瑞芬太尼、芬太尼及瑞芬太尼-芬太尼联合应用对肥胖患者麻醉后苏醒质量的研究

目的：探讨芬太尼和瑞芬太尼分别应用于肥胖患者全身麻醉中苏醒质量的优缺点,对比研究两药联合应用对于提高肥胖患者苏醒质量的可行性和有效性。方法：60例体重指数〉30的肥胖患者随机分为三组,分别应用芬太尼（F组）、瑞芬太尼（R组）和瑞芬太尼联合应用芬太尼（RF组）进行全身麻醉,麻醉时间2小时左右,从停止用药开始分别观察BIS值恢复时间,睁眼时间,5mi/kg潮气量恢复时间,每分通气量恢复时间,拔管时血压,定向力恢复时间,进行视觉模拟评分和镇静/警觉评分和拔管后动脉血气的测量。结果：RF组和R组的BIS值恢复时间和睁眼时间及每分通气量恢复时间无差异,均优于F组。而且RF组和R组中BIS值恢复时间和睁眼时间相关性良好,F组中两指标无相关性。停药后三组患者分别进行1小时、2小时4、4小时和24小时的VAS评分和OAA/S评分,VAS评分中R组在四个时相于其他两组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,均较两组高,F组和RF组在手术后1、2小时时相上比较无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。OAA/S评分中,F组在1、2及4小时三个时相均低于其他组,R组和RF组在四个时相比较均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。定向力恢复时间三组比较,R组和RF组之间无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,F组均与其他两组有差别,且长于其他两组（P〈0.05）。血气分析结果中RF组优于其他组（P〈0.05）。全麻后的副反应中RF组的发生率较低。结论：瑞芬太尼联合应用芬太尼对于肥胖患者全身麻醉意识恢复快,通气恢复时间短,镇痛效果好,血流动力学平稳,苏醒质量高。     

瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应和苏醒期躁动的影响

目的：探讨瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应以及苏醒期躁动的影响。方法：选择2012年1月至2012年12月期间择期行扁桃体切除手术的患儿80例为研究对象,将其分随机为瑞芬太尼组（40例）和芬太尼组（40例）,比较两组患者不同时间应激反应指标（ACTH、COR、IL-6）、苏醒时间、躁动评分、躁动发生率以及RamSay镇静评分,探讨两种麻醉药物的临床应用价值。结果：两组术前ACTH、COR、IL-6的基础应激指标比较,差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。瑞芬太尼组及芬太尼组术毕该三项指标较术前升高,术后1d较术毕有回落,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;瑞芬太尼组术毕睐后1d的各项指标均远远低于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。瑞芬太尼组苏醒时间明显少于芬太尼组,躁动评分明显低于芬太尼组,躁动发生率明显低于芬太尼组,RamSay镇静评分明显高于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：瑞芬太尼引起的应激反应明显弱于芬太尼组,且其苏醒期躁动情况明显优于芬太尼组,值得进一步推广应用。     

瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应和苏醒期躁动的影响

目的:探讨瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应以及苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:选择2012年1月至2012年12月期间择期行扁桃体切除手术的患儿80例为研究对象,将其分随机为瑞芬太尼组(40例)和芬太尼组(40例),比较两组患者不同时间应激反应指标(ACTH、COR、IL-6)、苏醒时间、躁动评分、躁动发生率以及RamSay镇静评分,探讨两种麻醉药物的临床应用价值。结果:两组术前ACTH、COR、IL-6的基础应激指标比较,差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。瑞芬太尼组及芬太尼组术毕该三项指标较术前升高,术后1d较术毕有回落,差别有统计学意义(P0.05);瑞芬太尼组术毕﹑术后1d的各项指标均远远低于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。瑞芬太尼组苏醒时间明显少于芬太尼组,躁动评分明显低于芬太尼组,躁动发生率明显低于芬太尼组,RamSay镇静评分明显高于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:瑞芬太尼引起的应激反应明显弱于芬太尼组,且其苏醒期躁动情况明显优于芬太尼组,值得进一步推广应用。     

丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉复合全麻在老年主动脉夹层介入手术中的麻醉效果研究

目的:探讨老年主动脉夹层介入手术采用丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉复合全麻对患者麻醉效果的影响。方法:选取2015年6月到2018年3月四川省攀枝花市中心医院麻醉科接诊的老年胸、腹主动脉夹层行介入手术治疗的患者76例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组(38例)及对照组(38例),观察组采用丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉复合全麻,对照组采用丙泊酚静脉复合全麻,观察并比较两组患者循环功能指标[血压(DBP、SBP)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)]、肺功能指标[呼吸频率(R)、呼气末二氧化碳(P~(ET)CO_2)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、气道压力(PAW)]及麻醉效果[脑电双频指数(BIS)值、苏醒时间(术后自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、定向力恢复时间)、拔管时间的组间差异。结果:观察组术后苏醒时间(自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、定向力恢复时间)及拔管时间低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组R在T1～T5时间点均低于对照组(P0.05),在T1时间点,观察组P~(ET)CO_2低于对照组,PAW高于对照组(P0.05),观察组SpO_2在T3、T4高于对照组(P0.05);观察组HR、SBP、DBP、MAP在T1～T3时间点均高于对照组(P0.01)。观察组患者的HR、MAP在不同时间点间比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉复合全麻对于老年主动脉夹层介入手术患者,具有降低患者呼吸及循环功能影响的效果,具有更优的麻醉效果。     

腹腔镜手术麻醉中舒芬太尼和芬太尼的麻醉效果对比分析

目的探讨腹腔镜手术麻醉中应用舒芬太尼与芬太尼的麻醉效果。方法选择我院收治的腹腔镜手术患者80例,随机分为两组,对照组接受芬太尼麻醉,研究组接受舒芬太尼麻醉,观察比较两组的麻醉效果。结果研究组麻醉期间HR、SBP、DBP变化较对照组平稳(P0.05),清醒时间、拔管时间、术后躁动发生率均低于对照组(P0.05),其余并发症比较无差异性(P0.05)。结论舒芬太尼应用于腹腔镜手术麻醉的效果优于芬太尼,麻醉期间的指标更稳定,安全性高,能缩短术后恢复时间。     

丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼/芬太尼对无痛人流患者麻醉效果分析

目的:研究丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼或芬太尼对无痛人流患者麻醉情况及术后疼痛的影响差异。方法:选取我院自愿申请无痛人流孕妇208例,通过随机数表法分为实验组(n=104)和对照组(n=104),对照组给予丙泊酚联合芬太尼用药,实验组给予丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼用药。观察并记录患者麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后手术前(T1)、扩宫时(T2)、术后(T3)的MAP、SpO_2、RR、HR;记录患者丙泊酚用量、苏醒时间、患者醒后宫缩VAS疼痛评分;记录两组患者不良反应的发生率。结果:与T0时比较,两组在T1和T2时的MAP、SpO_2、RR、HR均有所降低,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组间比较无明显差异(p0.05);实验组丙泊酚用量低于对照组(P0.05);实验组的平均苏醒时间、醒后宫缩VAS疼痛评分及丙泊酚注射痛均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组的恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率均较对照组有所降低,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼较丙泊酚联合芬太尼镇痛作用更佳,术后恢复更快,值得在无痛人流手术推广使用。     

雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚对妇科腹腔镜手术患者的血流动力学及麻醉苏醒的影响

目的:探讨雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚对妇科腹腔镜手术患者的血流动力学及麻醉苏醒的影响。方法:将116例拟行妇科腹腔镜手术患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组给予雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉,对照组给予芬太尼联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉。比较两组术中平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血气分析指标、患者麻醉后睁眼时间、拔管时间及答问切题时间。结果:麻醉诱导后两组平均动脉压(MAP)及心率(HR)均显著下降(P0.05);观察组插管即刻及插管后2 min MAP及HR显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组麻醉后睁眼时间、拔管时间、答问切题时间显著早于对照组(P0.05);与气腹前相比,气腹10 min、20 min及60min的PaCO2均升高(P0.05),两组各时点其他血气分析指标比较无显著差别(P0.05)。结论:妇科腹腔镜手术给予雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉,可显著减轻插管应激心血管反应,保持血流动力学稳定,效果优于芬太尼联合丙泊酚麻醉。     

氯胺酮对瑞芬太尼诱发痛觉敏化防治作用临床观察

目的:研究持续输注瑞芬太尼与术后痛觉敏化的关系,分析芬太尼或氯胺酮防治痛觉敏化的效果.方法:48例开腹患者随机分四组,生理盐水组(RC组)、芬太尼组(RF组)和氯胺酮组(RK组),术中均输注瑞芬太尼0.15～0.20 μg/(kg·min)其中RF组术毕静注芬太尼1 μg/kg,RK组术中联合输注氯胺酮10 μg/(kg· min),以及术中静注芬太尼组(FC组)分次静注芬太尼5～6 μg/kg,四组均复合七氟烷吸入维持BIS45～55,记录病人自控静脉镇痛泵(PCIA)情况,评估术后Ramsay评分和VAS评分.结果:RC组术后早期24 h VAS评分明显高于FC组(P＜0.05);RF组虽可使术后最初60 min VAS评分较RC组明显降低(P＜0.05),但6h和12hVRS评分与RC组无明显差异;RK组术后VRS评分较RC组明显降低(P＜0.05),与FC组相仿;RC组与其它三组相比,首次应用PCA时间提前、按压次数增多、芬太尼用量增大.结论:持续输注瑞芬太尼可诱发术后痛觉敏化,联合输注小剂量氯胺酮可较好防治瑞芬太尼所致的痛觉敏化.     

脑电双频指数用于靶控瑞芬太尼输注在小儿眼科手术中的临床评价

目的:探讨脑电双频指数(BIS)对靶控瑞芬太尼输注在小儿眼科手术中的指导意义。方法:择期小儿眼科手术80例,随机均分为(A组)BIS反馈调控瑞芬太尼组,(B组)根据经验用药组,比较两组中瑞芬太尼的用量,血流动力学以及苏醒时间。结果:A组瑞芬太尼用量明显低于B组(P<0.05),B组血流动力学,BIS值波动明显大于A组(P<0.05),B组苏醒时间明显短于A组(P<0.05)。结论:小儿眼科手术中,BIS反馈调控瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)技术可降低瑞芬太尼用量,有助于判断全麻深度,指导麻醉用药。     

两种不同的静脉全麻方式行经皮肝穿刺射频消融术的临床观察

目的:比较咪唑安定和丙泊酚分别复合舒芬太尼用于B超引导下经皮肝穿刺射频消融术(PRFA)的麻醉效果。方法:选择2011年7月至2013年5月需行PRFA肝癌患者60例,随机分成丙泊酚组和咪达唑仑组各30例,分别复合舒芬太尼静注行全身麻醉。记录麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后5分钟(T1)、手术开始时(T2),手术开始后5分钟(T3),15分钟(T4),手术结束时(T5)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和血氧饱和度(Sp O2)。记录两组患者苏醒时间和定向力恢复时间,并进行术后6小时、12小时、24小时视觉模糊评分(VAS)。结果:丙泊酚组T1时的MAP明显低于麻醉前(P0.05),且明显低于咪达唑仑组(P0.05),两组患者T1时的HR明显低于麻醉前(P0.05),丙泊酚组患者T1时的Sp O2明显低于麻醉前(P0.05)。咪达唑仑组苏醒时间明显短于丙泊酚组,咪达唑仑组术后6小时VAS评分明显低于丙泊酚组(P0.05)。结论:与丙泊酚比较,咪达唑仑复合舒芬太尼静脉全麻具有对循环影响小、苏醒迅速,患者舒适无痛等优点,是较为合适的麻醉方式。     

Validated GC-MS analysis for the determination of residual fentanyl in applied Durogesic reservoir and Durogesic D-Trans matrix transdermal fentanyl patches

The method development and validation characteristics are described of a simple gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analytical procedure to determine residual fentanyl in used Durogesic reservoir patches and Durogesic D-Trans matrix technology based systems to estimate the actual rate of transdermal fentanyl delivered in individual patients. The sample preparation protocol constituting a saline based extraction of sets of new patches of each nominal dose available, resulted in fentanyl extraction recoveries to increase steadily as a function of increasing extraction time. For the reservoir type transdermal therapeutic system (TTS), fentanyl extraction efficiencies at equilibrium (16 h) ranged from approximately 60% (100-microg/h TTS) to 95% (25-microg/h TTS), whereas for the matrix type system considerable lower recoveries were demonstrated for the highest nominal dose rates (35%-52%), while reaching 90% for the 25-microg/h system. For the latter type of fentanyl TTS, an optimized methanol based extraction protocol yielded virtually quantitative fentanyl recoveries for each matrix patch nominal dose level at substantially shorter extraction periods (15 min). The GC-MS analytical method using selected ion monitoring (SIM) and deuterated fentanyl as internal standard was shown to be adequately selective with regard to the presence of other compounds in the Durogesic patches. It was further demonstrated that the developed analytical protocols provided highly reproducible and accurate estimates of the initial fentanyl content of each patch type at all available nominal doses, with coefficients of variation and relative errors generally below 10%. These advantageous assay validation characteristics can be further transposed to the application of residual fentanyl level estimates in used patches, provided that with each batch of samples also a set of new TTSs with equal dose is assayed to perfectly mimic extraction phenomena. Finally, the presented GC-MS analytical protocol was successfully applied for the determination of residual fentanyl in a subset of 57 reservoir type patches obtained from four palliative patients.     

Reproductive and teratogenic effects of fentanyl in Sprague-Dawley rats

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered fentanyl continuously using chronically implanted osmotic minipumps for 2 weeks before breeding and during the entire period of pregnancy. Three different fentanyl dosage regimens were employed, i.e., 10, 100, and 500 micrograms/kg/day. Reproductive indices were determined and the 1,046 offspring delivered at cesarean section were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. There were no major or minor reproductive abnormalities or teratogenic findings in any of the fentanyl-treated groups. We conclude that fentanyl is devoid of adverse reproductive effects in this strain of rats up to dosages of 500 micrograms/kg/day administered by osmotic minipumps. From a methodologic point of view, osmotic minipumps facilitate study of the reproductive effects of narcotics as they allow delivery of dosages that ordinarily would not be tolerated without producing severe respiratory depression.     

Effects of naloxone and fentanyl in acutely decerebrated dogs

Cardiovascular, respiratory and analgesic effects of fentanyl and naloxone were studied in normotensive acutely decerebrated dogs. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.v.) increased skin twitch reflex latency, mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, respiratory rate and minute volume. Fentanyl (50 μg/kg, i.v.) decreased heart rate and blood pressure while the animals were artificially ventilated. The skin twitch reflex latency was not significantly altered. Nine minutes later, naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered and the fentanyl-induced cardiovascular depression was reversed above the control level. The skin twitch reflex latency remained unchanged. These findings give further evidence that the endogenous opioid system plays an important role in the brainstem control of circulation and respiration. The mechanism of the anomalous analgesic response of the acutely decerebrated dog requires further investigation.     

Pharmacodynamics of fentanyl citrate in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass

The pharmacodynamics of fentanyl citrate were studied in two groups of patients. One group underwent surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and the other group had surgery without CPB; the latter group represented the controls. Apneic periods were considerably longer (2.70 +/- 0.90 hr) for the CPB patients than for the control patients (1.75 +/- 0.75 hr). The total plasma fentanyl concentration at which apnea ceased was not statistically different between the two groups. Minor differences were attributed to the massive dilution of plasma proteins after the adding of priming fluid to the heart-lung machine. This prolongation of apnea is of considerable clinical importance because it means that CPB patients must remain mechanically ventilated for longer periods.     

Synthesis and opioid activity of new fentanyl analogs

Three new fentanyl analogs (compounds 3-4-5) have been synthesized and evaluated for antinociceptive properties using the writhing test. The analgesic property of the active compound, N-[1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl]-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl)] propenamide (compound 4), was tested using the hot plate test in mice. Its opioid agonistic activity was characterized using three isolated tissues: guinea pig ileum, mouse vas deferens, and rabbit vas deferens. Compound 4 was as effective as fentanyl or morphine and it showed less antinociceptive potency than fentanyl but it was more potent than morphine. The duration of the antinociception was similar to that of fentanyl. This compound inhibited the electrically evoked contractions of myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strips of guinea pig ileum and of mouse vas deferens but not those of rabbit vas deferens. These effects could be reversed by micro selective antagonists (naloxone and/or CTOP) but not by the delta selective antagonist naltrindole, thus indicating that the compound acted as a micro opioid agonist. Finally, the binding data confirmed that compound 4 had high affinity and selectivity for the micro-receptor.