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1.
In vitro antifungal activities of voriconazole and reference agents as determined by NCCLS methods: Review of the literature 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Voriconazole (Vfend™) is a new triazole that currently is undergoing phase III clinical trials. This review summarizes the
published data obtained by NCCLS methods on the in vitro antifungal activity of voriconazole in comparison to itraconazole,
amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole and flucytosine. Voriconazole had fungistatic activity against most yeasts and yeastlike
species (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs] <2 μg/ml) that was similar or superior to those of fluconazole, amphotericin
B, and itraconazole. Against Candida glabrata and C. krusei, voriconazole MIC ranges were 0.03 to 8 and 0.01 to >4 μg/ml, respectively. For four of the six Aspergillus spp. evaluated, voriconazole MICs (< 0.03 to 2 μg/ml) were lower than amphotericin B (0.25 to 4 μg/ml) and similar to itraconazole
MICs. Voriconazole fungistatic activity against Fusarium spp. has been variable. Against F. oxysporum and solani, most studies showed MICs ranging from 0.25 to 8 μg/ml. Voriconazole had excellent fungistatic activity against five of the
six species of dimorphic fungi evaluated (MIC90s < 1.0 μg/ml). The exception was Sporothrix schenckii (MIC90s and geometric mean MICs ≥ 8 μg/ml). Only amphotericin B had good fungistatic activity against the Zygomycetes species (voriconazole
MICs ranged from 2 to >32 μg/ml). Voriconazole showed excellent in vitro activity (MICs < 0.03 to 1.0 μg/ml) against most
of the 50 species of dematiaceous fungi tested, but the activity of all the agents was poor against most isolates of Scedosporium prolificans and Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (Phialophora parasitica). Voriconazole had fungicidal activity against most Aspergillus spp., B. dermatitidis, and some dematiaceous fungi. In vitro/in vivo correlations should aid in the interpretation of these results.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Ferreira Nunes AP Martins Teixeira L Reis Bastos CC de Souza Fonseca L Netto dos Santos KR 《Current microbiology》2002,44(6):385-390
Reports of staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides are cause for concern. This study evaluated the susceptibility
of 84 staphylococci clinical isolates to glycopeptides by the disk diffusion, agar dilution, E-test, and BHIA screening methods.
Vancomycin agar dilution showed all strains presented minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.5 to 2 μg/ml,
and the E-test showed similar results. Teicoplanin agar dilution test showed MICs ranging from ≤ 0.5 to 2 μg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and MICs ranging from <0.25 to 32 μg/ml for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). Ten CNS isolates presented MICs ranging from 8 to 32 μg/ml for agar dilution and/or E-test. All the staphylococci
were susceptible to vancomycin by the disk diffusion test (DDT), but two CNS isolates presented intermediate resistance to
teicoplanin by the DDT and MICs of susceptibility, with two other CNS strains, teicoplanin-susceptible by the DDT, presented
MICs of intermediate resistance. On the vancomycin-containing agar, 20 CNS isolates were able to grow, but no S. aureus strain. All these isolates showed MICs to teicoplanin (4–32 μg/ml) higher than those isolates that did not grow on the agar
screen plate. PFGE of chromosomal SmaI digests showed a wide diversity of these CNS strains, without any predominance of a single PFGE pattern.
Received: 25 May 2001 / Accepted: 9 July 2001 相似文献
3.
F. W. Wang Z. M. Hou C. R. Wang P. Li D. H. Shi 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(10):2143-2147
The metabolites of endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. from the leaf of Hopea hainanensis were reported for the first time. By bioassay-guided fractionation, the EtOAc extract of a solid-matrix steady culture of
this fungus afforded six compounds, which were identified through a combination of spectral and chemical methods (IR, MS,
1H- and 13C-NMR) to be monomethylsulochrin (1), rhizoctonic acid (2), asperfumoid (3), physcion (4), 7,8-dimethyl-iso-alloxazine (5) and 3,5-dichloro-p-anisic acid (6). Compounds 2, 3 and 6 were obtained from Penicillium sp. for the first time. All of the six isolates were subjected to in vitro bioactive assays including antifungal action against
three human pathogenic fungi Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus niger and cytotoxic activity against the human nasopharyngeal epidermoid tumor KB cell line and human liver cancer HepG2 cell line.
As a result, compounds 2–4 and 6 inhibited the growth of C. albicans with MICs of 40.0, 20.0, 50.0 and 15.0 μg/ml, respectively and the compound 6 showed growth inhibition against A. niger with MICs of 40.0 μg/ml. In addition, compounds 1–3 and 6 exhibited cytotoxic activity against KB cell line with IC50 value of 30.0, 20.0, 20.0, 5.0 μg/ml, respectively and against HepG2 cell line with IC50 value of 30.0, 25.0, 15.0, 10.0 μg/ml, respectively. 相似文献
4.
Although resistance of microorganisms to Hg(II) salts has been widely investigated and resistant strains have been reported
from many eubacterial genera, there are few reports of mercuric ion resistance in extremophilic microorganisms. Moderately
thermophilic mercury resistant bacteria were selected by growth at 62 °C on Luria agar containing HgCl2. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes of two isolates showed the closest matches to be with Bacillus pallidus and Ureibacillus thermosphaericus. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for HgCl2 were 80 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml for these isolates, respectively, compared to 10 μg/ml for B. pallidus H12 DSM3670, a mercury-sensitive control. The best-characterised mercury-resistant Bacillus strain, B. cereus RC607, had an MIC of 60 μg/ml. The new isolates had negligible mercuric reductase activity but removed Hg from the medium
by the formation of a black precipitate, identified as HgS by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. No volatile H2S was detected in the headspace of cultures in the absence or presence of Hg2+, and it is suggested that a new mechanism of Hg tolerance, based on the production of non-volatile thiol species, may have
potential for decontamination of solutions containing Hg2+ without production of toxic volatile H2S. 相似文献
5.
Joseph O. Rich Timothy D. Leathers Melinda S. NunnallyKenneth M. Bischoff 《Bioresource technology》2011,102(2):1124-1130
Bacterial contaminants from commercial fuel ethanol production facilities were previously shown to form biofilms as mixed cultures under laboratory conditions. In this study, a rapid assay was developed to simultaneously compare isolates for their ability to form biofilms as pure cultures. A total of 10 strains were isolated from a dry-grind fuel ethanol plant that routinely doses with virginiamycin. These were identified by sequence analysis as six strains of Lactobacillus fermentum, two strains of L. johnsonii, and one strain each of L. mucosae and L. amylovorus. Isolates exhibited a range of susceptibility to virginiamycin in a planktonic assay, with MIC’s (minimum inhibitory concentration) of ?0.5-16 μg/ml. Even though all strains were isolated from a mixed culture biofilm, they varied greatly in their ability to form biofilms as pure cultures. Surprisingly, growth as biofilms did not appear to provide resistance to virginiamycin, even if biofilms were grown for 144 h prior to antibiotic challenge. 相似文献
6.
Clinical isolates of Nocardia brasiliensis from Japan were classified into two groups based on their susceptibility to the carbapenem antibiotic, imipenem (IPM). Of
33 strains tested, 10 belonged to an IPM susceptible group, with MIC of from 0.25 to 2 εg/ml and a MIC80 value of 1.5 εg/ml for this antibiotic. The remaining 23 strains belonged to an IPMresistant group with MIC and MIC80 values of 8–16 εg/ml and >16 εg/ml, respectively. The type strain of N. brasiliensis belonged to this resistant group. Analysis of 16S rDNA genes sequences showed that the IPM susceptible group had characteristic
single nucleotide substitutions at positions 103 (T), 381 (A), and 456 (A), in contrast to the IPM resistant group. This grouping,
however, was not associated with their clinical manifestation. 相似文献
7.
Alireza Khodavandi Fahimeh Alizadeh Farzad Aala Zamberi Sekawi Pei Pei Chong 《Mycopathologia》2010,169(4):287-295
Candidiasis is a term describing infections by yeasts from the genus Candida, and the type of infection encompassed by candidiasis ranges from superficial to systemic. Treatment of such infections often
requires antifungals such as the azoles, but increased use of these drugs has led to selection of yeasts with increased resistance
to these drugs. In this study, we used allicin, an allyl sulfur derivative of garlic, to demonstrate both its intrinsic antifungal
activity and its synergy with the azoles, in the treatment of these yeasts in vitro. In this study, the MIC50 and MIC90 of allicin alone against six Candida spp. ranged from 0.05 to 25 μg/ml. However, when allicin was used in combination with fluconazole or ketoconazole, the MICs
were decreased in some isolates. Our results demonstrated the existing synergistic effect between allicin and azoles in some
of the Candida spp. such as C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, but synergy was not demonstrated in the majority of Candida spp. tested. Nonetheless, In vivo testing needs to be performed to support these findings. 相似文献
8.
The isolate from urine of a dog with cystitis was molecularly identified Candida tropicalis and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a microdilution method. The 25S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis
indicated that the clinical isolate was essentially identical to that of C. tropicalis and distinct from other Candida species. The MIC50 and the MIC90 of fluconazole (FLZ) for the clinical isolate of C. tropicalis was 6.25 and 25 μg/ml, respectively, indicating that susceptibility of the clinical isolate of C. tropicalis to FLZ was less than for other strains of C. tropicalis as well as C. albicans. The molecular analysis as presented in this study assisted the diagnosis of candidiasis by identifying the yeasts in urine
samples within 2 days. The patient dog, a 10-year-old male Shih Tzu dog (7.0 kg) referred for examination of cystitis was
successfully treated with itraconazole. 相似文献
9.
In vitro activity of a new triazole antifungal agent,Sch 56592, against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Sch 56592 is a new triazole derivative that possesses potent, broad-spectrum antifungal activity. We evaluated the in vitroactivity
of Sch 56592 compared with that of itraconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine against 51 clinical isolates of filamentous
fungi, including Aspergillus flavus(10), A. fumigatus(12), Fusariumspp. (13), Rhizopus spp. (6), Pseudallescheria boydii(5),
and one isolate each of Acremoniumspp., A. niger, A. terreus, Paecilomycesspp., and Trichodermaspp. In vitrosusceptibility
testing was performed using the microdilution broth method outlined in the NCCLS 27-A document. Sch 56592 was highly active
against A. flavus(MIC90, 0.25 μg/ml), A. fumigatus(MIC90, 0.12 μg/ml), P. boydii(MIC50, 1 μ/ml) and Rhizopusspp (M1C50, 1 μg/ml). By comparison with itraconazole, Sch 56592 was four- to eight-fold more active against isolates of Aspergillusand
both compounds showed equipotent in vitroactivity against P. boydiiand Rhizopusspp. Sch 56592 was four- to 16-fold more active
than amphotericin B against Aspergillusspp. and P. boydiiand both antifungal drugs displayed similar activity against Rhizopusspp.
Overall, Sch 56592 showed good in vitroactivity against all isolates tested (MIC, ≤ 2 μg/ml) except isolates of Fusarium(MIC
range, 1–>4 μg/ml). On the basis of these data Sch 56592 has promising activity against Aspergillus spp. and other species
of filamentous fungi that are likely to be encountered clinically. Additional in vitroand in vivostudies are warranted.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
The investigation was carried out to elucidate the molecular characteristics and resistant mechanisms of imipenem-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii. Thirty-seven isolates were collected from January 2007 to December 2007. The homology of the isolates was analyzed by both
pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The genes of β-lactamases, adeB, and class 1 integron were polymerase chain reaction amplified. Genotype analysis of the 37 A. baumannii isolates by PFGE revealed the circulation of four PFGE types (A-D); the A- and B-type accounted for 48.6% and 40.5%, respectively.
MLST showed the existence of three allelic profiles. The agar dilution method was carried out to determine the MIC of imipenem,
in the absence or presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP, 10 μg/ml). The MICs of the strains to imipenem
were between 16 μg/ml and 128 μg/ml. When CCCP was added, a MIC decrease of at least four-fold was observed in 20 isolates,
which belonged to the A- or C-type. AdeB and bla
PER-1 genes were each detected in 35 isolates, bla
OXA-23 gene in 34 isolates and bla
OXA-58-like gene in 24 isolates. All isolates harbored bla
OXA-51-like genes. No isolates carried the bla
IMP-1 gene. Integron was detected in 25 isolates, which mediated the resistance to aminoglycosides and rifampin. The epidemiologic
data suggested that the increasing infection of A. baumannii in our hospital was mainly caused by the inter-hospital spread of two epidemic clones. The AdeABC efflux system may be the
important factor that leads to the high level of imipenem-resistance in PFGE A-type. 相似文献
11.
Forty-six Rhizobium isolates from legume root and stem nodules were examined for their phosphate-solubilizing ability on Pikovskaya’s agar medium.
Rhizobium isolates from root nodules of Cassia absus, Vigna trilobata and three strains from Sesbania sesban showed zone of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) solubilization. The isolate from C. absus showed maximum solubilization (620 μg/ml) after 12 d of incubation, while the Rhizobium sp. strain 26 (from S. sesban) showed the least amount (150 μg/ml) of phosphate solubilization. Among the carbon sources tested for their ability to solubilize
TCP, maximum solubilization (620 μg/ml) was observed in glucose by Rhizobium isolate from C. absus. Phosphate solubilization increased with increase in glucose concentration steeply up to 2% and slowly
above this concentration in four isolates. Among the nitrogen sources tested, maximum solubilization (620 μg/ml) was observed
in ammonium sulphate by Rhizobium isolate from C. absus. 相似文献
12.
Min Zhang Xiaomin Hang Xiaobing Fan Daotang Li Hong Yang 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(1):7-14
Fourteen Lactobacillus strains of six species were investigated with their characteristics of bile salt tolerance, deconjugation of sodium taurocholate
and cholesterol removal in the spent broth. Meanwhile, a co-precipitation curve of cholesterol with cholic acid at concentrations
ranged 0.0–6.0 μM/ml was involved in the evaluation of cholesterol removal. Results demonstrated that both co-precipitation
and assimilation effects contributed to cholesterol removal during the incubation of these Lactobacillus strains. It was also indicated that the supplementation of bile salts influenced the cholesterol removal, not only as an
essential factor related to co-precipitation but also a critical condition for cholesterol assimilation. Out of all strains
tested, four L. plantarum strains LS12, LS31, Lp501 and Lp529 exhibited a high ability of cholesterol assimilation (maximum 20.76 μg/ml), deconjugation
of sodium taurocholate (maximum 5.00 μM/ml) and bile tolerance. They could be further studied and used as potential probiotics
strains to reduce serum cholesterol in humans 相似文献
13.
Acetylene reduction and indoleacetic acid production by Azospirillum isolates from Cactaceous plants
Azospirillum isolates were obtained from rhizosphere soil and roots of three cactaceae species growing under arid conditions.
All Azospirillum isolates from rhizosphere and roots ofStenocereus pruinosus andStenocereus stellatus were identified asA. brasilense; isolates of surface-sterilized roots fromOpuntia ficus-indica were bothA. brasilense andA. lipoferum. Azospirilla per g of fresh root in the three species ranged from 70×103 to 11×103. The most active strains in terms of C2H2 reduction (25–49.6 nmol/h·ml) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) production (36.5–77 μg/ml) were those identified asA. brasilense and isolated from Stenocereus roots.A. lipoferum isolated from Opuntia roots produced low amounts of IAA (6.5–17.5 μg/ml) and low C2H2-reduction activity (17.8–21.2 nmol/h·ml). 相似文献
14.
De S Kaur G Roy A Dogra G Kaushik R Yadav P Singh R Datta TK Goswami SL 《Indian journal of microbiology》2010,50(4):412-418
A simple, inexpensive and effective genomic DNA isolation procedure for Lactobacillus isolates from traditional Indian fermented milk (dahi) is described. A total of 269 Lactobacillus isolates from fermented milk collected from four places in North and west India were tested for lysis by an initial weakening
of the Gram positive cell wall with Ampicillin followed by Lysozyme treatment. The average genomic DNA yield was ~50 μg/ml
log phase culture. Quality and repeatability of the method was found to be adequate for subsequent molecular applications.
The quality of the genomic DNA isolated by this method was verified by restriction digestion and polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). No inhibition was observed in subsequent PCR amplification and restriction digestion. The presented method is rapid,
cheap and useful for routine DNA isolation from gram positive bacteria such as Lactobacillus. 相似文献
15.
Farzad Aala Umi Kalsom Yusuf Farida Jamal Alireza Khodavandi 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2010,26(12):2193-2198
Dermatophytes are a group of fungi able to invade keratinized tissues of humans and animals, causing dermatomycosis. Azole
antifungal drugs are commonly used in the treatment of dermatomycosis. However, this group of chemicals is known to cause
side effects in patients and due to increased use of these medications, azoles are known to cause drug resistance. Having
said this, the purpose of the present study was to investigate an alternative anti dermatophyte which is plant based. In this
study, allicin, which is a pure bioactive compound isolated from garlic, was tested for its potential as a treatment of dermatomycosis.
The study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of pure allicin used alone against ten isolates of Trichophyton rubrum and it was found that the MIC50 and MIC90 ranged from 0.78–25.0 μg/ml, whereas the MIC values for ketoconazole and fluconazole ranged from 0.25–8.0 and 1.0–32.0 μg/ml,
respectively, at 28°C for both 7 and 10 days incubation. On the other hand, time–kill studies revealed that the antifungicidal
effect of allicin became active within 12–24 h of management in vitro and that it was as good as that of ketoconazole. Finally,
most of the tested drug combinations demonstrated synergistic or additive interactions for all isolates for both 7 and 10 days
incubation at 28°C. In conclusion, when used alone, allicin showed very good potential as an antifungal compound against mycoses-causing
dermatophytes, performing better than the synthetic drug fluconazole and almost as good as ketoconazole. Furthermore, allicin
in combination with ketoconazole or with fluconazole frequently showed synergistic or additive interactions against dermatomycosis. 相似文献
16.
Wen Gu 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(9):1677-1683
A total of 48 strains were isolated from the normal tissues of Malus halliana and the EtOAc extracts of their cultures were subjected to primary antimicrobial screening against four test bacteria and
three fungi. As a result, 22 strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one test microbe. Among them, Alternaria brassicicola ML-P08 showing strong activity (MICs: 0.31–2.50 mg/ml) was selected for further investigation on its secondary metabolites.
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the EtOAc extract of its liquid culture afforded seven compounds, which were identified as
alternariol (1), alternariol 9-methyl ether (2), altechromone A (3), herbarin A (4), cerevisterol (5), 3β,5α-dihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (6) and 3β-hydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-5,8,22-trien-7-one (7), respectively, by spectral means (MS, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR). In vitro antimicrobial assay showed that compound 3 was substantially active against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Candida albicans with the MICs of 3.9, 3.9, 1.8, and 3.9 μg/ml, respectively. Compound 4 also showed pronounced antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and C. albicans with MICs of both 15.6 μg/ml. In addition, compound 1 exhibited strong xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 of 15.5 μM, comparable to that of positive control, allopurinol (IC50: 10.7 μM). 相似文献
17.
Morera-López Y Torres-Rodríguez JM Jiménez-Cabello T Baró-Tomás T Alía-Aponte C Lázera MS 《Mycopathologia》2005,160(1):9-14
Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) was isolated from 12 soil samples mixed with pigeon droppings (16.9%) from 71 soil samples in Barcelona and rural areas of Catalonia. C. neoformans was not isolated from indoor dust and Eucalyptus debris. PCR fingerprinting was performed in 22 representative isolates and all of them corresponded to the VNI pattern. Susceptibility testing for the 22 isolates of C. neoformans var. grubii showed that all of them were susceptible to amphotericin B. Three isolates presented MICs (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations) ≥ 1 μg/ml to Itraconazole, five MICs ≥ 1 μg/ml to ketoconazole and four were fluconazole resistant, (MICs ≥ 64 μg/ml), while three of them were shown to have MICs ≥ 1 μg/ml to voriconazole. In spite that all isolates presented the same DNA fingerprinting pattern, the susceptibility to antifungals is very variable. The possibility of acquiring cryptococcosis infection with primarily resistant environment strains is feasible. 相似文献
18.
Ping Su Anders Henriksson Christina Nilsson Hazel Mitchell 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(9):1837-1842
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a commercial green tea extract (TEAVIGO™) on the microbial growth of three
probiotic strains (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), as well as three pathogenic bacteria. MIC and co-culture studies were performed. The MICs of the green tea extract against
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (100 μg ml−1) were considerably lower than those against the probiotic strains tested (>800 μg ml−1) and Escherichia coli (800 μg ml−1). In co-culture studies, a synergistic effect of the probiotic strains and the green tea extract was observed against both
Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. Green tea extract in combination with probiotics significantly reduced the viable count of both pathogens at 4 h and by
24 h had completely abolished the recovery of viable Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. These reductions were more significant than the reductions induced by probiotics or green tea extracts used separately.
These results demonstrate the potential for combined therapy using the green tea extract plus probiotics on microbial infections
caused by Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. As probiotics and the green tea extract are derived from natural products, treatment with these agents may represent important
adjuncts to, or alternatives to, conventional antibiotic therapy. 相似文献
19.
Two inhibitors, aviglycine and propargylglycine, were tested for their ability to suppress methionine synthesis thus inhibit
conidial germination and mycelial growth of Czapek-Dox liquid medium grown Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. luffae
μM. The linear inhibition range for mycelial growth was about 7.6–762.9 μM. Although aviglycine did not completely inhibit both conidial germination and mycelial growth, it showed significant inhibitory
effect at 1.5 μM. The inhibition range for propargylglycine against conidial germination and mycelial growth were from 0.08 to 8841 μM and from 0.8 to 884.1 μM, respectively. Propargylglycine inhibited conidial germination and mycelial growth at a concentration of 8841 μM. The EC50 values of aviglycine were 1 μM for conidial growth and 122 μM for mycelial growth, and the EC50 values of propargylglycine were 47.7 μM for conidial growth and 55.6 μM for mycelial growth. Supplement of methionine released inhibition of aviglycine or propargylglycine to conidial germination.
In addition, a mixture of aviglycine (1.5 μM) and propargylglycine (8841 μM) showed additive inhibitive effect than applied alone on 10 isolates. From these results, both aviglycine and propargylglycine
exhibited inhibitory activity, and suggest that they can provide potential tools to design novel fungicide against fungal
pathogens. 相似文献
20.
Pistachio is a popular snack food. Aflatoxin contamination of pistachio nuts is a serious problem for many producing countries.
The development of biological control methods based on ecological parameters is an environmentally friendly approach. Thirty-eight
Aspergillus flavus isolates collected from a pistachio orchard in California (CA) were analyzed for production of aflatoxin (AF), cyclopiazonic
acid (CPA), vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), and mating types. All aflatoxigenic isolates produced both AFB1 and CPA. The most toxigenic one was CA28 which produced 164 μg AFB1 per 5 ml PDA fungal culture and small sclerotia (S strain, sclertoium size less than 400 μm). The other aflatoxigenic strains
produce AFB1 ranging from 1.2 μg to 80 μg per 5 ml fungal culture. Twenty-one percent of the CA isolates produced AFB1, 84% produced CPA and half formed sclerotia on at least one of three tested media. The 38 CA isolates formed 26 VCGs, 6 of
which had two or more isolates and 20 contained single isolates. The S strain isolates belong to 4 different VCGs. Genomic
profiling by a retrotransposon DNA probe revealed fingerprint patterns that were highly polymorphic. The predicted VCGs (Pred-VCGs)
based on a similarity coefficient >80% matched the VCGs of multiple isolates determined by complementation. All isolates within
a VCG had the same mating-type gene of either MAT1-1 or MAT1-2. Uncorrected and VCG-corrected MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 among the isolates were equally distributed. 相似文献