Simulation modelling in ports and container terminals: literature overview and analysis by research field,application area and tool

The simulation modelling of shore- and sea-side port operations constitutes a fundamental prerequisite for effective project planning in port development, as the influence of numerous often interactive parameters has to be addressed at an early stage to account for the optimum supply of port facilities and services to current and future demand. This paper presents a detailed review of the available research literature on the application of simulation models in port development, through extensive reference to published journal papers from the onset of the relevant simulation modelling and through the course of the past 54 years (1961–2015). With focus on container terminals, this review aims at analysing the use of port related simulation models and ultimately at assessing their contribution into building the research knowledge necessary to promote sustainable ship-port interfaces and freight transport chains. It was found that over the past 50 years the use of simulation models has been increasingly favoured and instrumental in the development of ports and more specifically of container terminals. Most of the research literature addresses operational issues, accounting for its highest concentration and coherence in the research field of operations research, although the need to utilise the wide-ranging capabilities of simulation modelling in order to offer integrated solutions is recently promoting the dissemination of the relevant literature through sector-specific (i.e. transport and maritime) research fields. Finally, the observed tendency to employ simulation tools which offer the most realistic results reflects the research effort to ensure that simulation modelling offers tangible solutions to the maritime and transport industry.     

An affordable approach to interactive desktop molecular modeling

The amazing revolution in computer hardware performance and cost reduction has yet to be carried over to computer software. In fact, application software today is often more expensive and less reliable than the hardware. New enhancements in software development techniques, such as object oriented programming and interactive graphics based user interface design, finally may be having a significant impact on the time-to-market and reliability of these application programs. We discuss our experiences using one such set of software development tools available on the NeXT workstation and describe the effort required to port our MidasPlus molecular modeling package to the NeXT workstation.     

Microsporum canis infection: first epidemic in Israel

We report here on the first epidemic of Microsporum canis infection in Israel. All 78 cases were diagnosed in the port city of Eilat between August, 1975 and May 1976. The epidemic has apparently been controlled with Griseofulvin therapy and public health measures.     

干旱区城市化与生态环境交互耦合的规律性及其验证

在分析干旱区城市化与生态环境交互耦合关系的基础上,系统阐述了城市化与生态环境之间的交互耦合函数、耦合轨迹、耦合类型和耦合阶段,并以河西走廊为例,对干旱区城市化与生态环境交互耦合的规律进行了验证.在干旱区城市化与生态环境之间,既有相互胁迫的过程,也有相互促进的环节,它们之间是一种在交互胁迫中相互促进的动态耦合关系;这种耦合关系在其演化周期内呈现出双指数函数的变化规律,其耦合演化轨迹是一条双指数曲线;在城市化与生态环境的交互耦合过程中,可能会出现低级协调型、生态主导型、同步协调型、城市化滞后型、逐步磨合型、城市化超前型、生态脆弱型、低级磨合型和不可持续型等九种基本耦合类型,并经历低水平协调、拮抗、磨合、好转和高水平协调等5个耦合阶段.河西走廊各城市城市化与生态环境交互耦合的演进过程符合双指数函数的变化规律,其耦合轨迹均呈现出双指数曲线的变化形式;嘉峪关市属于逐步磨合型,目前处于好转阶段;金昌市属于城市化超前型,处于磨合阶段;酒泉市属于生态主导型,处于拮抗阶段;张掖市属于同步协调型,处于拮抗阶段;武威市属于生态脆弱型,处于拮抗阶段;玉门市属于低级磨合型,处于好转阶段;敦煌市属于生态脆弱型,处于拮抗阶段;河西走廊属于生态脆弱型,处于拮抗阶段.     

黄土丘陵区农业生态系统和经济系统的互动关系——以安塞县纸坊沟小流域为例

基于1938—2007年黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域的调查资料,利用生态系统服务价值评估方法和生态足迹理论对该流域生态系统服务价值与生态足迹进行了测算,并分析了研究区农业生态系统与经济系统的互动关系.结果表明：1938—2007年,纸坊沟流域经历了3个阶段,即生态环境破坏-经济发展落后阶段（1938—1975年）、生态环境恢复-经济迅速发展阶段（1975—2000年）和生态环境保持良好-经济稳定增长阶段（2000—2007年）;该区生态经济系统的互动关系表现为“生态恶化-生态、经济相互调节、适应-生态、经济良性互动”的过程.     

浙江省城市生态位尺度效应

作为社会复合生态系统的重要理论,城市生态位一直是研究重点,但缺少尺度效应的深入观察。以浙江省为例,首次将地市-区县-乡镇三个尺度进行横向对比,构建了多个尺度适用的城市生态位评价模型。研究通过生态位宽度、生态位重叠度、生态位分异指数和引力模型方法,对825个乡镇,71个区县和11个地市的3个尺度的生态位进行了探讨。研究结果表明:从生态位宽度来看,浙江省的生态位发展不均衡,地市尺度呈现反"C"结构,衢州市和丽水市生态位宽度最小,杭州市、湖州市和宁波市生态位宽度最大。且研究尺度越大、生态位宽度越大,则尺度效应作用越大。从生态位分异程度来看,随着尺度的缩小,分异程度逐渐增大,其中社会生态位分异程度最大。表明尺度效应在发展越不平衡的生态位维度中作用力越大。从生态位重叠度和引力模型来看,生态位宽度小的区域往往面临竞争难以摆脱困境,而生态位宽度大的区域更容易将竞争转化为合作。出现强者越强,弱者越弱的两极分化现象,丽水市和衢州市竞争最激烈而杭州市和宁波市合作更为便利。浙江省各地市可以通过资源再造、协同发展和借力帮扶策略优化区域发展。     

高密度中心城区暴雨防灾规划体系及策略研究

系统总结了城市暴雨灾害的特征和诱因,建立了高密度中心城区暴雨防灾规划体系,根据中心城区特征提出了基于生态安全理念的土地效能优化、基于绿道理论的绿地空间规划、基于低影响理论的暴雨调节系统、结合地下空间开发的暴雨管网建设等常态暴雨防灾策略,探索了基于灾时应急思维的暴雨防灾策略以及法律规范、技术条件、财政投入等暴雨防灾支撑策略,力图有效指导中心城区的生态安全和可持续发展。     

基于结构调整视角的吉林省产业生态化发展

基于产业系统与生态环境的交互胁迫作用关系,采用系统分析方法与综合指数评价法,对吉林省产业结构生态化水平进行综合评价,并刻画其时空格局特征.结果表明: 2000—2013年,吉林省产业结构生态化水平呈逐年递增态势,结构发育程度与资源环境效率均有显著提升;产业结构生态化发展地区差异呈现资源环境效率＞产业结构优化度＞产业结构生态化的关系特征,空间上呈现西高东低的格局特征,同时市域尺度上呈现以长春为核心向外围逐渐降低的“级差化”分异特征;依据产业结构优化度与资源环境效率的协调发展特征,可将全省划分为高水平协调、低水平协调、经济先行型、生态先行型4种生态化类型区.     

城市与区域生态关联研究进展

城市及其周边区域正在面临日益严峻的环境污染、生态恶化、资源短缺等问题。这些问题的出现,与长期以来城市发展过程中忽视城市与区域的生态关联密切相关。研究城市与区域的生态关联,对于解决城市与区域的生态环境问题、指导新型城镇化建设具有重要的理论意义与实践价值。主要从以下3个方面系统总结了城市与区域生态关联的研究进展:(1)城市发展对周边区域的生态环境影响,包括直接的胁迫和间接的影响;(2)区域对城市发展的生态支撑;(3)城市与周边区域社会、经济、生态关联的相互作用机制。指出了当前城市与区域生态关联研究中存在的问题和不足:1)城市对周边区域生态环境直接影响的研究较多,且多侧重城市对周边区域的负面影响,对其间接影响的研究较为缺乏;2)周边区域对城市发展生态支撑作用的研究相对缺乏、认识不够深入;3)对城市与周边区域生态关联作用机制的研究较为缺乏。未来的研究要将城市和区域作为统一整体,进一步完善城市与区域生态关联的理论框架,耦合社会经济的相互作用,定量解析城市与区域的生态关联,为城市与区域的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Distributed Cognition: An Ectoderm-Centric Perspective

Distributed cognition is widely recognized as an approach to the study of all cognition. It identifies the distribution of cognitive processes between persons and technology, among people, and across time in the development of the social and material contexts for thinking. This paper suggests an ectoderm-centric perspective as the basis for distributed cognition, and in so doing redefines distributed cognition as the ability of an organism to interact with its environment for the purpose of satisfying its most basic physiological (internal and external) and social needs in order to survive and sustain itself. Underlying this ectoderm-centric perspective is a proposed theory of reactive and interactive learning.     

城市化与生态环境协调发展的动态耦合模型及其在干旱区的应用

在分析城市化进程与生态环境状况之间交互胁迫、动态演进关系的基础上,借助于系统科学理论建立了城市化与生态环境协调发展的动态耦合模型。认为整个城市化过程就是城市化的各个层面与生态环境的综合协调、交互胁迫的耦合发展过程。在这一过程中,城市化与生态环境协调发展系统的演化周期将经历低级协调共生、协调发展、极限发展和螺旋式上升4个阶段,城市化与生态环境协调发展耦合过程的实质,就是系统各要素相互作用、相互制约,由低级协调共生向高级协调发展的螺旋式上升的过程。以河西走廊为例,对干旱区城市化与生态环境协调发展的动态耦合规律进行了实证分析,认为1985~2003年间,河西走廊城市化水平不断提高,生态环境状况曲折下降,生态环境对城市化的响应较为明显,但相对于城市化进程,生态环境的响应又有一定的滞后性。目前河西走廊处于城市化与生态环境的协调发展阶段,然而协调耦合度的增长很快,整个协调发展系统即将进入极限发展阶段,生态环境危机正在进入潜伏期。基于动态耦合模型所建立的协调耦合度,能够较好地反映城市化与生态环境的交互胁迫、动态耦合的演变情况。根据河西走廊耦合度的变化可知,在城市化发展的初期,往往是需要一定的生态破坏为代价的,然而随着城市化的发展,生态环境必将随城市化而好转。因此,正确认识城市化与生态环境交互胁迫的动态耦合规律,采取适当的城市化发展模式,对于促进河西走廊城市化与生态环境的协调发展具有重大意义。     

城市可持续发展能力的能值评价新指标

能值理论、方法克服了传统能量与经济分析方法的诸多缺憾,为城市可持续发展的研究提供了全新的视角。但作为一种新兴的理论,其评价指标,尤其是针对城市可持续发展能力的综合评价指标尚不完善。从生态经济效益及环境影响的全面表达角度,剖析了国际现行可持续发展能值指标(ESI)的不足之处,并在此基础上拓展构建了新的可持续发展能值指标(EISD)。以珠江三角洲中山市1996～2000年的发展动态为例进行了案例研究。结果表明,新拓展的可持续发展能值指标．在系统效益评价中考虑了系统能值产出的实际经济效果,在环境影响评价中同时考虑了系统的消耗影响和排放影响,可以更全面明晰的评价城市系统的可持续发展能力、状态及其成因,为系统的优化指明方向。     

Antituberculosis consortium founded in Rijeka (Croatia): implementation of public health measures between 1924-1945

Between two World Wars the city of Rijeka was a port and industrial town whose infrastructure failed to provide adequate living conditions for numerous workers and their families. Insufficient organization of the health care system, poor living conditions-especially among the poor, low hygienic standards combined with a large number of transitory citizens made city and its citizens vulnerable to tuberculosis. Between 1924-1945 Rijeka was a part of the Kingdom of Italy. Therefore, the fight against tuberculosis was organised according to Italian public health plan and laws. In 1925, Antituberculosis consortium was founded in order to organise and coordinate antituberculosis activities in the city region. Despite its ambitious administrative measures it was unsuccessful in the field: Rijeka had a high mortality and morbidity rate due to tuberculosis. This article is based on unpublished archival material.     

基于适应性循环理论与压力-状态-响应框架的区域社会-生态系统演进研究

21世纪以来都市圈快速扩张对区域社会-生态系统的可持续发展构成威胁,基于动态演进视角的区域社会-生态系统运行机制解析备受关注。以南京都市圈为例,从区域和城市两个尺度,基于适应性循环理论与压力-状态-响应框架解析2000—2019年近20年来都市圈社会-生态系统的交互适应循环阶段,以及每个阶段系统的差异化应激响应机制。研究表明南京都市圈社会-生态系统整体经历了3个适应循环周期,现处于新一轮的适应性循环阶段,系统适应性呈上升趋势,但社会子系统和生态子系统尚未取得协调。都市圈内各城市的社会-生态系统演进类型有所不同,可分为稳定增长型、波动增长型、不均衡发展型和生态危机型四类。未来需要采取差异化的社会-生态系统治理策略,确保都市圈整体优化发展。     

我国生态港口的建设思路与发展对策

港口的快速发展带来了严重的环境问题,生态港口是顺应我国生态文明建设形势的新一代港口的主要模式。通过生态港口内涵的探讨,建立了生态港口建设的概念模型。在美国、日本、澳大利亚、英国等国际先进港口环境保护及生态港口建设经验及研究进展分析的基础上,通过对我国生态港口建设所面临的形势、外部环境及基础的分析,从港口环境保护政策的制定与落实、生态港口的规划与建设、生态港口指标体系的建设、港口功能的转变与产业结构的优化、港口发展模式的选择等方面讨论了我国生态港口的建设思路与发展对策。     

城市空间形态紧凑度模型构建方法研究

我国城市空间形态的急剧变化给经济、社会、城市建设等带来诸多问题,使相对脆弱的城市生态环境承受巨大的压力,对城市可持续发展构成了一定的影响。深入了解城市景观的格局演变过程和机理,并构建适宜的城市空间形态定量化评价模型对于推进我国城市可持续发展、合理利用和保护区域生态环境具有重要的现实意义,也是我国城市发展的紧迫需求。在Thinh等提出的城市紧凑度算法的基础上,构建了一种城市空间形态定量化评价指标,即标准化紧凑度指数(normalized compactness index, NCI)。NCI将圆形区域作为标准度量单位,实现测算结果的标准化,在一定程度上避免了城市面积因素对评价结果所带来的影响,因而便于城市之间或同一城市不同时段间的城市空间形态紧凑程度的比较分析,为城市空间形态紧凑程度的定量评价提供了一种新的技术方法。     

J-Express: exploring gene expression data using Java

J-Express is a Java application that allows the user to analyze gene expression (microarray) data in a flexible way giving access to multidimensional scaling, clustering, and visualization methods in an integrated manner. Specifically, J-Express includes implementations of hierarchical clustering, k-means, principal component analysis, and self-organizing maps. At present, it does not include methods for comparing two or more experiments for differentially expressed genes. The application is completely portable and requires only that a Java runtime environment 1.2 is installed on the system. Its efficiency allows interactive clustering of thousands of expression profiles on standard personal computers.     

乡村旅游地生态文化传统与生态环境建设的互动效应——以云南石林县彝族阿着底村为例

乡村生态旅游是适合我国国情的生态旅游形式,也是一项可持续发展的朝阳产业。乡村旅游地的生态文化传统与生态环境建设之间有一种互动机制。本文以云南石林县阿着底彝族村寨的密枝林文化传统与乡村旅游产业的互动效应为例,探讨了文化传统对乡村森林资源及生物多样性保护的意义,强调通过加强村民生态教育、加强村规民约建设、发展生态循环经济,使互动效应永续发展。     

营养和光照对不同生态幅风毛菊属植物幼苗形态可塑性的影响

以青藏高原东部4种不同生态幅的风毛菊属植物为试验对象,研究了不同营养和光照条件对风毛菊幼苗相对生长率、根冠比和比叶面积的可塑性影响.结果表明: 营养和光照条件对4个物种幼苗的3个形态特征变化呈现显著影响并存在一定的交互作用.这些形态特征的可塑性及其对营养和光照变化的响应模式存在一定的种间差异.物种与营养、光照的交互作用对风毛菊属幼苗的根冠比和比叶面积(P<0.001)存在一定的显著影响.4种植物幼苗的平均形态表型可塑性指数的大小与其生态分布相关,风毛菊幼苗的平均表型可塑性指数最大(0.71),是分布生境最多的一个物种.风毛菊属植物形态可塑性与其分布生态幅呈一定正相关关系.     

The trans-national gold curse of Papua New Guinea

This paper reviews gold and copper mining in Papua New Guinea (PNG) along the “triad stakeholder model” (Ballard and Banks 2003) proposing a triad relationship between (1) trans-national mining corporations, (2) the nation-state of Papua New Guinea, and (3) indigenous local communities, their socio-ecological environment and claims. Gold mining could be a huge asset, but turns out to be a curse to the independent part of the world’s second largest island known as “a mountain of gold in a sea of oil.” Our paper is based on research that began during our year-long residency at the country’s only Technical University in Lae. We are discussing several issues related to the nation’s gold resources and their exploitation: varied mining technologies and locations, the environmental impact, economics, human cost and gender issues, indigenous culture versus international corporate culture, state interferences, and urban development. One example is the industrial port city of Lae, founded during the gold rush of the 1920s that inaugurated rapid urban development. Once gloriously known as the “Pearl of the Pacific,” the town experienced administrative expansion and suffered from the subsequent exhaustion of nearby gold mines entailing a reverse development.