互花米草NHX2基因的克隆与功能鉴定

NHX2属于CPA1基因家族,编码Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白,控制液泡膜中活性K~+的摄取,同时调节气孔的关闭。该研究以耐盐植物互花米草为材料,采用PCR技术克隆NHX2基因,并将其转入拟南芥进行相关功能鉴定。结果显示:(1)成功克隆获得互花米草NHX2基因CDS序列(1 602 bp),命名为SaNHX2,该基因编码533个氨基酸,SaNHX2蛋白的分子量约为58.65 kD,定位于细胞核和细胞膜,表明SaNHX2基因可能发挥转录调控的功能。(2) qRT-PCR结果显示,在ABA、NaCl和干旱胁迫处理下,互花米草叶和根中SaNHX2基因的表达量均上调。(3)为进一步鉴定其功能,成功构建植物表达载体,将SaNHX2基因转入拟南芥;经RT-PCR检测结果显示,SaNHX2基因在转基因植株中过表达;高盐胁迫处理后,转SaNHX2基因拟南芥的主根长度、叶绿素总量和相关胁迫应答基因表达量均高于转空载拟南芥,表明转SaNHX2基因拟南芥的耐盐能力显著增强。研究表明,SaNHX2基因可能在盐胁迫调节机制中发挥调控作用,可作为改良农作物耐盐的重要候选基因。     

番茄LeRma1基因的克隆与表达

以番茄‘哈大粉801’为试材,利用RT-PCR技术,克隆得到1个E3泛素蛋白连接酶基因LeRma1（GenBank登录号XM_004243764.1）。对LeRma1基因进行序列分析,并对LeRma1基因在番茄植株的不同部位以及在非生物胁迫（干旱、盐、碱、高温、低温）下的表达和生理特性进行研究,为培育和改良番茄品种提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）序列分析显示,LeRma1基因的cDNA全长序列729 bp,编码242个氨基酸,分子量为27.05 kD,理论pI 7.97;同源分析显示,番茄LeRma1蛋白与马铃薯的一致性最高（91%）。（2）半定量PCR检测表明, LeRma1基因在番茄根、茎、叶、花、果实中均有表达,且表达差异不明显。（3）干旱胁迫下,LeRma1基因在番茄叶片中优势表达,而在整个干旱过程中根部的LeRma1基因表达量变化不明显;抗旱相关基因LEA、 DREB2A、ABI3在干旱胁迫过程中,番茄叶片中均有表达,且其表达量呈上升趋势,而在根部DREB2A、ABI3基因基本没有检测到。（4）干旱胁迫过程中,番茄植株中丙二醛（MDA）含量呈显著升高趋势,质膜系统严重损伤,体内保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性上升,且根部活性总体明显高于叶片。（5）在非生物逆境（盐、碱、高温、低温）胁迫过程中,LeRma1基因在番茄叶片和根部的表达几乎都有增强的趋势,且在叶片中均是胁迫3 h后诱导起始增强表达。研究认为,LeRma1基因是一个受干旱胁迫诱导增强表达的基因,且在叶片中优势表达,说明LeRma1基因对植物耐受干旱胁迫所起的作用存在一定的组织差异性,而且LeRma1基因可能参与番茄的干旱应答及信号转导过程,在番茄抵抗其他非生物胁迫中LeRma1基因也可能具有一定的作用。     

小麦TaLEA1基因的表达特征及抗逆功能验证

我国土壤盐碱化日益严重,对我国的粮食安全造成了严重威胁,因此耐盐基因挖掘对作物耐盐育种非常重要。许多研究表明胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)在植物应对非生物胁迫中发挥积极作用。本研究以小麦TaLEA1基因为研究对象,分析了其表达蛋白的理化性质及基因表达模式,并通过在拟南芥中过表达,分析Ta LEA1基因的抗逆功能。结果表明,TaLEA1基因的表达蛋白属于第3组LEA蛋白,是稳定的亲水蛋白,富含α-螺旋、β-转角等结构。Ta LEA1基因在小麦根、茎、叶、花、种子等不同组织中均有表达,盐胁迫条件诱导其高表达。在拟南芥中过表达TaLEA1基因,显著提高了盐胁迫下转基因拟南芥的种子萌发率、根长及盐和旱胁迫下的叶绿素含量。本研究结果为LEA基因抗逆机理的研究和耐盐基因的挖掘提供了重要信息。     

小菊锌指蛋白基因cDNA全长克隆及表达分析

目的：克隆菊花耐盐碱相关锌指蛋白基因,并进行盐胁迫和品种间差异的表达分析。方法：从大量菊花资源中筛选出抗盐碱品系小菊‘阳光’,利用RT—PCR从经150mmol／L碳酸钠处理的小菊‘阳光’叶片中分离得到一个锌指蛋白cDNA全长克隆,用Northern杂交检测其在不同盐处理和不同品种小菊中的表达。结果：获得了全长794bp的基因CmSTZF（GenBank接受号为DQ864730）,编码区为170个氨基酸残基。Blast分析表明,CmSTZF含有AN1型锌指结构,序列模式为C-X2-C—X（9—12）-C-X（1-2）-C-X4-C-X2-H-X5-H-X-C,由Cys^110-Cys^113-Cys^131-His^134及Cys^124-Cys^126-Cys^142-His^140分别围绕锌离子与其他氨基酸共同组成2个锌指四面体结构;在第67～76及第94～104氨基酸残基序列间存在核定位信号。同源性比较发现,CmSTZF与水稻OsISAPI具有54％的同源性,而二者的锌指保守区相似性达100％。Cluster分析表明,小菊CmSTZF锌指蛋白与水稻的2种逆境反应蛋白亲缘关系最近,归属同一类逆境功能蛋白。在150mmol／L碳酸钠胁迫下,耐盐小菊‘阳光’锌指蛋白表达量明显高于非耐盐小菊‘神韵’,表明CmSTZF锌指蛋白基因在盐碱胁迫下起重要的调控作用。结论：克隆了小菊耐盐碱相关的锌指蛋白基因CmSTZF,其在耐盐小菊‘阳光’中的表达量高于非耐盐小菊‘神韵’,这为小菊锌指蛋白基因CmSTZF耐盐碱功能分析奠定了基础。     

盐胁迫下大豆转录因子GmTFIIIC功能研究

大豆是中度耐盐植物,土壤盐碱化会对大豆产量及品质造成严重影响。因此挖掘耐盐基因,提高大豆耐盐能力十分必要。真核生物中,转录因子TFIIIC作为RNA聚合酶III转录机制的辅助因子,其转录活性易受到外部因素的影响,进而影响tRNA基因转录效率和蛋白质的合成。本课题组前期研究发现大豆GmTFIIIC在盐胁迫下上调表达,但目前大豆GmTFIIIC的抗逆功能还不清楚。本研究通过大豆发状根体系,将GmTFIIIC基因过表达,进行盐胁迫下转基因复合体植株表型及生理指标分析,研究大豆GmTFIIIC基因在盐胁迫下的功能。结果表明:GmTFIIIC基因过表达,盐胁迫条件下,大豆转基因复合体根、茎的Na+/K+要低于野生型空载对照;叶片叶绿素相对含量高于野生型空载对照;叶片H2O2和O-2含量低于野生型空载对照;叶片含水率高于空载对照,表明大豆发状根中过表达GmTFIIIC基因提高了大豆转基因复合体的耐盐能力。研究结果为大豆GmTFIIIC基因耐盐功能研究提供理论基础。     

辽宁碱蓬SlCMO基因盐胁迫表达分析及盐诱导启动子鉴定

胆碱单加氧酶（choline monooxygenase, CMO）是合成甜菜碱的关键酶,甜菜碱在植物抵抗渗透胁迫中起着重要的作用。本研究室前期克隆了盐生植物辽宁碱蓬CMO（Suaeda liaotungensis CMO）基因及启动子。本研究对SlCMO基因在盐胁迫下的表达及盐诱导启动子进行分析。qRT-PCR分析SlCMO基因在辽宁碱蓬不同器官及盐胁迫下的表达,结果表明,SlCMO基因在根、茎、叶中均有表达,其中茎、叶中的表达量较高,SlCMO基因在根、茎、叶中的表达均受盐胁迫诱导。5′端缺失分析SlCMO启动子的盐诱导区段,结果表明,pC5（-267~+128 bp）是SlCMO启动子的盐诱导功能区段,推测pC5调控SlCMO 基因的盐诱导表达。本研究为SlCMO 基因表达调控研究奠定基础,也为植物抗盐基因工程提供可用的启动子。     

茎瘤芥异戊烯基转移酶家族基因全基因组鉴定及表达分析北大核心CSCD

该研究以茎瘤芥栽培品种‘永安小叶’为实验材料,在全基因组水平对茎瘤芥基因组中异戊烯基转移酶(IPT)家族基因成员进行鉴定;通过荧光定量PCR检测各基因在不同组织、盐胁迫和根肿菌胁迫条件下的表达模式。结果显示:(1)在茎瘤芥基因组中共鉴定到27个IPT家族基因,分布在14条染色体上,它们在系统进化树中可聚类为7个分支。(2)大部分IPT家族基因主要在茎瘤芥的根和茎中表达,在叶片、花和种荚中表达量相对较低。BjuB006281在茎中的表达水平最高,BjuA027211、BjuB010173、BjuB010174和BjuA001839在根中的表达水平较高。(3)大部分的IPT基因表达受盐胁迫抑制,BjuB006281、BjuA036403、BjuB010173、BjuB026254在盐胁迫12~48 h显著下调表达;BjuB022918和BjuB007352则在盐胁迫24~48 h显著下调表达。(4)大部分茎瘤芥IPT基因在12 h受到根肿菌侵染的显著诱导,其中BjuB006281、BjuA014415、BjuB022918在侵染后12 h的表达水平为0 h对照的15倍以上。该研究鉴定出多个响应盐胁迫和根肿菌胁迫的IPT基因,为进一步研究他们的基因功能奠定了基础。     

西伯利亚蓼半胱氨酸合成酶基因的克隆与表达

摘要: 半胱氨酸合成酶是植物半胱氨酸合成反应的关键限速酶。文中应用RACE技术从西伯利亚蓼中成功克隆了半胱氨酸合成酶基因(GenBank登录号: EU597481), 命名为PcCSase1, 该基因全长cDNA为1 260 bp, 编码382个氨基酸。经生物信息学分析, 初步确定PcCSase1的N端前16个氨基酸为信号肽, 并引导PcCSase1蛋白定位于胞质, 为胞质型半胱氨酸合成酶。同源序列分析表明, 此蛋白与其他植物半胱氨酸合成酶成熟蛋白序列高度保守, 氨基酸相似性达到90%左右。荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明, PcCSase1在西伯利亚蓼的叶、茎和地下茎中均有表达, 叶中表达最高, 茎和地下茎次之, 在3% NaHCO3胁迫过程中, 该基因在叶、茎和地下茎中均在第2 d表达量最高。将PcCSase1转入酿酒酵母INVSc1, 结果显示培养基中半胱氨酸和菌体中谷胱甘肽含量均有显著增加, 在10% NaHCO3和5 mol/L NaCl胁迫下, 转基因INVSc1-pYES2-PcCSase1菌株的存活率明显高于对照INVSc1-pYES2, 证明PcCSase1基因具有耐高盐的作用。     

石榴PgGPX基因克隆及盐胁迫下的表达分析

该研究以‘红玉石籽’籽粒为材料,通过RACE技术克隆了石榴GPX基因,利用Real-time PCR检测石榴在不同器官中及石榴叶片在盐胁迫处理下的相对表达量。结果表明:(1)PgGPX基因cDNA全长872bp,其中开放阅读框504bp,编码168个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,该蛋白具有植物GPX的典型结构,与可可树、荔枝、甜橙、玉米等植物的GPX基因相比,具有较高的一致性,分别为90.30%、87.40%、86.80%、86.20%。(2)PgGPX在石榴的叶片、花瓣和籽粒中均有所表达,且具有组织特异性,在盐胁迫下,石榴叶片中的PgGPX表达量显著上升。推测PgGPX基因在胁迫反应中可能发挥重要作用。     

极端耐盐植物盐穗木编码未知多肽基因HcUKPP的克隆与表达

采用RACE技术从新疆极端耐盐植物盐穗木中克隆获得1个耐盐相关的转录子,命名为HcUKPP (unknown polypeptide, UKPP),其cDNA全长为569 bp,含有1个243 bp 的完整可阅读框,预测其编码1条含80个氨基酸的多肽,分子质量为8 671.6,等电点pI为7.71实时定量PCR结果显示,该基因在600 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下呈现表达上调趋势．结果提示,HcUKPP可能是耐盐相关基因. 目前该基因在NCBI 核苷酸及蛋白数据库中未发现其相似序列,文献中也未见报道．     

红曲菌cDNA消减文库的构建

应用抑制性消减杂交技术,构建红曲菌产桔霉素和不产桔霉素差异表达的cDNA消减文库.分别从产桔霉素和不产桔霉素的红曲菌丝体中提取mRNA,依次合成单链和双链cDNA,经酶切成大小为250～750bp的片断,将产桔霉素的cDNA分为两组,分别与两种不同的接头连接,再与不产桔霉素的红曲菌的cDNA进行两次消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR后,将产物与T/A载体连接构建成功cDNA消减文库,并转染大肠杆菌进行文库扩增,文库扩增后得到283个克隆,经PCR法快速测定,均得到250～750bp的插入片断.所构建的红曲菌cDNA消减文库为进一步筛选红曲菌中与产桔霉素性状相关的基因奠定了基础.     

Molecular cloning of monkey liver cytochrome P-450 cDNAs: similarity of the primary sequences to human cytochromes P-450.

Three cDNAs coding for monkey cytochrome P-450 (P450) 2C, 2E and 3A (MKmp13, MKj1 and MKnf2, respectively) were isolated from a lambda gt11 cDNA library of a liver from a 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-treated crab-eating monkey, using cDNA fragments for human P450 2C, 2E and 3A as respective probes. MKmp13 and MKnf2 were 1901 and 2032 bp long, containing entire coding regions for polypeptides of 490 and 503 residues, respectively. The deduced N-terminal amino acid sequences of MKmp13 and MKnf2 were identical with those of P450-MK1 and P450-MK2, which had been purified from liver microsomes of untreated and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-treated crab-eating monkeys, respectively. MKj1 was 1508 bp long, encoding a polypeptide of 449 residues, which is presumed to lack N-terminal 45 residues as compared with the sequence for human P450 2E1. Northern blot analysis indicated that monkey P450 2C, 2E and 3A mRNAs were expressed constitutively in monkey livers. P450 2E and 3A mRNAs were induced by both 3MC and PCB, while P450 2C mRNA was induced only by PCB. The deduced amino acid sequences of four monkey cytochrome P-450 cDNAs, including P450 1A1 (MKah1) which we isolated previously, were more than 92% identical with those of corresponding human cytochrome P-450 cDNAs.     

鲤鱼sGnRH基因克隆及其在成熟个体的表达分析

采用RACE方法,从鲤鱼脑组织克隆了两个差异的sGnRH(salmon GnRH[Trp^7Leu^8]GnRH)cDNAs,即cDNA1和cDNA2,其长度分别为393和478bp。两个cDNAs都包括一个285bp开放阅读框,编码的sGnRH前体为94个氨基酸残基,由一个信号肽、sGnRH十肽和一个由蛋白水解位点(Gly-Lys-Arg)连接的促性腺激素释放激素相关肽共3部分组成。用内含子捕获得到相应的两个差异sGnRH基因,即sGnRH genel和gene2,其基本结构都包括4个外显子和3个内含子,3个内含子的核苷酸相似性分别为71．1％、76．1％和88．0％。鲤鱼sGnRH cDNAs及基因的基本结构和编码特点与已报道的不同形式GnRH cDNAs和GnRH基因相似,由此推测所有类型的GnRH可能来自一个共同的祖分子。Southern杂交进一步证实鲤鱼基因组存在两个不同的sGnRH基因座位。相对定量RT-PCR检测发现,两个sGnRH基因除在精巢的表达存在差异外,在脑区、垂体和成熟卵巢共表达。其中两个sGnRH基因在端脑和下丘脑的表达水平明显高于后脑区。根据sGnRH mRNAs在多个脑区、性腺和垂体的共存推测,sGnRH可能对鲤鱼下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调节有至关重要作用,同时可能起神经调节剂或自分泌和旁分泌调节因子的作用。     

银鲫与彩鲫卵母细胞cDNA文库构建及周期蛋白A1的cDNA克隆

分别取行天然雌核发育繁殖的银鲫和两性生殖的彩鲫的卵母细胞为材料,提取总RNA,分离mRNA,进而反转录合成cDNA并定向插入λgtll Sfi-Not克隆载体,经体外包装构建了银鲫与彩鲫卵母细胞的表达型cDNA文库。测试结果表明库容量分别达到3.1×106(银鲫)和1.6×106(彩鲫)。进一步人工合成Cyclin A1保守引物,采用PCR扩增文库的方法,克隆了银鲫(1616bp)与彩鲫(1626bp)的Cyclin A1全长cDNA。序列分析结果表明:两种鱼编码区长度均为1173bp,起始于一个包含在脊椎动物起始密码子ANNATG基元内ATG的单一开放读码框,编码391个氨基酸;5'-端非编码区长度也同为70bp,3-'端非编码区长度略有不同,银鲫为373bp,而彩鲫则为383bp;二者3'-端均带有AATAAA的Poly(A)加尾信号以及24bp(银鲫)和27bp(彩鲫)的Poly(A)尾巴。比较银鲫、彩鲫和金鱼与人、爪蟾Cyclin A1氨基酸序列同源性的结果表明,Cyclin A1在人、爪蟾与鱼类之间具有较高同源性;而在银鲫、彩鲫和金鱼之间,Cyclin A1仅在周期蛋白框外存在5个氨基酸的差异,且这些差异均是由个别碱基的变异造成的。       

Isolation, characterization, and distribution of two cDNAs encoding for growth hormone receptor in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Growth hormone (GH) plays important roles in a vast array of physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. In this study, cDNAs for two unique growth hormone receptor variants were cloned and sequenced from rainbow trout. The two cDNAs, one consisting of 2920 bp and the other of 2820 bp, share 87.2% identity in nucleotide sequence and 85.5% identity in deduced amino acid sequence and presumably arose through gene duplication. The cDNAs encode for putative 593- and 594-amino acid growth hormone receptors (designated GHR1 and GHR2, respectively), each containing a single transmembrane domain and other motifs characteristic of the receptor family. Both GHR1 and GHR2 mRNAs were present in all tissues examined. Trout GHR mRNAs are differentially expressed, both in terms of abundance among tissues and in terms of abundance within selected tissues. GHR1 was more abundant than GHR2 in the brain, whereas GHR2 was more abundant than GHR1 in pancreas and spleen. These findings expand our understanding of the evolution of the GH receptor family and suggest that independent mechanisms serve to regulate the tissue-specific expression of GHR mRNAs.     

Cloning and characterization of DNA complementary to rat liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase mRNA

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (transferase) clones were isolated from a cDNA bank constructed in pBR322 using transferase-enriched mRNA from the livers of phenobarbital-treated rats. The enrichment of mRNA was accomplished by polysome immunoadsorption with antibody to purified mouse liver transferase. This antibody was shown to bind specifically to rat transferase by Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis, immunoadsorption of glucuronidating activities, and selective inhibition of the immunoadsorption of in vitro synthesized enzyme by purified rat liver transferase. The isolated clones were verified to contain DNA complementary to transferase mRNA by hybrid translation-selection. Three classes of transferase cDNAs were characterized by restriction endonuclease mapping, and the largest insert-containing clone of each class was designated pUDPGTr-1, pUDPGTr-2, and pUDPGTr-3. Their insert sizes were approximately 2,400, 2,000, and 2,000 bp, respectively. All three cDNAs hybridized with a 2,300 +/- 150 bp mRNA, and each selected the translation of a 52,000-dalton polypeptide. Immunoadsorption of the 35S-labeled translation product could be competitively inhibited in each case by the addition of purified rat liver transferase. pUDPGTr-1 and pUDPGTr-3 inserts shared extensive sequence homology. This was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis using purified inserts and electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis. Southern blot analysis revealed that these cDNAs hybridized to overlapping genomic fragments. pUDPGTr-2 shared less sequence homology with the other two classes of cDNAs, based on the above criteria. In addition, mRNA corresponding to pUDPGTr-2 was elevated 5-fold by phenobarbital treatment, whereas the other mRNAs levels were unaffected. These studies demonstrate that in rat liver there are a minimum of three distinct transferase mRNAs, two of which may be associated with a common gene or gene family.     

Characterization of the cDNA coding for mouse prothrombin and localization of the gene on mouse chromosome 2

A series of overlapping cDNAs coding for mouse prothrombin (coagulation factor II) have been isolated and the composite DNA sequence has been determined. The complete prothrombin cDNA is 1,987 bp in length [excluding the poly(A) tail] and codes for 18 bp of 5' untranslated sequence, an open reading frame coding for 618 amino acids, a stop codon, and a 3' untranslated region of 112 bp followed by a poly(A) tail. The translated amino acid sequence predicts a molecular weight of 66,087, which includes 10 residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. There are five potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Mouse prothrombin is 81.4% and 77.3% identical to the human and bovine proteins, respectively. Comparison of the cDNA coding for mouse prothrombin to the human and bovine cDNAs indicates 79.9% and 76.5% identity, respectively. Amino acid residues important for the structure and function of human prothrombin are conserved in the mouse and bovine proteins. In the adult mouse and rat, prothrombin is primarily synthesized in the liver, where is constitutes 0.07% of total mRNA as determined by solution hybridization analysis. The genetic locus for mouse prothrombin, Cf-2, has been mapped using an interspecies backcross and DNA fragment differences between the two species. The prothrombin locus lies on mouse chromosome 2, 1.8 +/- 1.3 map units proximal to the catalase locus. The gene order in this region is Cen-Acra-Cf-2-Cas-1-A-Tel. This localization extends the proximal boundary of the known region of homology between mouse chromosome 2 and human chromosome 11p from Cas-1 about 2 map units toward the centromere.     

Cloning,characterization and expression of two new polyphenol oxidase cDNAs from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agaricus bisporus</Emphasis>

Two new polyphenol oxidase (PPO) cDNAs (PPO3 and PPO4 cDNAs, accession numbers GQ354801 and GQ354802, respectively) were obtained by RACE-PCR from Agaricus bisporus. PPO3 cDNA was 1844 bp in length with an open reading frame of 1731 bp, while PPO4 cDNA was 2042 bp with an open reading frame of 1836 bp. PPO3 and PPO4 cDNAs, with 52% identity at the nucleic acid level, encoded a 576-amino acid protein of 66.3 kDa and 611-amino acid protein of 68.3 kDa, respectively. Mature forms of PPO3 and PPO4 were characterized after removing the specific C-terminal region and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) RIPL using pGEX-4T-1 vector. The expressed proteins were probed by the anti-A. bisporus PPO antibody but without PPO activity. This indicated that the recombinant mature PPO3 and mature PPO4 could not form an active center in prokaryotic expression system.