蟛蜞菊的生化他感作用及生化他感作用物的分离鉴定

蟛蜞菊是华南常见的园林绿化草本植物。植被调查表明其群落中杂草很少,形成蟛蜞菊纯群落。用琼脂培养基培养蟛蜞菊发现其分泌物对萝卜和黄瓜的萌发和幼草生长有生化他感作用。蟛蜞菊的组织抽提物对萝卜、稗草、马唐、窝苣和苜蓿５种植物幼苗生长都有抑制作用。用蟛蜞菊作覆盖物对马唐、大画眉草和空心莲子草幼苗生长有抑制作用。用真空液相色谱、快速柱色谱等赍蟛蜞菊地上部分离出２个纯化合物和１个较纯组分。纯化合物用质谱、红外     

化感作用研究中的生物测定方法综述

生物测定是化感作用研究的重要环节。目前很多化感作用研究缺乏规范的生物测定方法。本文对国内外的常用的生物测定方法,这些方法的适应性以及影响生物测定结果的一些因素(如化感物质的收集方法、微生物和溶液渗透压、受体的选择等)进行了综述。并对生物测定结果的表示方法提出了建议。     

生化他感作用的种群生态学意义

对生化他感作用的种群生态学意义,包括种群动态,种群关系,种群进化的影响,作了概述。     

浅谈植物间的生化他感作用

随着现代科学的发展,出现了许多新的边缘科学,化学生态学就是现代生态学向纵深发展的产物,是化学向生态学渗透的结果。化学生态学作为一门系统完整的学科是七十年代在欧美形成的。植物间的生化他感作用研究是目前化学生态学研究的活跃领域之一O一、生化地感作用他感作用（Allelopathy）是植物学家莫利施（HMoltS。h）于1937年首先提出的,指在植物间,包括微生物间各种相互促进或抑制的生物化学作用,又称为异株克生。植物间的他感作用大致可分为异种植物间他感作用和同种作物间的相互作用。前者可能对促进群落形成起作用,后者可能成…     

小麦秸秆的生化他感效应

小麦秸秆的生化他感效应马永清,毛仁钊,刘孟雨,刘小京,张玉铭（中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所,０５００２１）ＡｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｉｃＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＷｈｅａｔＳｔｒａｗ￥ＭａＹｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ;ＭａｏＲｅｎｚｈａｏ;ＬｉｕＭｅｎｙｕ;ＬｉｕＸｉａｏｊｉｎｇ（ＳｈｉｊｉａｚｈｕａｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＭｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,０５００２１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）;３６－３８。Ｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ－ｗｉｄｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｎａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｉｃｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔｓｔｒａｗａｒｅｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｓｉｔｕａ－ｔｉｏｎｏｎｉｓｏｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｌｌｅｌｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｆｒｏｍｉｔｉｓｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ．ｗｈｉｃｈｗｉｌｌｇｉｖｅａｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅｉｎｏｕｒｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｙａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ。Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｙ,ａｌｌｅｌｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓ,ｗｈｅａｔｓｔｒａｗ。     

生化他感作用及其在群落学研究中的意义

生化他惑作用是广泛存在于天然和人工群落中的一种自然现象,因现代研究揭示的特殊生态生理作用而引起各国研究者关注。本文简要介绍了这方面的进展,并浅析了它在植物群落学研究中的意义。     

芒萁的生化他感作用

蕨类植物芒算（Dicranopterispedsa）广泛分布于我国江南丘陵、山地的酸性红壤上,从而被称为那里灌木草丛等次生植被的“识别种”及“标志种”植物,也是酸性土壤的“指示植物”O芒算的竞争能力和“排外”能力很强,某个地段一旦被其种群所占据,其他植物便很难在此前发、生长和定居。如此,我们在野外所看到的便是由这单一物种所构成的“纯植丛”（pure山icket）;自然群落是如此,再看农田杂草,其抗性、忍耐力、占空力和对其他种的排斥力虽然也很强,但却同样难以侵入芒共植丛。尽管农田与芒算等形成的决生性灌草丛植被常常相间分布,…     

尿囊素的合成及其对作物的生化他感作用

本文通过乙醛酸和尿素反应人工合成尿囊素,以及对小麦、水稻、萝卜、番茄、黄瓜和大豆等作物的生化他感作用。研究表明：尿囊素对作物的生化他感作用与其浓度有直接关系,１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度对所有受体均表现出强烈的抑制作用,特别是水稻和萝卜种子的萌发完全被抑制。降低浓度则有不同结果,其中对小麦、黄瓜、番茄、萝卜均表现抑制作用,而水稻,尤其是大豆在中低浓度表现为促进作用。进一步对大豆、绿豆和红豆等豆料作物的研究证实：尿囊素对大豆和红豆的幼苗生长均有促进作用,尤其在０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度时最为显著。     

生化他感作用的种群生态学意义

对生化他感作用的种群生态学意义,包括种群动态、种群关系、种群进化的影响,作了概述。     

植物化感作用的研究方法及影响因素

介绍了植物化感作用研究的几种生物测定方法,并对影响化感作用效应的因子进行了论证     

Bioassay for the rapid detection of bacteriocins in fermentation broth

A bioassay for the rapid detection of bacteriocins by detecting efflux of K⁺ ions from a bacteriocin-sensitive indicator strain was developed. There was a rapid increase in concentration of K⁺ in the medium from approximately 1.6 to 9.5 mM when the crude bacteriocin was added to the sensitive strain. A bacteriocin activity of 8.25 AU ml^–1 produced the lowest detectable concentration of K⁺ (0.179 mM) and the smallest inhibition zone (0.4 mm). The smallest cell dry mass of the indicator strain capable of releasing a detectable level of K⁺ (0.102 mM) was 0.76 mg. Detection of the bacteriocin by measuring the efflux of K⁺ compares well with the conventional agar well diffusion assay. Low activities of bacteriocin and low amounts of the sensitive indicator strain biomass can be used with this bioassay.     

Bioassay strain development for the analysis of bacitracin in bacitracin/chlortetracycline combinations

A variant strain was developed fromMicrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 for the purpose of bioassay analysis of bacitracin in the presence of chlortetracycline (CTC). Strain EN5 resulted from four sequential mutation steps, using quantitative resistance to CTC and retained bacitracin sensitivity as a selective criterion. Strain EN5 was tested for bioassay response, stability, and identity. The strain measured bacitracin activity with no interference from 40 g ml^–1 added CTC.     

Bioassay testing for Australia as part of water quality assessment programmes

Abstract Bioassay testing includes both toxicity (one or more effects is measured) and bioaccumulation (the phenomenon of tissue accumulation is measured) tests. Both types of bioassay tests have an important place in water quality assessment programmes, ideally beginning with initial screening and as part of tiered testing that includes contaminant analyses and field studies. Both have advantages (e. g. measure bioavailability, provide quantitative data, experimental manipulations can address cause-effect relationships) and disadvantages (e. g. laboratory exposures do not necessarily reflect field conditions, not all organisms can be tested). Both provide essential, but not all, information necessary for holistic water quality assessments. This paper provides a review of the use of bioassays including definitions, applications, advantages and disadvantages, utility and relevance. The utility of bioassays in monitoring programmes is illustrated by two case studies. The first case study, involving novel toxicity studies conducted in the high Arctic, illustrates the versatility of bioassays such that testing conducted in a tent on the ice resulted in new knowledge and a change in industrial discharge limits. The second case study further illustrates the importance of bioassays in decision making. In this case, a decision not to immediately spend hundreds of millions of dollars for sewage treatment, but rather to concentrate on source control, was made based in large part on bioassay testing conducted as part of an integrated environmental assessment.     

Bioassay of a β-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis against Heliothis zea larvae

A β-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis was bioassayed on 1st-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar Heliothis zea larvae. Larvae were fed continuously on diet incorporated with concentrations of 1–700 μg AI/ml diet. Larval and/or pupal death was the measured response criterion. Dosage-mortality responses were determined at two evaluation times, 7 days post-initiation and after the entire larval-pupal development period, using probit analysis procedures. The LC₅₀ values for 1st-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar larvae at these two evaluation times were 4.9, 134.6, and 286.2 μg AI/ml diet, and 4.0, 17.6, and 66.4 μg AI/ml diet, respectively. Differences in responses between instars were more pronounced at 7 days than after the entire development period. The LT₅₀ values for 1st-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar larvae decreased from 7.1 to 3.1, 12.7 to 5.4, and 11.6 to 5.2 days post-initiation, respectively, as dosages were increased. The toxin did not act as a feeding deterrent, as all increases in dosage caused increases in mortality. Nineteen and 38% of those 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae, respectively, which survived β-exotoxin intoxication pupated later than untreated cohorts.     

Bioassay and Identification of Root Exudates of Three Fruit Tree Species

A laboratory bioassay was designed to determine the aileiopathic potential of root exudates of three fruit tree species on apple germination. The results showed that root exudates of apple （Malus pumila L.） and peach （Prunus persica L.）, each at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/L, inhibited germination and radicle growth of apple seeds by 56.7%, 60.7%, 51.5%, and 59.3%, respectively. The corresponding shoot growth inhibition rate was 49.5%, 46.7%, 36. 4%, and 44%, respectively. Root exudates of jujube （Ziziphus jujuba Mill.） had no significant effect on apple seeds. Qualitative determination of root exudates of apple, peach, and jujube tree was developed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The root exudates of apple seedlings mainly contain organic acids, glycol, esters, and benzenphenol derivatives. Peach root exudates contained phenolic acids and benzenphenoi derivatives in addition to two unidentified compounds. The root exudates of jujube did not contain any phenolic acids.     

火炬树抗螨性生物测定

本文分别测定了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch和山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher对火炬树的选择性,以及限制性条件下火炬树对叶螨的生存及产卵的影响。结果表明：在火炬树叶和苹果叶之间,二斑叶螨和山楂叶螨在2 h, 6 h, 10 h, 12 h对火炬树的选择率分别为9.5%, 6.5%,5%,5%和2%,5%,1%和0,显著低于对苹果的选择率。被限制于火炬树叶上生存的山楂叶螨144 h后死亡率100%,产卵力随生存时间增加而下降,至96 h后产卵终止; 被限制于火炬树叶上生存的二斑叶螨240 h后全部死亡,整个观察期内（24～216 h）始终没有产卵。据此认为： 叶螨强烈拒食火炬树,火炬树对叶螨具有生存、产卵抑制作用,但这种抑制作用呈现种间差异。     

橘小实蝇植物源引诱活性物质的生物测定

植物源引诱物质可显著提高橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)蛋白饵剂的应用效果,本文测试了柑橘、番木瓜、芒果、番石榴、杨桃的叶片浸提物、果实以及已知植物次生物质对橘小实蝇的引诱效果。植物浸提物的生物测定结果表明,杨桃的二氯甲烷浸提物的引诱效果最佳,平均引诱率为20.83%,对于不同的萃取剂而言,二氯甲烷、乙醇浸提物效果明显优于石油醚,三者浸提的平均引诱率分别为15.67%、15.17%和10.50%;对于不同寄主植物而言,柑橘浸提物的效果最佳,3种有机溶剂浸提物的平均引诱率为18.33%,其中石油醚、二氯甲烷和乙醇浸提物的引诱率分别为20.00%、15.83%和19.17%,其他植物浸提物的引诱效果为杨桃>番木瓜>芒果>番石榴,3种有机溶剂浸提物的平均引诱率分别为17.22%、11.67%、11.11%和10.56%。寄主果实的生物测定结果表明,柑橘的平均引诱率为65.83%,其中雌虫和雄虫的引诱率分别为61.67%和70.00%,明显高于杨桃、番石榴和番木瓜,三者的引诱率分别为31.67%、31.67%和21.67%,与柑橘引诱率差异显著(P<0.05)。已知植物次生物质的生物测定结果表明,甲基丁香酚的引诱效果最佳,平均引诱率为45.00%,其中雄虫和雌虫的引诱率分别为86.67%和3.33%;乙酸乙酯和番石榴香精的引诱效果次之,平均引诱率分别为32.50%和28.33%,其中雌虫的引诱率均为36.67%;杨桃香精和柠檬酸的引诱效果较差,平均引诱率分别为25.00%和26.67%。     

化学品植物毒性的评价和鉴别

简述了进行化学品植物毒性评价和鉴别的种类、方法和意义,强调有毒化学品对维管束植物的毒性和严重后果,呼吁加强我国在这方面的研究并尽快建立相应的评价方法和标准,以完善我国化学品生物毒性鉴别和评价方法及标准体系,为保护环境质量,提高人们生活水平,维护我国的生态安全服务。虽然过去由于我国工业化程度较低而没有出现什么问题,但现在必须及时给予重视,防患未然,以免重走西方发达国家的弯路。     

醌还原酶法进行芥蓝抗癌活性的快速检测

研究了不同提取方法,不同细胞裂解剂和醌还原酶(QR)反应液的培育时间对QR法分析的影响。结果表明,芥蓝组织用磷酸缓冲液(5mmol/LK2HPO4-KH2PO4,1mmol/LEDTA,pH7.6)提取效果良好,与常用的三元试剂提取法效果相当。这种方法简单而有效,优于其他有机溶剂提取法。0.4%乙基苯基聚乙二醇(NP40)可以替代细胞裂解剂——0.8%毛地黄皂苷用于QR分析,且效果良好,QR反应中反应液的培育时间以5￣10min为宜。