Engineering efficient xylose metabolism into an acetic acid-tolerant Zymomonas mobilis strain by introducing adaptation-induced mutations

The impact of the two adaptation-induced mutations in an improved xylose-fermenting Zymomonas mobilis strain was investigated. The chromosomal mutation at the xylose reductase gene was critical to xylose metabolism by reducing xylitol formation. Together with the plasmid-borne mutation impacting xylose isomerase activity, these two mutations accounted for 80?% of the improvement achieved by adaptation. To generate a strain fermenting xylose in the presence of high acetic acid concentrations, we transferred the two mutations to an acetic acid-tolerant strain. The resulting strain fermented glucose?+?xylose (each at 5?% w/v) with 1?% (w/v) acetic acid at pH 5.8 to completion with an ethanol yield of 93.4?%, outperforming other reported strains. This work demonstrated the power of applying molecular understanding in strain improvement.     

High activity of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase improves xylose fermentation by recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

Xylose fermentation performance was studied of a previously developed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain TMB 3057, carrying high xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) activity, overexpressed non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and deletion of the aldose reductase gene GRE3. The fermentation performance of TMB 3057 was significantly improved by increased ethanol production and reduced xylitol formation compared with the reference strain TMB 3001. The effects of the individual genetic modifications on xylose fermentation were investigated by comparing five isogenic strains with single or combined modifications. All strains with high activity of both XR and XDH had increased ethanol yields and significantly decreased xylitol yields. The presence of glucose further reduced xylitol formation in all studied strains. High activity of the non-oxidative PPP improved the xylose consumption rate. The results indicate that ethanolic xylose fermentation by recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing XR and XDH is governed by the efficiency by which xylose is introduced in the central metabolism.     

Novel endophytic yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain PTD3 I: production of xylitol and ethanol

An endophytic yeast, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain PTD3, that was isolated from stems of hybrid poplar was found to be capable of production of xylitol from xylose, of ethanol from glucose, galactose, and mannose, and of arabitol from arabinose. The utilization of 30 g/L of each of the five sugars during fermentation by PTD3 was studied in liquid batch cultures. Glucose-acclimated PTD3 produced enhanced yields of xylitol (67% of theoretical yield) from xylose and of ethanol (84, 86, and 94% of theoretical yield, respectively) from glucose, galactose, and mannose. Additionally, this yeast was capable of metabolizing high concentrations of mixed sugars (150 g/L), with high yields of xylitol (61% of theoretical yield) and ethanol (83% of theoretical yield). A 1:1 glucose:xylose ratio with 30 g/L of each during double sugar fermentation did not affect PTD3's ability to produce high yields of xylitol (65% of theoretical yield) and ethanol (92% of theoretical yield). Surprisingly, the highest yields of xylitol (76% of theoretical yield) and ethanol (100% of theoretical yield) were observed during fermentation of sugars present in the lignocellulosic hydrolysate obtained after steam pretreatment of a mixture of hybrid poplar and Douglas fir. PTD3 demonstrated an exceptional ability to ferment the hydrolysate, overcome hexose repression of xylose utilization with a short lag period of 10 h, and tolerate sugar degradation products. In direct comparison, PTD3 had higher xylitol yields from the mixed sugar hydrolysate compared with the widely studied and used xylitol producer Candida guilliermondii.     

Deletion of FPS1, Encoding Aquaglyceroporin Fps1p,Improves Xylose Fermentation by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Accumulation of xylitol in xylose fermentation with engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae presents a major problem that hampers economically feasible production of biofuels from cellulosic plant biomass. In particular, substantial production of xylitol due to unbalanced redox cofactor usage by xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) leads to low yields of ethanol. While previous research focused on manipulating intracellular enzymatic reactions to improve xylose metabolism, this study demonstrated a new strategy to reduce xylitol formation and increase carbon flux toward target products by controlling the process of xylitol secretion. Using xylitol-producing S. cerevisiae strains expressing XR only, we determined the role of aquaglyceroporin Fps1p in xylitol export by characterizing extracellular and intracellular xylitol. In addition, when FPS1 was deleted in a poorly xylose-fermenting strain with unbalanced XR and XDH activities, the xylitol yield was decreased by 71% and the ethanol yield was substantially increased by nearly four times. Experiments with our optimized xylose-fermenting strain also showed that FPS1 deletion reduced xylitol production by 21% to 30% and increased ethanol yields by 3% to 10% under various fermentation conditions. Deletion of FPS1 decreased the xylose consumption rate under anaerobic conditions, but the effect was not significant in fermentation at high cell density. Deletion of FPS1 resulted in higher intracellular xylitol concentrations but did not significantly change the intracellular NAD⁺/NADH ratio in xylose-fermenting strains. The results demonstrate that Fps1p is involved in xylitol export in S. cerevisiae and present a new gene deletion target, FPS1, and a mechanism different from those previously reported to engineer yeast for improved xylose fermentation.     

Expression of protein engineered NADP<Superscript>+</Superscript>-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase increases ethanol production from xylose in recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

A recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain transformed with xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) genes from Pichia stipitis has the ability to convert xylose to ethanol together with the unfavorable excretion of xylitol, which may be due to cofactor imbalance between NADPH-preferring XR and NAD⁺-dependent XDH. To reduce xylitol formation, we have already generated several XDH mutants with a reversal of coenzyme specificity toward NADP⁺. In this study, we constructed a set of recombinant S. cerevisiae strains with xylose-fermenting ability, including protein-engineered NADP⁺-dependent XDH-expressing strains. The most positive effect on xylose-to-ethanol fermentation was found by using a strain named MA-N5, constructed by chromosomal integration of the gene for NADP⁺-dependent XDH along with XR and endogenous xylulokinase genes. The MA-N5 strain had an increase in ethanol production and decrease in xylitol excretion compared with the reference strain expressing wild-type XDH when fermenting not only xylose but also mixed sugars containing glucose and xylose. Furthermore, the MA-N5 strain produced ethanol with a high yield of 0.49 g of ethanol/g of total consumed sugars in the nonsulfuric acid hydrolysate of wood chips. The results demonstrate that glucose and xylose present in the lignocellulosic hydrolysate can be efficiently fermented by this redox-engineered strain.     

Metabolic engineering of the initial stages of xylose catabolism in yeasts for construction of efficient producers of ethanol from lignocelluloses

Plant biomass possesses a huge potential as a source for biofuel production. The main components of biomass are glucose and five-carbon sugar xylose. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is used for industrial ethanol production from glucose is unable to xylose fermentation. Therefore a microorganism capable for efficient fermentation of both glucose and xylose has to be found in nature or constructed for economically feasible biomass conversion to ethanol. The active xylose fermentation could be performed by increasing the efficiency of initial stages of xylose metabolism. In this review the enzymes of initial stages of xylose metabolism in yeasts (xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, xylulokinase) and bacteria (xylose isomerase and xylulokinase) are characterized. The ways for construction of yeast strains capable of efficient alcoholic xylose fermentation are discussed.     

Simultaneous fermentation and isomerization of xylose

Summary Ethanol was produced from xylose by converting the sugar to xylulose, using commercial xylose isomerases, and simultaneously converting the xylulose to ethanol by anaerobic fermentation using different yeast strains. The process was optimized with the yeast strain Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Y-164). The data show that the simultaneous fermentation and isomerization of 6% xylose can produce final ethanol concentrations of 2.1% w/v within 2 days at temperatures as high as 39°C.Nomenclature SFIX simultaneous fermentation and isomerization of xylose - V _p volumetric production (g ethanol·l^-1 per hour) - Q _p specific rate (g ethanol·g^-1 cells per hour) - Y _s yield from substrate consumed (g ethanol, g^-1 xylose) - ET ethanol concentration (% wt/vol) - XT xylitol concentration (% wt/vol) - Glu glucose - Xyl xylose - --m maximum - --f final     

Comparing the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase and xylose isomerase pathways in arabinose and xylose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

Background

Ethanolic fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable option for the production of bioethanol. This process would greatly benefit from recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains also able to ferment, besides the hexose sugar fraction, the pentose sugars, arabinose and xylose. Different pathways can be introduced in S. cerevisiae to provide arabinose and xylose utilisation. In this study, the bacterial arabinose isomerase pathway was combined with two different xylose utilisation pathways: the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase and xylose isomerase pathways, respectively, in genetically identical strains. The strains were compared with respect to aerobic growth in arabinose and xylose batch culture and in anaerobic batch fermentation of a mixture of glucose, arabinose and xylose.

Results

The specific aerobic arabinose growth rate was identical, 0.03 h^-1, for the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase and xylose isomerase strain. The xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase strain displayed higher aerobic growth rate on xylose, 0.14 h^-1, and higher specific xylose consumption rate in anaerobic batch fermentation, 0.09 g (g cells)^-1 h^-1 than the xylose isomerase strain, which only reached 0.03 h^-1 and 0.02 g (g cells)^-1h^-1, respectively. Whereas the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase strain produced higher ethanol yield on total sugars, 0.23 g g^-1 compared with 0.18 g g^-1 for the xylose isomerase strain, the xylose isomerase strain achieved higher ethanol yield on consumed sugars, 0.41 g g^-1 compared with 0.32 g g^-1 for the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase strain. Anaerobic fermentation of a mixture of glucose, arabinose and xylose resulted in higher final ethanol concentration, 14.7 g l^-1 for the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase strain compared with 11.8 g l^-1 for the xylose isomerase strain, and in higher specific ethanol productivity, 0.024 g (g cells)^-1 h^-1 compared with 0.01 g (g cells)^-1 h^-1 for the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase strain and the xylose isomerase strain, respectively.

Conclusion

The combination of the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase pathway and the bacterial arabinose isomerase pathway resulted in both higher pentose sugar uptake and higher overall ethanol production than the combination of the xylose isomerase pathway and the bacterial arabinose isomerase pathway. Moreover, the flux through the bacterial arabinose pathway did not increase when combined with the xylose isomerase pathway. This suggests that the low activity of the bacterial arabinose pathway cannot be ascribed to arabitol formation via the xylose reductase enzyme.     

Fermentation performance of engineered and evolved xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

Lignocellulose hydrolysate is an abundant substrate for bioethanol production. The ideal microorganism for such a fermentation process should combine rapid and efficient conversion of the available carbon sources to ethanol with high tolerance to ethanol and to inhibitory components in the hydrolysate. A particular biological problem are the pentoses, which are not naturally metabolized by the main industrial ethanol producer Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several recombinant, mutated, and evolved xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strains have been developed recently. We compare here the fermentation performance and robustness of eight recombinant strains and two evolved populations on glucose/xylose mixtures in defined and lignocellulose hydrolysate-containing medium. Generally, the polyploid industrial strains depleted xylose faster and were more resistant to the hydrolysate than the laboratory strains. The industrial strains accumulated, however, up to 30% more xylitol and therefore produced less ethanol than the haploid strains. The three most attractive strains were the mutated and selected, extremely rapid xylose consumer TMB3400, the evolved C5 strain with the highest achieved ethanol titer, and the engineered industrial F12 strain with by far the highest robustness to the lignocellulosic hydrolysate.     

Comparative study on a series of recombinant flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with different expression levels of xylose reductase and xylulokinase

Ethanol production from xylose is important for the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as raw materials. Recently, we reported the development of an industrial xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, MA-R4, which was engineered by chromosomal integration to express the genes encoding xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase from Pichia stipitis along with S. cerevisiae xylulokinase gene constitutively using the alcohol-fermenting flocculent yeast strain, IR-2. IR-2 has the highest xylulose-fermenting ability of the industrial diploid strains, making it a useful host strain for genetically engineering xylose-utilizing S. cerevisiae. To optimize the activities of xylose metabolizing enzymes in the metabolic engineering of IR-2 for further improvement of ethanol production from xylose, we constructed a set of recombinant isogenic strains harboring different combinations of genetic modifications present in MA-R4, and investigated the effect of constitutive expression of xylulokinase and of different levels of xylulokinase and xylose reductase activity on xylose fermentation. This strain comparison showed that constitutive expression of xylulokinase increased ethanol production from xylose at the expense of xylitol excretion, and that high activity of xylose reductase resulted in an increased rate of xylose consumption and an increased glycerol yield. Moreover, strain MA-R6, which has moderate xylulokinase activity, grew slightly better but accumulated more xylitol than strain MA-R4. These results suggest that fine-tuning of introduced enzyme activity in S. cerevisiae is important for improving xylose fermentation to ethanol.     

Rational and Evolutionary Engineering Approaches Uncover a Small Set of Genetic Changes Efficient for Rapid Xylose Fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Economic bioconversion of plant cell wall hydrolysates into fuels and chemicals has been hampered mainly due to the inability of microorganisms to efficiently co-ferment pentose and hexose sugars, especially glucose and xylose, which are the most abundant sugars in cellulosic hydrolysates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot metabolize xylose due to a lack of xylose-metabolizing enzymes. We developed a rapid and efficient xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae through rational and inverse metabolic engineering strategies, comprising the optimization of a heterologous xylose-assimilating pathway and evolutionary engineering. Strong and balanced expression levels of the XYL1, XYL2, and XYL3 genes constituting the xylose-assimilating pathway increased ethanol yields and the xylose consumption rates from a mixture of glucose and xylose with little xylitol accumulation. The engineered strain, however, still exhibited a long lag time when metabolizing xylose above 10 g/l as a sole carbon source, defined here as xylose toxicity. Through serial-subcultures on xylose, we isolated evolved strains which exhibited a shorter lag time and improved xylose-fermenting capabilities than the parental strain. Genome sequencing of the evolved strains revealed that mutations in PHO13 causing loss of the Pho13p function are associated with the improved phenotypes of the evolved strains. Crude extracts of a PHO13-overexpressing strain showed a higher phosphatase activity on xylulose-5-phosphate (X-5-P), suggesting that the dephosphorylation of X-5-P by Pho13p might generate a futile cycle with xylulokinase overexpression. While xylose consumption rates by the evolved strains improved substantially as compared to the parental strain, xylose metabolism was interrupted by accumulated acetate. Deletion of ALD6 coding for acetaldehyde dehydrogenase not only prevented acetate accumulation, but also enabled complete and efficient fermentation of xylose as well as a mixture of glucose and xylose by the evolved strain. These findings provide direct guidance for developing industrial strains to produce cellulosic fuels and chemicals.     

Comparison of SHF and SSF processes from steam-exploded wheat straw for ethanol production by xylose-fermenting and robust glucose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

In this study, bioethanol production from steam-exploded wheat straw using different process configurations was evaluated using two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, F12 and Red Star. The strain F12 has been engineerically modified to allow xylose consumption as cereal straw contain considerable amounts of pentoses. Red Star is a robust hexose-fermenting strain used for industrial fuel ethanol fermentations and it was used for comparative purposes. The highest ethanol concentration, 23.7 g/L, was reached using the whole slurry (10%, w/v) and the recombinant strain (F12) in an SSF process, it showed an ethanol yield on consumed sugars of 0.43 g/g and a volumetric ethanol productivity of 0.7 g/L h for the first 3 h. Ethanol concentrations obtained in SSF processes were in all cases higher than those from SHF at the same conditions. Furthermore, using the whole slurry, final ethanol concentration was improved in all tests due to the increase of potential fermentable sugars in the fermentation broth. Inhibitory compounds present in the pretreated wheat straw caused a significantly negative effect on the fermentation rate. However, it was found that the inhibitors furfural and HMF were completely metabolized by the yeast during SSF by metabolic redox reactions. An often encountered problem during xylose fermentation is considerable xylitol production that occurs due to metabolic redox imbalance. However, in our work this redox imbalance was counteracted by the detoxification reactions and no xylitol was produced.     

Construction of a xylose-metabolizing yeast by genome integration of xylose isomerase gene and investigation of the effect of xylitol on fermentation

A yeast with the xylose isomerase (XI) pathway was constructed by the multicopy integration of XI overexpression cassettes into the genome of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MT8-1 strain. The resulting yeast strain successfully produced ethanol from both xylose as the sole carbon source and a mixed sugar, consisting of xylose and glucose, without any adaptation procedure. Ethanol yields in the fermentation from xylose and mixed sugar were 61.9% and 62.2% of the theoretical carbon recovery, respectively. Knockout of GRE3, a gene encoding nonspecific aldose reductase, of the host yeast strain improved the fermentation profile. Not only specific ethanol production rates but also xylose consumption rates was improved more than twice that of xylose-metabolizing yeast with the XI pathway using GRE3 active yeast as the host strain. In addition, it was demonstrated that xylitol in the medium exhibits a concentration-dependent inhibition effect on the ethanol production from xylose with the yeast harboring the XI-based xylose metabolic pathway. From our findings, the combination of XI-pathway integration and GRE3 knockout could be result in a consolidated xylose assimilation pathway and increased ethanol productivity.     

Engineering industrial <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis> strains for xylose fermentation and comparison for switchgrass conversion

Saccharomyces’ physiology and fermentation-related properties vary broadly among industrial strains used to ferment glucose. How genetic background affects xylose metabolism in recombinant Saccharomyces strains has not been adequately explored. In this study, six industrial strains of varied genetic background were engineered to ferment xylose by stable integration of the xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase genes. Aerobic growth rates on xylose were 0.04–0.17 h⁻¹. Fermentation of xylose and glucose/xylose mixtures also showed a wide range of performance between strains. During xylose fermentation, xylose consumption rates were 0.17–0.31 g/l/h, with ethanol yields 0.18–0.27 g/g. Yields of ethanol and the metabolite xylitol were positively correlated, indicating that all of the strains had downstream limitations to xylose metabolism. The better-performing engineered and parental strains were compared for conversion of alkaline pretreated switchgrass to ethanol. The engineered strains produced 13–17% more ethanol than the parental control strains because of their ability to ferment xylose.     

High expression of XYL2 coding for xylitol dehydrogenase is necessary for efficient xylose fermentation by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The traditional ethanologenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot metabolize xylose, which is an abundant sugar in non-crop plants. Engineering this yeast for a practicable fermentation of xylose will therefore improve the economics of bioconversion for the production of fuels and chemicals such as ethanol. One of the most widely employed strategies is to express XYL1, XYL2, and XYL3 genes derived from Scheffersomyces stipitis (formerly Pichia stiptis) in S. cerevisiae. However, the resulting engineered strains have been reported to exhibit large variations in xylitol accumulation and ethanol yields, generating many hypotheses and arguments for elucidating these phenomena. Here we demonstrate that low expression levels of the XYL2 gene, coding for xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), is a major bottleneck in efficient xylose fermentation. Through an inverse metabolic engineering approach using a genomic library of S. cerevisiae, XYL2 was identified as an overexpression target for improving xylose metabolism. Specifically, we performed serial subculture experiments after transforming a genomic library of wild type S. cerevisiae into an engineered strain harboring integrated copies of XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3. Interestingly, the isolated plasmids from efficient xylose-fermenting transformants contained XYL2. This suggests that the integrated XYL2 migrated into a multi-copy plasmid through homologous recombination. It was also found that additional overexpression of XYL2 under the control of strong constitutive promoters in a xylose-fermenting strain not only reduced xylitol accumulation, but also increased ethanol yields. As the expression levels of XYL2 increased, the ethanol yields gradually improved from 0.1 to 0.3g ethanol/g xylose, while the xylitol yields significantly decreased from 0.4 to 0.1g xylitol/g xylose. These results suggest that strong expression of XYL2 is a necessary condition for developing efficient xylose-fermenting strains.     

Construction of industrial xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains through combined approaches

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with excellent xylose-fermenting capacity and inhibitor tolerance is crucial for lignocellulosic ethanol production. In this study, a combined strategy including site-directed mutagenesis, mating, evolutionary engineering, and haploidization was applied to obtain strains with ideal xylose fermentabilities. Haploid industrial strain KFG4-6B was engineered to overexpress endogenous xylulokinase (XK) and heterologous native or mutated xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) from Scheffersomyces stipitis. The XR-mutated strain HX57D showed over 12% increase in both xylose consumption rate and ethanol yield compared with the XR-native strain. To improve the xylose uptake, the HX57D-derived diploids were subjected to evolutionary engineering. In comparison with HX57D, evolved diploid Z4X-21-18 achieved 4.5-fold increases in rates of xylose consumption and ethanol production when fermenting xylose. When fermenting mixed sugars, the glucose and xylose uptake rates were 1.4-fold and 8.3-fold, respectively, higher. H18s28, a haploid of Z4X-21-18, enabled a further 10% increase in xylose consumption rate when fermenting xylose only. However, it was inferior to its diploid parent when fermenting mixed sugars. In the presaccharification-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (P-SSF) of the whole pretreated wheat straw slurry with high contents of multiple inhibitors, Z4X-21-18 produced approximately 42 g/L ethanol with a yield of 0.38 g/g total sugars.     

Overcoming inhibitors in a hemicellulosic hydrolysate: improving fermentability by feedstock detoxification and adaptation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia stipitis</Emphasis>

In order to improve the fermentative efficiency of sugar maple hemicellulosic hydrolysates for fuel ethanol production, various methods to mitigate the effects of inhibitory compounds were employed. These methods included detoxification treatments utilizing activated charcoal, anion exchange resin, overliming, and ethyl acetate extraction. Results demonstrated the greatest fermentative improvement of 50% wood hydrolysate (v/v) by Pichia stipitis with activated charcoal treatment. Another method employed to reduce inhibition was an adaptation procedure to produce P. stipitis stains more tolerant of inhibitory compounds. This adaptation resulted in yeast variants capable of improved fermentation of 75% untreated wood hydrolysate (v/v), one of which produced 9.8 g/l ± 0.6 ethanol, whereas the parent strain produced 0.0 g/l ± 0.0 within the first 24 h. Adapted strains RS01, RS02, and RS03 were analyzed for glucose and xylose utilization and results demonstrated increased glucose and decreased xylose utilization rates in comparison to the wild type. These changes in carbohydrate utilization may be indicative of detoxification or tolerance activities related to proteins involved in glucose and xylose metabolism.     

粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)木糖发酵的研究

研究了不同通氧条件和培养基初始pH等对粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)AS3．1602木糖发酵的影响。结果表明,粗糙脉孢菌具有较强的发酵木糖产生乙醇及木糖醇的能力。通气量对木糖发酵有较大的影响。乙醇发酵适合在半好氧条件下进行,此时乙醇的转化率达到63．2％。木糖醇发酵适合在微好氧的条件下进行,转化率达到31．8％。木糖醇是在培养基中乙醇达到一定浓度后才开始积累。培养基的初始pH对木糖发酵产物有较大的影响,乙醇产生最适pH5．0,木糖醇产生最适pH4．0。在培养基pH为碱性条件时,木糖发酵受到很大的抑制。初始木糖浓度对产物乙醇及木糖醇的产率有很大的影响。葡萄糖的存在会抑制木糖的利用,对乙醇和木糖醇的产生也有很大的影响。     

混合糖发酵重组酿酒酵母的菌株构建和菊芋秸秆同步糖化发酵研究

【目的】构建可用于纤维素乙醇高效生产的混合糖发酵重组酿酒酵母菌株,并利用菊芋秸秆为原料进行乙醇发酵。【方法】筛选在木糖中生长较好的酿酒酵母YB-2625作为宿主菌,构建木糖共代谢菌株YB-2625 CCX。进一步通过r DNA位点多拷贝整合的方式,以YB-2625 CCX为出发菌株构建木糖脱氢酶过表达菌株,并筛选得到优势菌株YB-73。采用同步糖化发酵策略研究YB-73的菊芋秸秆发酵性能。【结果】YB-73菌株以90 g/L葡萄糖和30 g/L木糖为碳源进行混合糖发酵,乙醇产量比出发菌株YB-2625 CCX提高了13.9%,副产物木糖醇产率由0.89 g/g降低至0.31 g/g,下降了64.6%。利用重组菌YB-73对菊芋秸秆进行同步糖化发酵,48 h最高乙醇浓度达到6.10%(体积比)。【结论】通过转入木糖代谢途径以及r DNA位点多拷贝整合过表达木糖脱氢酶基因可有效提高菌株木糖发酵性能,并用于菊芋秸秆的纤维素乙醇生产。这是首次报道利用重组酿酒酵母进行菊芋秸秆原料的纤维素乙醇发酵。