳定性的研究

采用石蜡包埋组织抽提DNA、PCR-单链构象多态性(SSCP)、常规银染、Envision免疫组织化学和Leica-Qwin计算机图像分析等方法,研究中国人17号染色体D17S396位点微卫星不稳定性和杂合性缺失,对nm23H_1基因表达的影响,阐明nm23H_1基因遗传不稳定性与结肠癌进展的关系,为临床治疗提供实验依据。实验中,30例结肠癌D17S396位点MSI、LOH检出率和nm23H_1蛋白阳性率分别为26.67%、20.00%和53.33%。在肿瘤TNM分期中,Ⅰ+Ⅱ期的MSI检出率和nm23H_1蛋白阳性率分别为43.75%和81.25%,高于Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的7.14%(MSI,p<0.05)和21.43%(nm23H_1,p<0.01)。而LOH检出率在Ⅲ+Ⅳ期35.71%高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期6.25%(p<0.05)。随着结肠癌病理Duke’s分期的升高,LOH检出率呈现增加趋势。nm23H_1蛋白阳性率在管状腺癌组为60.00%,明显高于粘液腺癌组的20.00%(p<0.01)。随着管状腺癌分化程度的升高,其阳性率呈增高趋势。此外,nm23H_1蛋白阳性率在MSI阳性组为75%,也高于MSI阴性组的45.45%(p<0.05)。计算机图像定量分析显示,nm23H_1蛋白在各临床病理参数影响下的表达强度没有差异。实验结果提示MSI和LOH通过相互独立的途径调控散发性结肠癌的进展。LOH多发生于散发性结肠癌的晚期阶段并赋予散发性结肠癌细胞高侵袭、低预后的表型。相反,MSI是散发性结肠癌的早期分子标志,提高结肠癌局部nm23H_1蛋白表达量可有效抑制结肠癌转移并改善散发性结肠癌患者预后。     

中国人胃癌KAI1基因表达及遗传不稳定性

采用Envision免疫组织化学,Leica-Qwin计算机图像分析,石蜡包埋组织抽提DNA,PCR-单链构象多态性(SSCP)和常规银染等方法,对56例石蜡包埋胃癌标本及其相应的正常组织,进行KAI1蛋白表达水平的研究和D1S1344、D11S1326位点微卫星不稳定(MSI)、杂合性缺失(LOH)的检测,为揭示KAI1基因作用机制和肿瘤转移机制提供实验依据。实验中,胃癌KAI1蛋白阳性检出率为55.4%(31/56):随着癌组织浸润程度的进展,其阳性率呈降低趋势(P<0.01);在无淋巴结转移的肿瘤组织KAI1蛋白表达率为83.9%,显著高于淋巴结转移肿瘤组织的20.0%;在肿瘤结节转移(tumor node metastasis,TNM)Ⅰ Ⅱ期,KAI1蛋白阳性率为82.8%,明显高于TNMⅢ Ⅳ期的25.9%(P<0.01)。56例胃癌D11S1326、D11S1344位点的SSCP分析中,均未出现MSI或LOH。实验结果提示,KAI1蛋白表达与胃癌组织浸润、淋巴结转移及恶性进展密切相关。在胃癌的发生发展中,KAI1基因未见遗传不稳定性改变。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.