生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉的关系

生态系统服务的持续供给是区域可持续发展的基础,人类通过对生态系统服务的消费来满足和提高自身福祉.科学认识生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉之间的关系,对于协调生态系统服务保育与人类福祉提高的关系具有重要意义.本文对生态系统服务供给的多样性、复杂性、区域性特点和生态系统服务消费的差异性、不可或缺性特征,以及人类福祉的多维性、地域性、评价指标多样性分别进行了综述,分析了生态系统服务供给与消费之间的不确定性关系和多尺度关联特征,阐述了生态系统服务与人类福祉之间相互反馈和非同步性关系.最后,围绕生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉的关系,提出了有待进一步研究的问题.     

生态系统服务功能分类与价值评估探讨

生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究是当前生态学研究的热点,对于促进生态系统可持续管理具有重要作用。目前,在生态系统服务功能分类及价值评估方面,还没有形成比较系统的理论;在服务价值的评估方面,国内相关研究多数套用现有的一般化计算公式对生态服务功能进行计算,缺少针对性和探索性。总结近年来笔者在这方面的研究得失,并综合前人的研究,将生态系统服务功能进行新的分类,提出“核心”服务功能、“理论”服务价值与“现实”服务价值的概念,并以温州三湿地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究作为实例,论证所提出的新概念。生态系统服务功能及价值评估研究的最终目的是为生态系统管理决策者提供信息,因此服务价值评估的意义不在于对每一项服务功能价值的精确估算,甚至不需要计算一个生态系统所有的服务功能价值,而应抓住一个或几个有计算依据的核心服务功能。提出理论服务价值概念的主要目的在于同现实服务价值的比较,量化某服务功能的退化程度,明确后续生态恢复和重建的主要目标,并可在一定程度上作为生态恢复的重要指标。     

三江源地区生态系统服务功能与价值评估

采用谢高地分类系统和评估方法分析了三江源地区生态系统结构和服务功能,并对其价值进行了评估.结果表明:三江源地区生态系统服务功能总价值为3 377.1×108yuan·a-1.从生态系统类型来看,湿地、草地、森林、水体、荒漠和农田占其总价值的比例分别为52.91%、21.97%、15.23%、9.17%、0.67%和0.06%.从服务功能类型来看,主要是废物处理、水源涵养、气候调节、土壤形成与保护、生物多样性、娱乐文化、气体调节、原材料和食物生产.,分别占其总价值的23.9%、21.9%、19.1%、10.1%、8.7%、6.6%、6.4%、2.0%和1.3%.说明三江源地区生态系统具有多种服务功能,保护其生态系统结构和功能对中国江河中下游地区生态环境安全和区域可持续发展都具有重要意义.     

中国农业昆虫生态调节服务价值估算

昆虫是生物多样性最丰富的物种类群,其在维持生态系统功能,维系并保持着自然界的生态平衡,满足人类需求中的具有重要作用。讨论了昆虫生态服务价值的定量估算方法,基于2007年统计数据,计算了我国农牧业生产中昆虫传粉功能、天敌昆虫控害功能和分解作用的服务价值。结果表明,昆虫在我国农业生产中传粉服务价值为6790.30×108元,占其当年农作物生产总经济价值的54.05%;天敌昆虫的控害服务价值为2621.00×108元,占其当年重要作物总经济价值的9.09%;分解昆虫(甲虫)对牧场牛羊排泄物的分解作用的价值远超过90.84×108元。由此估计出了我国2007年农业昆虫生态调节服务总价值超过9502.14×108元,相当于当年国内生产总值GDP的3.7%。显示昆虫所产生的生态调节服务价值,与我国森林或草地生态系统的直接和间接服务价值处于同一数量级,同样具有巨大的经济价值。为保护与利用昆虫生物多样性,发挥其生态服务功能奠定了基础。     

崇明环岛湿地生态服务价值核算及其不确定性

针对崇明环岛湿地的特点建立了相应的指标体系,评估了其生态系统服务价值。结果表明,2017年崇明环岛湿地的生态服务价值为151.8亿元。其中,文化服务价值最高,为104.2亿元;调节服务和产品提供分别为46.72亿元和0.87亿元。文化服务价值在总价值中占比69%,表明崇明环岛湿地旅游产业潜力巨大。在对湿地生态价值评估过程中,由于数据获取的限制、计算方法选择等的影响,评估结果存在不确定性。服务量的时空异质性、社会经济因素导致的支付意愿偏差等都会对价值核算产生影响。本文从服务供给、支付意愿及技术方法方面进行了讨论,并提出改进方向,为将来评估方法的改进提供参考。     

基于固碳服务供需视角的河南省碳平衡研究

土地利用变化影响陆地系统碳循环过程。在实现碳中和目标的背景下,分析区域碳平衡,优化土地利用结构具有现实意义。以河南省为例,以1 km网格为单元,应用InVEST碳固存模块、IPCC碳排放核算、人口密度法等方法,研究1995、2005、2015年区域碳平衡的时空变化。结果表明,研究区固碳服务的供需量与土地利用类型密切相关。固碳服务的供需在空间存在错配关系,即需求高的地区通常具有较低的供给。研究时段内,研究区的总碳固量逐年下降,总碳排放量逐年增加,研究区碳平衡表现为整体向好,局部恶化的情况。在碳平衡分析的基础上提出了空间优化利用建议,可为未来国土空间规划碳平衡目标的实现提供参考。     

Ecosystem services and their values: a case study in the Qinba mountains of China

Terrestrial ecosystem services can provide both direct and indirect economic benefits. In this case study, we estimated the annual economic value of some ecosystem services provided by terrestrial ecosystems in the Qinba mountains of Shaanxi Province of China, using both simulation models and a geographic information system that helps to analyze the effect of ecological factors on ecosystem functions. With respect to differences in vegetation types and their coverage, by combining the latest research, and using theory and methods for the value of terrestrial ecosystem services, we not only calculated goods produced by different types of vegetation but also estimated the value of various terrestrial ecosystem services. We also set up a database and an eco-account of a terrestrial ecosystem. The ecosystem services assessed relate to the following aspects: the vegetations primary productivity, soil and fertility conservation, water conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen supply. The total economic value of terrestrial ecosystem services in the Qinba mountains was estimated to be 968.33 billion renminbi per year, and represents a part of the actual ecosystem services. In addition, we analyzed the spatial distribution of the vegetation based on the economic values of the terrestrial ecosystem services. Our findings can contribute to the conservation of these terrestrial ecosystems and the effective use of these ecosystem services.     

Risk Assessment and Risk Management: An Essential Integration

The integration of Risk Assessment and Risk Management is a necessary step in environmental regulation. The compromises involved in the Risk Management process can not be allowed to violate the scientific integrity of the Risk Assessment. The inclusion of a cost/benefit analysis necessitates the valuation of ecological processes. These values are based on the costs of replacement in volume, in kind, and in place. The Risk Management is then presented as a Rolling Stewardship where Risk Management is balanced with Cash Management.     

草地土壤固碳潜力研究进展

土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力已成为全球气候变化和陆地生态系统研究的重点。草地土壤有机碳库,作为陆地土壤有机碳库的重要组成部分,其较小幅度的波动,将会影响整个陆地生态系统碳循环,进而影响全球气候变化。因此,深入研究草地土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力对于适应和减缓气候变化具有重要意义。在土壤固碳潜力相关概念界定基础上,结合《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》,从样点及区域尺度上综述了目前关于草地土壤固碳潜力的一般估算方法,同时对各类方法的特点及适用性进行了评述,提出了草地生态系统固碳潜力研究概念模型。最后在对草地土壤固碳的影响因素及固碳措施总结的基础上,阐明了草地土壤有机碳固定研究中存在的问题和发展前景。     

Parasitoid diversity reduces the variability in pest control services across time on farms

Recent declines in biodiversity have increased interest in the link between biodiversity and the provision and sustainability of ecosystem services across space and time. We mapped the complex network of interactions between herbivores and parasitoids to examine the relationship between parasitoid species richness, functional group diversity and the provision of natural pest control services. Quantitative food webs were constructed for 10 organic and 10 conventional farms. Parasitoid species richness varied from 26 to 58 species and we found a significant positive relationship between parasitoid species richness and temporal stability in parasitism rates. Higher species richness was associated with lower variation in parasitism rate. A functional group analysis showed significantly greater parasitoid species complementarity on organic farms, with on average more species in each functional group. We simulated parasitoid removal to predict whether organic farms experienced greater robustness of parasitism in the face of local extinctions. This analysis showed no consistent differences between the organic and conventional farm pairs in terms of loss of pest control service. Finally, it was found that the different habitats that make up each farm do not contribute equally to parasitoid species diversity, and that hedgerows produced more parasitoid species, significantly more so on organic farms.     

Optimal Investment in Multi-species Protection: Interacting Species and Ecosystem Health

This article uses an ecological-economic approach to study optimal investment in multi-species protection when species interact in an ecosystem. The analysis is based on a model of stochastic species extinction in which survival probabilities are interdependent. Individual species protection plans can increase a species survival probability within certain limits and contingent upon the existence or absence of other species. Protection plans are costly and the conservation budget is fixed. It is assumed that human well-being depends solely on the services provided by one particular species, but other species contribute to overall ecosystem functioning and thus influence the first species survival probability. One result is that it may be optimal to invest in the protection of those species that do not directly contribute to human well-being, even if biological conservation decisions are exclusively derived from such a utilitarian framework. Another result is that the rank ordering of spending priorities among different species protection plans, as obtained under the assumption of independent species, may be completely reversed by taking species interaction into account. The conclusion is that effective species protection should go beyond targeting individual species, and consider species relations within whole ecosystems as well as overall ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem health is identified as a necessary prerequisite for successful species protection in situ.     

Valuing mangrove ecosystem services: linking nutrient retention function of mangrove forests to enhanced agroecosystem production

Mangroves are highly productive wetland ecosystems strategically located at the interface between land and sea. They play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of the coastal environment, acting as sources of nutrients to adjacent marine and terrestrial ecosystems through active and passive transport. We examined the nutrient contents in mangrove and nonmangrove soils in and around the Bhitarkanika National Park, India and assessed whether the local agricultural producers were aware of and placed a value on this contribution of mangrove forests in enhancing agroecosystem productivity. Soil samples from both mangrove and nonmangrove areas were analysed and quantity of organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium were derived. The replacement cost method was used to derive the value of nutrients in mangrove soils. We estimated that each hectare of mangrove contains additional nutrients worth US$232.49 in comparison to nonmangrove areas. The difference in nutrient content in mangrove versus nonmangrove areas gave the value of US$3.37 million for the nutrients in 145 km² of mangrove forests. The agricultural producers were aware that mangrove forests act as a source of nutrients and were willing to pay a higher price for the land adjoining mangrove forests. Around 92% of the producers ranked nutrient retention as a secondary function of mangrove forests. Despite crop depredation from wild ungulates and conflict with salt water crocodiles the agriculturist finds the benefit to cost ratio of mangrove forests high and more than 76% were in favour of mangrove restoration. This study provides an opportunity to highlight the importance of mangrove ecosystems to the livelihoods of the local people and the urgent need to sustain these through proper policy and market interventions.     

农田生态系统土壤有机碳库及其影响因子

土壤有机碳(SOC)的数量和质量在很大程度上与维持和提高土壤肥力密切相关。农田生态系统土壤碳库研究一直是农业、生态和环境领域的一个主要方向。土地利用、耕作、作物类型、种植密度、灌溉、施肥以及其他人为活动等,对农田生态系统土壤有机碳库的变化均能产生影响。本文综合评述了农田生态系统土壤有机碳库及其影响因子,土壤碳截获潜力,维持和提高土壤有机碳库的措施,以及农田土壤碳截获在温室气体减排及气候变化中的潜在作用等,最后提出了农田生态系统土壤有机碳库研究的主要方向。     

Adaptive Long-Term Monitoring of Soil Health in Metal Phytostabilization: Ecological Attributes and Ecosystem Services Based on Soil Microbial Parametersxs

Phytostabilization is a promising option for the remediation of metal contaminated soils which requires the implementation of long-term monitoring programs. We here propose to incorporate the paradigm of “adaptive monitoring”, which enables monitoring programs to evolve iteratively as new information emerges and research questions change, to metal phytostabilization. Posing good questions that cover the chemical, toxicological and ecological concerns associated to metal contaminated soils is critical for an efficient long-term phytostabilization monitoring program. Regarding the ecological concerns, soil microbial parameters are most valuable indicators of the effectiveness of metal phytostabilization processes in terms of recovery of soil health. We suggest to group soil microbial parameters in higher-level categories such as “ecological attributes” (vigor, organization, stability) or “ecosystem services” in order to facilitate interpretation and, most importantly, to provide long-term phytostabilization monitoring programs with the required stability through time against changes in techniques, methods, interests, etc. that will inevitably occur during the monitoring program. Finally, a Phytostabilization Monitoring Card, based on both ecological attributes and ecosystem services, for soil microbial properties is provided.