云南省沼气及其综合利用发展预测与分析

云南省气候适宜,农村有机废弃物丰富,是以展沼气的理想区域．沼气综合利用前景广阔,沼气发酵系统与农业相结合,能使农业的发展容能源、经济、社会和生态效益为一体,有力地促进农村经济的发展,是我国农业奔小康的理想途径之一．针对云南省沼气发展现状,在对沼气及其综合利用发展预测与分析的基础上,对云南省发展沼气提出一些看法     

沼气制肥的肥效试验初步小结

沼气的推广为解决农村烧柴开辟了一条新途径,也是发动群众积造肥料,扩大肥源的措施之一。为更好地推广沼气,有必要研究产生沼气的原料(如作物秸杆、人畜粪、青草等)经过沼气池发酵后的肥效变化及施用在作物上的效果,同时为沼气的进一步综合利用提供参考。     

酒精糟的沼气发酵与综合利用

南阳酒精厂利用酒精废糟进行高温沼气发酵,实现了变废为宝。所产沼气不仅可用作燃料,而且可以用它生产出几种化工产品。该厂的经验可供农村大办沼气和有关工厂因地制宜地开展综合利用时参考。     

基于生命周期的户用沼气系统可用能核算——以广西恭城瑶族自治县为例

发展沼气生态农业可以实现资源的综合利用,带来经济效益与生态效益,同时解决我国农村地区能源短缺和环境污染问题。明确沼气系统内部的物质能量转化利用情况,可为沼气农业系统优化和效益提升提供科学依据。提出基于生命周期的户用沼气系统可用能核算方法,并以全国生态农业示范县——广西恭城瑶族自治县为例,核算了该县典型户用沼气系统建设、运行和利用单元投入产出的可用能流,分析了整个系统的可用能转化与利用效率。结果表明:系统的可用能投入为(1.06×108)kJ/a,可用能产出为(5.00×107)kJ/a,主要产出形式为沼渣;可用能转化率为48.82%,利用率为21.60%,其中沼气利用效率最高;系统产生的环境排放为(3.42×105)kJ/a,主要形式为系统利用单元沼气燃烧产生的CO2。由此可见,沼气生态农业可通过增加转化环节实现农业废弃物的再利用,系统可用能效率具备极大的提升空间,系统可持续性有待加强。可以考虑从改进工艺技术和改善发酵环境两方面提高户用沼气系统能量转化的能力,通过沼渣沼液综合利用技术方面的创新提高户用沼气系统的可用能利用效率。生命周期可用能核算方法可以更全面的反映系统的能量利用效率,便于诊断薄弱环节,为系统优化提供依据。     

厌氧消化法处理畜禽粪的研究

本文报导了２个沼气工程的概况。其一是上海跃进农场的装置１２８ｍ３的上流式厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）,该装置于１９８５年建成,已正常运行８年。用于处理２万羽鸡的粪水,２０～２４℃发酵,共产气４５万ｍ３。平均产气率１．３５ｍ３／ｍ３．ｄ。ＣＯＤ去除率８８％。产生的沼气供应１２０户居民使用。其二是上海星火农场沼气站,该站为处理２７００头奶牛的粪便,于１９９１年建成了２７００ｍ３上流式全混合型厌氧消化装置,日处理牛粪便８０吨,鸡粪２０吨,２５～３１℃发酵。至１９９６年底,共产气３６０万ｍ３,供应了３０００户职工及１０个集体单位使用。发酵残留物全部进行了综合利用,不但净化了环境而且创造了较好的经济效益。２个工程长期稳定运行的结果表明,沼气工程的工艺设计先进,设备配套齐全,可为全国畜禽粪的处理提供供鉴。     

沼气发酵菌的富集培养和应用

1972年以来,我省农村大办沼气的群众运动蓬勃发展,许多生产队、生产大队和人民公社已基本实现沼气化。在大办沼气的群众运动中,我们开展了沼气发酵菌的研究工作。活性污泥的选择为了提高沼气产量并加速产气以及增加沼气中的甲烷成分,我们采集了沼气较多的活性污泥,经富集培养,选取产气量和沼气中甲烷含量较高的污泥作为“菌     

沼气微生物学术讨论会在沈召开

由省、市微生物学会和土壤学会及省沼气办公室联合举办的沼气微生物学术讨论会,于81年7月6—7日在沈阳市科学馆召开。来自我省有关科研单位、高等院校和沼气管理部门的三十余名代表出席了会议。会议介绍了今年3月在成都召开的全国沼气微生物学术会议概况,传达了北京沼气会议精神。代表们就我省如何加强沼气微生物和沼气发酵方面的科研和推     

坚持毛主席无产阶级革命路线 为革命大办沼气

1975年4月11—22日,国家计委、中国科学院、农林部在四川省联合主持召开了全国利用推广沼气经验交流会。参加这次会议的有各省(市)、自治区计划、科技、农林部门的负责同志,以及负责推广沼气的单位和推广沼气先进县社的代表,国务院有关部门和新闻宣传、出版单位的同志也派人参加了会议,共340人。会议期间,学习了毛主席关于理论问题的重要指示,参观了四川省绵阳地区农村办沼气的先进典型,总结交流了各地办沼气的经验,特别是四川省利用推广沼气的先进经验。     

牧原沼气工程沼液余热回收工艺的热力学性能及经济分析

针对我国大中型沼气工程所存在的系统热量利用不合理等问题,以河南省南阳市内乡牧原日产10 000 m³粪污资源化处理沼气示范工程为例,对沼气工程沼液余热回收工艺进行研究,分析其系统热力学性能及经济性能。计算结果表明,秋冬季节该沼气工程热能需求量约为7.77×10⁴～1.09×10⁵MJ,其中,99.5%用于系统增温。同时,对比分析了采用传统的沼气锅炉供热、沼气锅炉与系统余热回收联用供热两种供热方式的系统能耗后发现,沼气锅炉与余热回收联用可以大大降低沼气锅炉用气量,仅为传统工艺耗气量的20%～35%,可使更多的沼气用于发电。此外,还对系统进行了热力学评价,沼气锅炉与系统余热回收联用可使系统总■效率提升8%～13%,秋冬季节利用余热回收可以节省沼气、增加发电量,为11 940～15 525 k W·h,每天可产生经济效益为5 970～7 762元。     

湖南省召开全省推广利用沼气工作会议

在反击右倾翻案风的斗争深入发展的大好形势下,湖南省沼气推广利用领导小组于1976年4月在益阳市召开了全省沼气工作会议。参加会议的有各地、市及部分县沼气办公室的负责同志和有关配件生产、供应部门的代表,共50余人。到会同志交流了群众办沼气的新鲜经验。并通过反复讨论,落实了全省今年发展沼气的任务和措施。     

Bioconversion of carbon dioxide to methane using hydrogen and hydrogenotrophic methanogens

Biogas produced from organic wastes contains energetically usable methane and unavoidable amount of carbon dioxide. The exploitation of whole biogas energy is locally limited and utilization of the natural gas transport system requires CO₂ removal or its conversion to methane. The biological conversion of CO₂ and hydrogen to methane is well known reaction without the demand of high pressure and temperature and is carried out by hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Reducing equivalents to the biotransformation of carbon dioxide from biogas or other resources to biomethane can be supplied by external hydrogen. Discontinuous electricity production from wind and solar energy combined with fluctuating utilization cause serious storage problems that can be solved by power-to-gas strategy representing the production of storable hydrogen via the electrolysis of water. The possibility of subsequent repowering of the energy of hydrogen to the easily utilizable and transportable form is a biological conversion with CO₂ to biomethane. Biomethanization of CO₂ can take place directly in anaerobic digesters fed with organic substrates or in separate bioreactors. The major bottleneck in the process is gas-liquid mass transfer of H₂ and the method of the effective input of hydrogen into the system. There are many studies with different bioreactors arrangements and a way of enrichment of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, but the system still has to be optimized for a higher efficiency. The aim of the paper is to gather and critically assess the state of a research and experience from laboratory, pilot and operational applications of carbon dioxide bioconversion and highlight further perspective fields of research.     

Biotechnological approaches for the value addition of whey

Whey, the liquid remaining after milk fat and casein have been separated from whole milk, is one of the major disposal problems of the dairy industry, and demands simple and economical solutions. In view of the fast developments in biotechnological techniques, alternatives of treating whey by transforming lactose present in it to value added products have been actively explored. Whey can be used directly as a substrate for the growth of different microorganisms to obtain various products such as ethanol, single-cell protein, enzymes, lactic acid, citric acid, biogas and so on. In this review, a comprehensive and illustrative survey is made to elaborate the various biotechnological innovations/techniques applied for the effective utilization of whey for the production of different bioproducts.     

Utilization of by-products from ethanol production as substrate for biogas production

The aims of this work were to determine the specific biogas yields of steam-exploded sugarcane straw and bagasse as well as to estimate their energy potential under Brazilian conditions. Steam-explosion was carried out under different time and temperature conditions. The specific biogas yields were analyzed in batch-tests according to VDI 4630.Results have shown that steam-explosion pre-treatment increased the specific biogas yields of straw and bagasse significantly compared to the untreated material. The utilization of these by-products can contribute to 5% of the total energy consumption and thereby higher energy independence in Brazil. Further efforts in defining the optimum pretreatment conditions with steam-explosion as well as implementing this technology in large scale plants should be made.     

沼液的定价方法及其应用效果研究

为了探索沼液的商品化,采用养分含量定价和应用效果定价2种方法确定了沼液的价格,并分析了沼液施用后对土壤基本理化性状的影响作用。结果发现:采用养分含量定价法得到的沼液价格为78.12元/m³,采用沼液应用效果定价法得到的沼液的价格为111.4元/ m³;沼液的实际应用价值要明显高于其养分含量的市场价;沼液施用后可降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,增加土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤有效磷及有效钾含量,有利于土壤肥力的保持。     

Integrated biogas upgrading and hydrogen utilization in an anaerobic reactor containing enriched hydrogenotrophic methanogenic culture

Biogas produced by anaerobic digestion, is mainly used in a gas motor for heat and electricity production. However, after removal of CO₂, biogas can be upgraded to natural gas quality, giving more utilization possibilities, such as utilization as autogas, or distant utilization by using the existing natural gas grid. The current study presents a new biological method for biogas upgrading in a separate biogas reactor, containing enriched hydrogenotrophic methanogens and fed with biogas and hydrogen. Both mesophilic‐ and thermophilic anaerobic cultures were enriched to convert CO₂ to CH₄ by addition of H₂. Enrichment at thermophilic temperature (55°C) resulted in CO₂ and H₂ bioconversion rate of 320 mL CH₄/(gVSS h), which was more than 60% higher than that under mesophilic temperature (37°C). Different dominant species were found at mesophilic‐ and thermophilic‐enriched cultures, as revealed by PCR–DGGE. Nonetheless, they all belonged to the order Methanobacteriales, which can mediate hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Biogas upgrading was then tested in a thermophilic anaerobic reactor under various operation conditions. By continuous addition of hydrogen in the biogas reactor, high degree of biogas upgrading was achieved. The produced biogas had a CH₄ content, around 95% at steady‐state, at gas (mixture of biogas and hydrogen) injection rate of 6 L/(L day). The increase of gas injection rate to 12 L/(L day) resulted in the decrease of CH₄ content to around 90%. Further study showed that by decreasing the gas–liquid mass transfer by increasing the stirring speed of the mixture the CH₄ content was increased to around 95%. Finally, the CH₄ content around 90% was achieved in this study with the gas injection rate as high as 24 L/(L day). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2729–2736. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

猪场沼液对蔬菜病原菌的抑制作用

用不同贮存时间的猪场沼液对7种蔬菜病原菌的抑制作用进行了研究。结果表明,新鲜猪场沼液原液对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、辣椒疫病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌和茄子灰霉病菌有较强的抑制作用,沼液贮存对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌和茄子灰霉病菌的抑制效果没有显著影响,但对辣椒疫病菌和黄瓜炭疽病菌的抑制效果影响显著;新鲜猪场沼液滤液对番茄灰霉病菌和茄子灰霉病菌有较强的抑制作用,沼液滤液贮存对番茄灰霉病菌和茄子灰霉病菌的抑菌效果没有显著影响。     

200 kW猪粪发酵沼气燃料电池示范研究项目综述

综述中日合作项目“200kW猪粪发酵沼气燃料电池示范研究”的主要研究成果,结合我国生态农业的发展和再生资源有效利用的现状,提出了沼气燃料电池在我国的应用前景,     

Anaerobic waste digestion in Germany – Status and recent developments

Anaerobic treatment processes are especially suited for the utilization of wet organic wastes from agriculture and industry as well as for the organic part of source-separated household wastes. The anaerobic degradation is a very cost-effective method for treating biogenic wastes because the formed biogas can be used for heat and electricity production and the digester residues can be recycled to agriculture as a secondary fertilizer. The anaerobic technology will be used today also for the common treatment of wastes together with renewable energy crops in order to reduce the CO₂-emissions according the Kyoto protocol. Various process types are applied in Germany which differ in material, reaction conditions and in the form of the used reactor systems. The widespread introduction of anaerobic digestion in Germany has shown that biogenic organic wastes are a valuable source for energy and nutrients. Anaerobic waste treatment is done today in approx. 850 biogas plants on small farm scale as well as on large industrial scale with the best beneficial and economic outcome. Due to some new environmental protection acts which promote the recycling of wastes and their utilization for renewable energy formation it can be expected that several hundreds new biogas plants will be built per year in Germany. For using the synergetic effects of a combined fermentation of wastes and energy crops new process types must be developed in order to optimize the substrate combinations and the process conditions for maximum biodegradation.