Variation in human acrocentric chromosomes with acridine orange reverse banding.

Twenty-five normal subjects were studied by acridine orange reverse (RFA) banding in order to obtain a preliminary estimate of the type and frequency of variations in color and length. Color variations were classified into 1 of 6 colors and size variations into 1 of 5 levels. The same cells were also studied by Q banding. Acridine orange reverse banding was found to be more useful than Q banding for characterizing variations in chromosomes 14, 15, 21 and 22. In addition, it was found that there was no consistent relationship between pale or bright Q banding and the various colors observed with RFA banding. For the optimal characterization of a chromosomal variation, multiple banding technics, including RFA banding, are necessary.     

IRM-2近交系小鼠的G-显带核型和自发畸变率的研究

目的阐明新型IRM-2近交系小鼠G-显带核型和自发畸变率.方法采用小鼠骨髓制备和G-显带法.结果从20只小鼠的50个G-显带细胞中,10个G-显带细胞被选作模型分析.根据特有带型来识别各号染色体,描述了带型特征,测量了相对长度和标准差,绘制了模式图.对于1、6与X,4与5,9、13与14等带型较相似的染色体提出了一些识别要点.此外,用常规Giemsa染色分析了1200个中期细胞,发现染色体断裂为0.33%,无着丝粒畸变和不平衡易位均为0.08%,自发畸变率很低.结论新型IRM-2近交系小鼠G-显带的识别为结构异常、辐射效应、肿瘤研究和基因作图提供了科学依据.     

Differential Giemsa staining in plants

Various modifications of reported banding techniques were performed using several cultivars of the genus Tulipa. Banding was obtained with Giemsa using a modified BSG technique and is reported for three cultivars. The chromosome banding noted in all cultivars was confined to terminal and interstitial regions; no banding was observed at the centromere. Complete banding patterns were established for two of the cultivars examined. The amount of banding per total chromosome complement of these cultivars was approximately 40% and 28%. The results demonstrated the existence of a wide range in the amount of constitutive heterochromatin as measured by the amount of banding between cultivars of similar and different species origins. The banding obtained is discussed with respect to the nature of the heterochromatin exhibited.     

Divergence of karyofunds in sibling species of the plumosus group (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Cytogenetic differentiation of eight sibling species of the plumosus group was examined. The karyofunds of these sibling species were shown to diverge incompletely. In each species karyofund, the banding sequences homologous to those of the remaining species of this group were revealed. The number of banding sequences that displayed interspecific homology varied from 3 to 13 per species karyofund. In a species karyotype, the homologous sequences were localized to chromosome arms 1-6. Both similar and contrasting frequencies of homologous banding sequences were observed in karyofunds of different sibling species. The average cytogenetic distance between sibling species of the plumosus group was 2.618 +/- 0.400. The presence of species-specific banding sequences, the absence of homologous banding sequences in some chromosome arms of the karyotype, and different frequencies of the homologous banding sequences determined the cytogenetic divergence of the sibling species.     

High-resolution dynamic and morphological G-bandings (GBG and GTG): a comparative study

Summary A high-resolution replication banding technique, dynamic GBG banding (G-bands after 5-bromodeoxyuridine [BrdUrd] and Giemsa), showed that, at a resolution of 850 bands/genome, GBG banding and GTG banding (G-bands after trypsin and Giemsa) produce almost identical patterns. RBG band (R-bands after BrdUrd and Giemsa) and RHG band (R-bands after heat denaturation and Giemsa) patterns were previously shown to be only 75%–85% coincident; thus GTG banding more accurately reflects replication patterns than does RHG banding. BrdUrd synchronization uses high concentrations of BrdUrd both to substitute early replicating DNA and to arrest cells before the late bands replicate. Release from the block is via a low thymidine concentration. The banding is revealed by the fluorochrome-photolysis-Giemsa (FPG) technique and produces the GBG banding that includes concomitant staining of constitutive heterochromatin. As opposed to other replication G-banding procedures, BrdUrd synchronization and GBG banding produces a reproducible replication band pattern. The discordance between homologs after GBG banding is similar to that after GTG banding and no lateral asymmetry of the constitutive heterochromatin has been observed. Also, BrdUrd synchronization neither significantly depresses the mitotic index, nor induces chromosome breaks. Thus, GBG banding seems as clinically useful as GTG banding and provides important information regarding replication time.     

蝙蝠的采集标记与重捕

介绍了不同栖息环境中蝙蝠的采集方法,并对蝙蝠的标记方法,标记工具,注意事项以及蝙蝠重捕后对标记环的回收等进行了介绍,可为蝙蝠生态,分类等的研究提供参考。     

Geographic variability of the polytene chromosome banding sequence of non-biting midge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chironomus pseudothummi</Emphasis> Str. (Diptera,Chironomidae)

The karyotypes and chromosomal polymorphism of Chironomus pseudothummi were investigated in different parts of its areal. It was established that chromosomal variability in the natural populations of this species was represented mainly by the inversion polymorphism of arm G. Only rare and unique inversions were found to be heterozygous in arms C, D, and E. In total, 14 banding sequences of polytene chromosomes form the banding sequence pool of C. pseudothummi. Geographic differences in the distribution of chromosomal banding sequences throughout the areal were established. The presence of banding sequences pstG1 and pstG2 is characteristic of European populations. The banding sequence pstG1 disappeared completely with a simultaneous increase in the frequency of pstG2 and with the appearance of a new inversion banding sequence pstG3 in Siberian populations. Differences in the set of rare and unique inversions in arms C, D, and E between the West-European and West-Siberian populations have been revealed.     

大熊猫与黑熊显带染色体的比较研究

以体外培养的大熊猫（Ａｉｌｕｒｏｐｏｄａｍｅｌａｎｏｌｅｕｃａ）与黑熊（Ｓｅｌｅｎａｒｃｔｏｓｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎｕｓ）外周血淋巴细胞为实验材料,应用ＢｒｄＵ复制带显示技术,研究了大熊猫和黑熊染色体晚复制带带型。通过对大熊猫与黑熊显带染色体带型的比较,发现黑熊部分具端着丝粒的染色体与大熊猫部分具中,亚中,或亚端着丝粒的染色体的整个短臂或整个长臂有明显的带型相似性,在黑熊具中,亚中着丝粒染色体中,仅３３     

Early replication banding reveals a strongly conserved functional pattern in mammalian chromosomes

One of the best documented autosomal linkage associations in man is on chromosome 1p and in the mouse on chromosome 4. On mitotic chromosomes this genetic homology is shown more clearly by early replication banding (RBG; induced by incorporation of 5bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in the second half of the S phase) than by structural banding (induced on prefixed chromosomes by denaturation, RFA, or trypsin, GTG). To analyse this phenomenon in more detail, 11 chromosomal regions in man and the domestic cat with known genetic homology were compared. In four chromosome pairs RBG and GTG banding show the same degree of homology. In seven chromosome pairs the homology is more pronounced by RBG than by GTG banding. RFA banding does not reveal the same extent of homology as does RBG banding. These results clearly show a difference between the structural banding pattern, RFA and GTG, and the replication banding pattern, RBG. The following conclusions can be drawn: in chromosomal regions with homologous functions the DNA replicates in the same temporal order. Early replication banding (RBG) reveals a functional pattern in these regions which has been more strongly preserved during evolution than the underlying chromosomal DNA. Differences in chromosomal banding are most prominent in the GTG banding pattern, whereas similarities are most apparent in the RBG banding pattern.     

小麦族披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属模式种的C带研究

采用改良的Giemsa C带技术,分析了小麦族披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属模式种的染色体C带带型。Elymus sibiricus、Roegneria caucasica和Hysrix patula的染色体在Giemsa C带带型上存在明显的差异,显示了这3个属模式种的物种特异性。3个模式种的Giemsa C带核型表明,C带带纹主要分布在染色体的末端和着丝粒附近,而中间带相对较少。对E.sibiricus、R.caucasica和H.patula的St、H、Y染色体组C带带型与其它物种的St、H、Y染色体组C带带型的差异进行了讨论。     

The geographic varyability of the polytene chromosome banding sequence of non-biting midje Chironomus pseudothummi str. (Diptera, Chironomidae)

The karyotypes and chromosomal polymorphism of Chironomus pseudothummi were investigated in different parts of its range. It was established that chromosomal variability in the natural populations of this species was represented mainly by the inversion polymorphism of arm G. Only rare and unique inversions were found as heterozygous in arms C, D, and E. In total, the 14 banding sequences of polytene chromosomes form the banding sequences pool of Ch. pseudothummi. Geographic differences in distribution of chromosomal banding sequences throughout the range were established. The presence of banding sequences pstG1 and pstG2 is characteristic of European populations. Banding sequence pstG1 was completely vanished with simultaneous increase in frequency of pstG2 and appearance of new inversion banding sequence pstG3 in Siberian populations. The differences in the set of the rare and unique inversions in arms C, D, and E between west-European and west-Siberian populations were revealed.     

Replication banding patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Replication banding patterns have been obtained from in vivo treatment of Salmo salar using a modification of the 5-BrdU technique and in kidney cultures using the FPG staining method. Most of the chromosome pairs were identified in the karyotype based on the banding pattern, chromosome size, and centromere position. C-banding and replication banding patterns were compared.     

Evolutionary relationships between rat and mouse chromosomes

Trypsin banded karyotypes of rat and mouse chromosomes were analyzed for banding pattern similarities. Apparently identical banding patterns were found, covering about 40% of the genome of each species. Predictions are made as to what gene loci are located on specific rat chromosomes. The problem of the relationship between the genetic content of a chromosome and its banding pattern is discussed.     

Chromosomal variability in natural populations of Chironomus cingulatus meigen (Diptera, Chironomidae)

Chromosomal polymorphism has been studied in seven natural populations of Chironomus cingulatus from Western Europe, Western Siberia, and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The banding sequences pool of the species includes 15 banding sequences. Chromosomal polymorphism was revealed in five out of seven chromosomal arms. Arm B is the most polymorphic with four banding sequences. There are three banding sequences in arm A. Arms D, E, and G have two banding sequences. None of the chromosome rearrangements were revealed in arms C and F. The populations of C. cingulatus differ clearly in their number and frequency of banding sequences, which indicates that different gene sequences are adaptive in different populations.     

一种简单快速高分辨率的PAGE胶显带方法

尽管使用常规方法对聚丙烯酰胺胶(PAGE胶)进行DNA显带, 能获得高分辨率图片, 但常规方法操作步骤繁琐, 耗时较长。文章报道了一种PAGE胶DNA显带的改进方法, 分别使用改进的显带方法和常规的显带方法进行了PAGE胶的显影和比较。结果表明, 使用改进的显带方法得到的PAGE胶图片, DNA带型和背景具有更高的对比度, 因此具有更高的分辨率; 同时操作步骤少, 耗时短, 使用试剂少。这种方法在本实验室中已经完全代替了常规PAGE胶显带方法。     

Additional observations on the preparation of R banded human chromosomes with acridine orange.

A number of technical factors which affect acridine orange R banding (RFA banding) were studied. These variables included age of slide, timing of fixation, details of incubation mounting and the use of sequential technics. Optimal RFA banding was obtained between 15 and 20 days but good or very good preparations were obtained between 7 days and 2 months. Improved results were obtained in slides that were 3-4 months old by refixing the slides in ethanol acetic acid. Intermittent movement of slides during incubation in buffer as well as the details of mounting and removal of cover slips were found to be important. The best sequential banding was obtained with the sequence of Q to R but good results were obtained with the sequence G to R using ASG banding. Satisfactory results with the sequence R to C were not obtained. With careful attention to these variables good RFA binding can be obtained over a period of several months.     

Factors influencing Giemsa band formation of human chromosomes

Summary Factors influencing a Giemsa banding method in which slides are treated with NaOH and then incubated in phosphate buffer were investigated. The study indicated that the removal of chromosomal proteins during fixation in acetic methanol is important for band formation. When fixatives containing formalin were used no banding occurred. Histones do not appear to be involved in band formation as neither of the two histone staining methods tested gave banding patterns. The age of the slide preparations was important, the best banding occurring on slides a week old. Romanovsky stains were the only stains to give banding, other stains resulted in distorted chromosomes. The composition of the incubation buffer had little effect on the quality of the banding. However liquid scintillation analysis of the phosphate buffer in which ³H-thymidine labelled preparations had been treated, revealed that thymidine is removed during incubation in buffer, and suggests that the degradation of thymidine is an important factor in band formation.This work was supported by the W. H. Travis Trust and the Canterbury and Westland Division of the Cancer Society of New Zealand.     

An improved banding technique exemplified in the karyotype analysis of two strains of rat

Using an improved Giemsa banding technique karyotypes were prepared from cells of two strains of laboratory rat (AS and Hooded Lister). Slides, aged for 7 days at room temperature were incubated in 2 x SSO at 60 °C for 3 hours and then exposed to 1% trypsin for 90 seconds at 10 ° C. Following Giemsa staining, consistent banding patterns were found in both early and late metaphase cells without loss of chromosome morphology. No major differences were found in the Giemsa banding patterns of the rat strains studied. Some variability in the banding pattern was observed for the small subterminal autosome (B5).     

鱼类基因组结构研究——Ⅰ.染色体的限制性内切酶显带

本文报道了1种新的鱼类染色体研究方法——限制性内切酶显带技术。我们应用限制性内切酶Bsp631等分别对黄鳝和长春鳊的染色体进行显带处理,结果表明,Bsp631能使这两种鱼的染色体发生稳定的带纹分化:适度的处理产生多重的G-带状带型,而过度的处理则产生特殊的限制性内切酶抗性带型。根据显带结果分析,我们对鱼类染色体限制性内切酶显带的可行性和实用价值进行了讨论。     

The pattern of restriction enzyme-induced banding in the chromosomes of chimpanzee,gorilla, and orangutan and its evolutionary significance

Summary The pattern of banding induced by five restriction enzymes in the chromosome complement of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan is described and compared with that of humans. The G banding pattern induced by Hae III was the only feature common to the four species. Although hominid species show almost complete chromosomal homology, the restriction enzyme C banding pattern differed among the species studied. Hinf I did not induce banding in chimpanzee chromosomes, and Rsa I did not elicit banding in chimpanzee and orangutan chromosomes. Equivalent amounts of similar satellite DNA fractions located in homologous chromosomes from different species or in nonhomologous chromosomes from the same species showed different banding patterns with identical restriction enzymes. The great variability in frequency of restriction sites observed between homologous chromosome regions may have resulted from the divergence of primordial sequences changing the frequency of restriction sites for each species and for each chromosomal pair. A total of 30 patterns of banding were found informative for analysis of the hominid geneaalogical tree. Using the principle of maximum parsimony, our data support a branching order in which the chimpanzee is more closely related to the gorilla than to the human.