共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Tang W Kelley D Ezcurra I Cotter R McCormick S 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2004,39(3):343-353
As pollen tubes grow through the pistil they are thought to perceive and respond to diverse signals. The tomato pollen-specific receptor kinases LePRK1 and LePRK2 might participate in signaling during pollen tube growth. We previously showed that the extracellular domain of LePRK2 interacts with a pollen protein, LAT52, before but not after pollen germination. To determine whether LePRK2 might have different binding partner(s) after pollen germination, we characterized two more proteins that, like LAT52, were identified in yeast two-hybrid screens using the extracellular domains of LePRK1 and LePRK2 as baits. We show that LeSHY, a leucine-rich repeat protein from pollen, and LeSTIG1, a small cysteine-rich protein from pistil, can bind the extracellular domains of both LePRK1 and LePRK2 in vitro. In vitro binding assays with the extracellular domain of LePRK2 suggested that LeSTIG1 could displace binding of LAT52, consistent with the idea that LePRK1 and LePRK2 might interact with different ligands at different stages of pollen tube growth. Exogenous LeSTIG1 promotes pollen tube growth in vitro. The interaction of these pollen kinases with LeSTIG1 supports the notion that LePRK1 and LePRK2 are involved in mediating pollen-pistil interactions. 相似文献
2.
Kaothien P Ok SH Shuai B Wengier D Cotter R Kelley D Kiriakopolos S Muschietti J McCormick S 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2005,42(4):492-503
The pollen-specific receptor kinases LePRK1 and LePRK2 have localization and expression profiles that strongly suggest they play roles in pollen germination and tube growth. To identify downstream components of LePRK signaling, we used their cytoplasmic domains (CDs) as baits in yeast two-hybrid screens of a tomato pollen cDNA library. A pollen-specific protein we named kinase partner protein (KPP) interacted with the CDs of both LePRK1 and LePRK2 in yeast and in an in vitro pull-down assay, and with LePRK2 in a co-immunoprecipitation assay. KPP is a peripheral membrane protein and is phosphorylated in pollen. Pollen tubes over-expressing KPP developed balloon-like tips with abnormal cytoplasmic streaming and F-actin arrangements and plants over-expressing KPP exhibited impaired transmission of the transgene through the male. KPP-like genes are found only in plants; the 14 family members in Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit diverse expression patterns and potentially play roles in signaling pathways in other tissues. 相似文献
3.
Salem T Mazzella A Barberini ML Wengier D Motillo V Parisi G Muschietti J 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2011,286(6):4882-4891
The tip-growing pollen tube is a useful model for studying polarized cell growth in plants. We previously characterized LePRK2, a pollen-specific receptor-like kinase from tomato (1). Here, we showed that LePRK2 is present as multiple phosphorylated isoforms in mature pollen membranes. Using comparative sequence analysis and phosphorylation site prediction programs, we identified two putative phosphorylation motifs in the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane (JM) domain. Site-directed mutagenesis in these motifs, followed by transient overexpression in tobacco pollen, showed that both motifs have opposite effects in regulating pollen tube length. Relative to LePRK2-eGFP pollen tubes, alanine substitutions in residues of motif I, Ser(277)/Ser(279)/Ser(282), resulted in longer pollen tubes, but alanine substitutions in motif II, Ser(304)/Ser(307)/Thr(308), resulted in shorter tubes. In contrast, phosphomimicking aspartic substitutions at these residues gave reciprocal results, that is, shorter tubes with mutations in motif I and longer tubes with mutations in motif II. We conclude that the length of pollen tubes can be negatively and positively regulated by phosphorylation of residues in motif I and II respectively. We also showed that LePRK2-eGFP significantly decreased pollen tube length and increased pollen tube tip width, relative to eGFP tubes. The kinase activity of LePRK2 was relevant for this phenotype because tubes that expressed a mutation in a lysine essential for kinase activity showed the same length and width as the eGFP control. Taken together, these results suggest that LePRK2 may have a central role in pollen tube growth through regulation of its own phosphorylation status. 相似文献
4.
E. Bednarska 《Sexual plant reproduction》1989,2(1):53-58
Summary The involvement of exogenous calcium ions in the regulation of pollen tube formation has been investigated in Haemanthus albiflos L. and Oenothera biennis L. by following the changes that occur in pollen germination, tube growth, and 45+Ca2+ uptake and distribution upon application of Verapamil (an inhibitor of calcium channels), lanthanum (a Ca2+ substitute), and ruthenium red (believed to raise the intracellular calcium level). It was found that exogenous Ca2+ takes part in the formation of the calcium gradient present in germinating pollen grains and growing pollen tubes. Ca2+ ions enter the cells through calcium channels. Raising or reducing 45Ca2+ uptake causes disturbances in the germination of the pollen grains and in the growth of the pollen tubes. 相似文献
5.
Signalling pathways in pollen germination and tube growth 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Summary. Signalling is an integral component in the establishment and maintenance of cellular identity. In plants, tip-growing cells
represent an ideal system to investigate signal transduction mechanisms, and among these, pollen tubes (PTs) are one of the
favourite models. Many signalling pathways have been identified during germination and tip growth, namely, Ca2+, calmodulin, phosphoinositides, protein kinases, cyclic AMP, and GTPases. These constitute a large and complex web of signalling
networks that intersect at various levels such as the control of vesicle targeting and fusion and the physical state of the
actin cytoskeleton. Here we discuss some of the most recent advances made in PT signal transduction cascades and their implications
for our future research. For reasons of space, emphasis was given to signalling mechanisms that control PT reorientation,
so naturally many other relevant works have not been cited.
Correspondence and reprints: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal. 相似文献
6.
Penela P Ribas C Aymerich I Eijkelkamp N Barreiro O Heijnen CJ Kavelaars A Sánchez-Madrid F Mayor F 《The EMBO journal》2008,27(8):1206-1218
Cell migration requires integration of signals arising from both the extracellular matrix and messengers acting through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We find that increased levels of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), a key player in GPCR regulation, potentiate migration of epithelial cells towards fibronectin, whereas such process is decreased in embryonic fibroblasts from hemizygous GRK2 mice or upon knockdown of GRK2 expression. Interestingly, the GRK2 effect on fibronectin-mediated cell migration involves the paracrine/autocrine activation of a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) Gi-coupled GPCR. GRK2 positively modulates the activity of the Rac/PAK/MEK/ERK pathway in response to adhesion and S1P by a mechanism involving the phosphorylation-dependent, dynamic interaction of GRK2 with GIT1, a key scaffolding protein in cell migration processes. Furthermore, decreased GRK2 levels in hemizygous mice result in delayed wound healing rate in vivo, consistent with a physiological role of GRK2 as a regulator of coordinated integrin and GPCR-directed epithelial cell migration. 相似文献
7.
Toluidine blue is known to induce gynogenic haploids in significant numbersin Populus]. Because the efficacy of a chemical in inducing gynogenesis depends largely on its effeot on pollen germination, on pollen tube growth, and on male gamete formation, the effect of toluidine blue (0, 1, 10 and 100 mgl-1) on these processes was studied in treated pistils ofSolatium nigrum (4 X), as well as on cultured pollen grains ofS. nigrum andTrigonella foenumgraecum. Irrespective of the time of application, toluidine blue (1 and 10 mg I-1) had no effect on pollen germination or pollen tube growth in pistils ofS. nigrum; at 100 mg I-1 it invariably inhibited both the processes. Almost similar responses were elicited by cultured pollen grains. InT. foenum-graecum toluidine blue had no effeot on pollen germination and suppressed tube growth. Gamete formation was inhibited, to various degrees, at all the concentrations tested; at 100 ing I-1 hardly any pollen tube showed gamete formation. Based on our results, and those on other systems, the potentiality of toluidine blue as an inducer of gynogenesis has been analysed. 相似文献
8.
Chhun T Aya K Asano K Yamamoto E Morinaka Y Watanabe M Kitano H Ashikari M Matsuoka M Ueguchi-Tanaka M 《The Plant cell》2007,19(12):3876-3888
9.
Ovary signals for directional pollen tube growth 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
M. Herrero 《Sexual plant reproduction》2001,14(1-2):3-7
In angiosperms, the female gametophyte has a secluded life; it is protected by several concentric layers that envelop each
other. The embryo sac is surrounded by the nucellus, which in turn is wrapped by the integuments forming the ovule, which
is nested in the ovary. These wrappings are not hermetic, but contain little ”gates” the pollen tube must traverse on its
way towards the embryo sac. Information is emerging that shows that the ovary and ovule provide signals orienting and directimng
the pollen tube on the right course. There are three main bodies of evidence supporting this hypothesis. One relates to developmental
changes in the female tissues and how they affect pollen tube growth. The second refers to defective ovule mutants, which
induce defective pollen tube guidance. And the third relates to the possible molecules involved in this signalling. Here,
information gathered along these three main lines of evidence is reviewed. All converge to the conclusion that different checkpoints
exist all along the pollen tube pathway. These checkpoints provide active signalling that guides the pollen tube to its destination,
the embryo sac.
Received: 15 December 2000 / Accepted: 13 June 2001 相似文献
10.
With regard to adaptation of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Marshall) to ecological conditions in Croatia, pollen germination and pollen tube length after 2, 4 and 6 hours were examined in vitro at 10, 15, 20 and 25°C during two years 2001 and 2002. Narrow leaved ash (F. angustifolia
Vahl) pollen served as a control in 2002. The year, time and temperature, and the interaction between time and temperature were
significant for both germination percentage and pollen tube length. Interactions year × temperature and year × time were significant
for pollen tube length only. The highest germination percentage (17.86% in 2001 and 19.40% in 2002) of green ash pollen was
at 15°C after 6 hours. The pollen tube length was greatest at 20°C (393.46 μm) in 2001 and 25°C (899.50 μm) in 2002 after
6 hours. Narrow leaved ash pollen had the highest germination percentage (19.22%) at 20°C after 6 hours and was significantly
reduced at 25°C. The pollen tube length was greatest at 25°C (518.90 μm) after 6 hours. It can be concluded that green ash
pollen has satisfactory germination in ecological conditions in Croatia and that the optimum temperature for pollen germination
is higher than 20°C. 相似文献
11.
M. A. Breygina A. V. Smirnova N. P. Matveeva I. P. Yermakov 《Cell and Tissue Biology》2009,3(6):573-582
Using methods of quantitative fluorescent microscopy, we studied membrane potential changes during pollen germination and
in growing pollen tubes. Two voltage-sensitive dyes were used, i.e., DiBAC4(3), to determine the mean membrane potential values in pollen grains and isolated protoplasts, and Di-4-ANEPPS, to map the
membrane potential distribution on the surfaces of the pollen protoplast and pollen tube. We have shown that the activation
of the tobacco pollen grain is accompanied by the hyperpolarization of the vegetative cell plasma membrane by about 8 mV.
Lily pollen protoplasts were significantly hyperpolarized (−108 mV) with respect to the pollen grains (−23 mV) from which
they were isolated. We have found the polar distribution of the membrane potential along the protoplast surface and the longitudinal
potential gradient along the pollen tube. In the presence of plasma membrane H+-ATPase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (1 mM) or its activator fusicoccin (1 μM), the longitudinal voltage gradient was modified,
but did not disappear. Anion channel blocker NPPB (40 μM) fully discarded the gradient in pollen tubes. The obtained results
indicate the hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane during pollen germination and uneven potential distribution on the pollen
grain and tube surfaces. An inhibitory analysis of the distribution of the potential in the tube has revealed the involvement
of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase and anion channels in the regulation of its value. 相似文献
12.
Recent discoveries show that LAT52 and LePRK2, two pollen-specific proteins, interact in what might be an autocrine signaling system. This exciting finding indicates that successful fertilization requires ligand-receptor kinase signals that regulate pollen-tube growth. The stage is now set to identify other components of this pathway and to explore their connections with the many signals exchanged between pollen and pistil. 相似文献
13.
Diego L Wengier María A Mazzella Tamara M Salem Sheila McCormick Jorge P Muschietti 《BMC plant biology》2010,10(1):33
Background
LePRK1 and LePRK2 are two pollen receptor kinases localized to the plasma membrane, where they are present in a high molecular weight complex (LePRK complex). LePRK2 is phosphorylated in mature and germinated pollen, but is dephosphorylated when pollen membranes are incubated with tomato or tobacco style extracts. 相似文献14.
山玉兰花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长特性的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
山玉兰(Magnolia delavayi)是木兰科木兰属的常绿乔木或大型灌木,是重要的园林造景、庭院绿化素材,也是重要的育种资源。山玉兰花粉的研究对其杂交育种的成败具有重要影响,但目前尚未见其花粉活力的相关报道。该研究以新鲜的山玉兰花粉为对象,采用悬滴培养法分析了温度、光照以及培养液的蔗糖和硼酸浓度对山玉兰花粉萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)山玉兰花粉萌发时,最适宜的温度为27℃。(2)光暗条件下,山玉兰花粉以浓度为5%的蔗糖培养效果最佳,其萌发率在16%以上;而硼酸浓度则以0.001%的培养效果最佳。(3)蔗糖与硼酸共同作用可有效促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长。其中,在光照条件下,以5.0%蔗糖+0.001%硼酸为最适宜的培养液,花粉萌发率达41.27%,花粉管长达281.49μm;而在黑暗条件下,则以5.0%蔗糖+0.01%硼酸为最适宜的培养液,花粉萌发率达45.71%,花粉管长达254.00μm。该研究结果为进一步开展人工辅助授粉、发掘山玉兰的种质资源工作奠定了基础。 相似文献
15.
Latrunculin B has different effects on pollen germination and tube growth 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The Plant cell》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
The actin cytoskeleton is absolutely required for pollen germination and tube growth, but little is known about the regulation of actin polymer concentrations or dynamics in pollen. Here, we report that latrunculin B (LATB), a potent inhibitor of actin polymerization, had effects on pollen that were distinct from those of cytochalasin D. The equilibrium dissociation constant measured for LATB binding to maize pollen actin was determined to be 74 nM. This high affinity for pollen actin suggested that treatment of pollen with LATB would have marked effects on actin function. Indeed, LATB inhibited maize pollen germination half-maximally at 50 nM, yet it blocked pollen tube growth at one-tenth of that concentration. Low concentrations of LATB also caused partial disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in germinated maize pollen, as visualized by light microscopy and fluorescent-phalloidin staining. The amounts of filamentous actin (F-actin) in pollen were quantified by measuring phalloidin binding sites, a sensitive assay that had not been used previously for plant cells. The amount of F-actin in maize pollen increased slightly upon germination, whereas the total actin protein level did not change. LATB treatment caused a dose-dependent depolymerization of F-actin in populations of maize pollen grains and tubes. Moreover, the same concentrations of LATB caused similar depolymerization in pollen grains before germination and in pollen tubes. These data indicate that the increased sensitivity of pollen tube growth to LATB was not due to general destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton or to decreases in F-actin amounts after germination. We postulate that germination is less sensitive to LATB than tube extension because the presence of a small population of LATB-sensitive actin filaments is critical for maintenance of tip growth but not for germination of pollen, or because germination is less sensitive to partial depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. 相似文献
16.
Temperature is a major climatic factor that limits geographical distribution of plant species, and the reproductive phase has proven to be one of the most temperature-vulnerable stages. Here, we have used peach to evaluate the effect of temperature on some processes of the progamic phase, from pollination to the arrival of pollen tubes in the ovary. Within the range of temperatures studied, 20 degrees C in the laboratory and, on average, 5.7 degrees C in the field, the results show an accelerating effect of increasing temperature on pollen germination and pollen tube growth kinetics, as well as an increase in the number of pollen tubes that reach the style base. For the last two parameters, although the range of temperature registered in the field was much lower, the results obtained in the laboratory paralleled those obtained in the field. Increasing temperatures drastically reduced stigmatic receptivity. Reduction was sequential, with stigmas first losing the capacity to sustain pollen tube penetration to the transmitting tissue, then their capacity to offer support for pollen germination and, finally, their capacity to support pollen grain adhesion. Within a species-specific range of temperature, this apparent opposite effect of temperature on the male and female side could provide plants with the plasticity to withstand changing environmental effects, ensuring a good level of fertilization. 相似文献
17.
P. L. Pfahler M. J. Pereira R. D. Barnett 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,95(8):1218-1222
In vitro pollen germination and tube length studies are valuable in elucidating mechanisms (germination capacity and rate, tube growth
rate) possibly associated with genetic differences in male transmission. On each of two collection dates, the percentage germination
and tube length of the binucleate pollen grains from five diverse sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes were determined at eight times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300 min) after inoculation on a semisolid medium
containing 10% (100 g l-1) sucrose (C12H22O11), 0.4% (4 g l-1) purified agar (Fisher Lot 914409), 0.1% (1 g l-1) calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O] and 0.01% (100 mg l-1) boric acid (H3BO3). Before heating, the pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with a 0.1 N potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. Over the five genotypes, 5% germination was found 30 min after inoculation and a maximum
of 37% germination 120 min after inoculation with no significant changes thereafter. As indicated by the highly significant
genotype×time after inoculation interaction, the genotypes differed in the time at which germination was initiated and maximum
germination attained. Over all five genotypes, the tube length was 91 μm 30 min after inoculation, reaching a maximum of 1000 μm
300 min after inoculation. As shown by the highly significant genotype×time after inoculation interaction, the genotypes differed
in the time at which tube length was observed and the maximum tube length was attained. Little or no relationship between
percent germination and tube length was observed among the genotypes. For both percent germination and tube length, the statistical
significance of collection date and its interactions with genotype and time after inoculation indicated that environment in
the form of collection date was also an influencing factor. These results indicated that genetic differences among genotypes
were present for in vitro germination capacity, germination rate and tube growth rate and that these factors singly or in combination could alter male
transmission of genetic elements.
Received: 5 February 1997 / Accepted: 23 June 1997 相似文献
18.
Actin-depolymerizing factor mediates Rac/Rop GTPase-regulated pollen tube growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The Plant cell》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Pollen tube elongation is a rapid tip growth process that is driven by a dynamic actin cytoskeleton. A ubiquitous family of actin binding proteins, actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs)/cofilins, bind to actin filaments, induce severing, enhance depolymerization from their slow-growing end, and are important for maintaining actin dynamics in vivo. ADFs/cofilins are regulated by multiple mechanisms, among which Rho small GTPase-activated phosphorylation at a terminal region Ser residue plays an important role in regulating their actin binding and depolymerizing activity, affecting actin reorganization. We have shown previously that a tobacco pollen-specific ADF, NtADF1, is important for maintaining normal pollen tube actin cytoskeleton organization and growth. Here, we show that tobacco pollen grains accumulate phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of ADFs, suggesting that phosphorylation could be a regulatory mechanism for their activity. In plants, Rho-related Rac/Rop GTPases have been shown to be important regulators for pollen tube growth. Overexpression of Rac/Rop GTPases converts polar growth into isotropic growth, resulting in pollen tubes with ballooned tips and a disrupted actin cytoskeleton. Using the Rac/Rop GTPase-induced defective pollen tube phenotype as a functional assay, we show that overexpression of NtADF1 suppresses the ability of NtRac1, a tobacco Rac/Rop GTPase, to convert pollen tube tip growth to isotropic growth. This finding suggests that NtADF1 acts in a common pathway with NtRac1 to regulate pollen tube growth. A mutant form of NtADF1 with a nonphosphorylatable Ala substitution at its Ser-6 position [NtADF1(S6A)] shows increased activity, whereas the mutant NtADF1(S6D), which has a phospho-mimicking Asp substitution at the same position, shows reduced ability to counteract the effect of NtRac1. These observations suggest that phosphorylation at Ser-6 of NtADF1 could be important for its integration into the NtRac1 signaling pathway. Moreover, overexpression of NtRac1 diminishes the actin binding activity of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-NtADF1 but has little effect on the association of GFP-NtADF1(S6A) with actin cables in pollen tubes. Together, these observations suggest that NtRac1-activated activity regulates the actin binding and depolymerizing activity of NtADF1, probably via phosphorylation at Ser-6. This notion is further supported by the observation that overexpressing a constitutively active NtRac1 in transformed pollen grains significantly increases the ratio of phosphorylated to nonphosphorylated ADFs. Together, the observations reported here strongly support the idea that NtRac1 modulates NtADF1 activity through phosphorylation at Ser-6 to regulate actin dynamics. 相似文献
19.
P. L. Pfahler H. F. Linskens 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1972,42(3):136-140
Summary Pollen grains containing either theWx,wx,Su
1,Su
1,Sh
2orsh
2alleles were stored for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days at 2 °C. After each storage period, a portion of each genotype was cultured on a 15% sucrose, 0.6% bacto-agar, 0.03% calcium nitrate and 0.01% boric acid medium, while another portion was placed on receptive silks, the number of kernels produced being a measure of fertilization ability. Regardless of the allele present in the pollen grain, 1 day of storage greatly increased the germination percentage and significantly increased pollen tube length. After 4 days of storage, there was noin vitro germination but some fertilization ability was found. The experiment was designed so that comparisons free from genetic background effects could be made between alleles at each locus. Significant differences at each storage period and a differential response to storage were obtained at some loci for germination percentage, ruptured percentage, pollen tube length and fertilization ability. A relationship between dominance of the allele and response to storage was detected only for fertilization ability. Since alleles at these loci affect the biochemical composition of pollen grains containing them, the results suggest that differences inin vitro germination characteristics and fertilization ability may be associated with biochemical composition.Journal Series Paper No. 3950, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
20.
Yang Yang Yue Niu Tao Chen Hongkai Zhang Jingxia Zhang Dong Qian Mengmeng Bi Yuemin Fan Lizhe An Yun Xiang 《The Plant cell》2022,34(10):3718
Pollen tube guidance regulates the growth direction and ovule targeting of pollen tubes in pistils, which is crucial for the completion of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pollen-specific receptor kinase (PRK) family members PRK3 and PRK6 are specifically tip-localized and essential for pollen tube growth and guidance. However, the mechanisms controlling the polar localization of PRKs at the pollen tube tip are unclear. The Arabidopsis P4-ATPase ALA3 helps establish the polar localization of apical phosphatidylserine (PS) in pollen tubes. Here, we discovered that loss of ALA3 function caused pollen tube defects in growth and ovule targeting and significantly affected the polar localization pattern of PRK3 and PRK6. Both PRK3 and PRK6 contain two polybasic clusters in the intracellular juxtamembrane domain, and they bound to PS in vitro. PRK3 and PRK6 with polybasic cluster mutations showed reduced or abolished binding to PS and altered polar localization patterns, and they failed to effectively complement the pollen tube-related phenotypes of prk mutants. These results suggest that ALA3 influences the precise localization of PRK3, PRK6, and other PRKs by regulating the distribution of PS, which plays a key role in regulating pollen tube growth and guidance.AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE3 guides pollen tubes by regulating the distribution of anionic phospholipids to affect the precise localization of certain pollen-specific receptor kinases at pollen tubes.IN A NUTSHELL Background: In flowering plants, pollen tube guidance regulates the rapid growth and timely targeting of the pollen tube to the ovule in the pistil during sexual reproduction, when signaling between the male and female gametophytes occur. The small peptide-RLK signaling module is essential for the interaction between the male and female gametophyte. Certain members of the pollen-specific receptor kinase (PRK) family have different subcellular localization patterns in Arabidopsis pollen tubes and play critical roles in pollen tube growth and guidance. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate and maintain the polar localization of PRKs at the pollen tube tip are still unknown. Question: We were interested in exploring how Arabidopsis P4-ATPase (aminophospholipid ATPase, ALA) precisely regulates pollen tube guidance and maintains the polar localization patterns of PRK6 and PRK3. How plant ALA family members regulate pollen tube guidance has not yet been documented. Findings: The loss of ALA3 function not only caused sluggish pollen tube growth and aberrant ovule targeting but also affected the polar localization patterns of several PRKs at the pollen tube tip. Members of the PRKs family can directly interact with anionic phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS), and the capacity of PRK3/6 to bind anionic phospholipids is crucial for both their polar localization and physiological functions. ALA3 establishes and maintains the polar distribution of PS, which influences secretory vesicles-mediated polar trafficking at the pollen tube tip to affect the distribution of PRK3 and PRK6. On the other hand, PS might also directly recruit PRK3 and PRK6 to the pollen tube tip and sustain their localization. Next steps: The localization of PRKs is a complex, finely regulated process. The C-termini of PRKs may also affect their polar distribution. More research is required to reveal how the C-terminus domain precisely controls the localization of PRKs. 相似文献