Schizophrenia and cancer: Is angiogenesis a missed link?

Cancer prevalence and risk in schizophrenia (SZ) patients, as well as their implicated molecular pathways, is a debate that has become increasingly appreciated, despite lacking evidence. Since angiogenesis is imbalanced in both conditions, a non-systematic review of the existing literature using the PubMed database was performed to summarize current knowledge and to elucidate hypothesis regarding the reduced incidence of cancer in SZ, exploring possible angiogenesis biology aspects that can be interrelated both with SZ and cancer. Some lines of evidence based in epidemiology, genetic, molecular and biochemical studies suggest a putative interplay between SZ pathophysiology and angiogenesis, involving different molecular pathways and also influencing cancer biology. Studying angiogenesis in SZ and its implications to cancer is an unexplored field that could provide more insightful knowledge regarding its pathophysiology and promote the development of treatment applications.     

Acoustic and magnetic communication in plants: Is it possible?

Over the last two decades, important insights into our understanding of plant ecology and the communicative nature of plants have not only confirmed the existence of a wide range of communication means used by plants, but most excitingly have indicated that more modalities remain to be discovered. In fact, we have recently found that seeds and seedlings of the chili plant, Capsicum annuum, are able to sense neighbors and identify relatives using alternative mechanisms beyond previously studied channels of plant communication. In this addendum, we offer a hypothetical mechanistic explanation as to how plants may do this by quantum-assisted magnetic and/or acoustic sensing and signaling. If proven correct, this hypothesis prompts for a re-interpretation of our current understanding of plasticity in germination and growth of plants and more generally, calls for developing a new perspective of these biological phenomena.     

Lysine: Is it worth more?

Lysine, an essential cationic amino acid, has a positively charged R group. The structure of lysine is given as (H₃N⁺-)CH(-COO^-)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-N⁺H₃.While the anabolic role(s) of the molecule has been in focus for quite a few decades now, its biological properties, e.g. role in cellular proliferation in vitro (both anchorage dependent and anchorage independent) and in vivo, its ability to induce strong inflammatory and immune responses - both humoral and cell mediated, its role in augmented healing of all types of wounds in animal models as well as in human subjects (both acute and chronic), as well as its role in inducing extensive angiogenic responses, have never received reasonable attention so far. In the current brief and indicative review (rather than exhaustive reviews of each area), we intend to bring these biological properties of the molecule to focus while discussing a few other interesting aspects - lysine as a food preservative as well as its possible role(s) in immune therapy. While the areas look extremely divergent, we propose a common denominator in the form of a possible molecular mechanism of action of the molecule in all these diverse situations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Is it functional?

This report describes the first scientific meeting of the British Society for Proteome Research (BSPR), which was organised jointly with the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) and held in July 2004. The focus of the conference was functional proteomics with an emphasis on possible clinical application. The main subjects described here are: the need to simplify samples, the use of biological fluids versus tissue, consideration of biological and experimental variation and the creation of databases to achieve meaningful functional analysis.     

Nuclear architecture: Is it important for genome function and can we prove it?

Gene regulation in higher eukaryotes has been shown to involve regulatory sites, such as promoters and enhancers which act at the level of individual genes, and mechanisms which control the functional state of gene clusters. A fundamental question is whether additional levels of genome control exist. Nuclear organization and large-scale chromatin structure may constitute such a level and play an important role in the cell-type specific orchestration of the expression of thousands of genes in eukaryotic cells. Numerous observations indicate a tight correlation between genome activity and nuclear and large-scale chromatin structure. However, causal relationships are rare. Here we explore how these might be uncovered.     

Renal organogenesis: What can it tell us about renal repair and regeneration?

The increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the absence of new treatment modalities has become a strong driver for innovation in nephrology. An increasing understanding of stem cell biology has kindled the prospects of regenerative options for kidney disease. However, the kidney itself is not a regenerative organ, as all the nephrons are formed during embryonic development. Here, we will investigate advances in the molecular genetics of renal organogenesis, including what this can tell us about lineage relationships, and discuss how this may serve to inform us about both the normal processes of renal repair and options for regenerative therapies.     

Donor vigilance: What are we doing about it?

Donor vigilance is the systematic monitoring of adverse reactions and incidents in blood donor care with a view to improving quality and safety for blood donors. Standard international definitions are available for surveillance purposes. In recent years advances have been made in determining risk factors for vasovagal and other adverse reactions to blood donation as well as in evaluating preventive measures. Blood establishments should record all adverse reactions in blood donors. Besides its use for individual donor care, this information can be reviewed within and between organisations to guide policy decisions and research for improving donor care.     

Water? What's so special about it?

What is so special about water? Why does it have the properties it has, and how might these reasons be relevant to its apparent biological importance? By exploring the structure and dynamics of water, from the isolated molecule and its interactions, through its many crystalline phases and to its so-called anomalous liquid phase, some of its apparently unusual behaviour is rationalized. The way in which it interacts with some relatively simple interfaces is also discussed. As a result of this exploration, a checklist of possible molecular-level reasons for its biological importance is devised.     

Condition and growth of reef fish at settlement: Is it important?

Abstract The incorporation of information on the phenotypic attributes and performance offish into models of population dynamics may greatly enhance our ability to predict population change. To date, reef-fish research has concentrated on numerical aspects of the recruitment process, with little attention to the quality of recruits. Information reviewed here suggests that the attributes of individual fish, be they related to fish size, performance or condition at the end of the larval phase, may markedly influence the dynamics of the demersal life stages. This review briefly explores the levels of variability in some aspects of fish condition at settlement, the mechanisms by which this variability is enhanced or affected by density-dependent processes, and the ramifications of this phenotypic variability for the persistence of cohorts.     

Is it a revolution?

Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence properties is also discussed.

Hyponatremia: Is it related to the seasons?

BackgroundHyponatremia is a common electrolyte disorder in inpatients related to morbidity and mortality. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there is a relationship between the incidence of hyponatremia and the seasons among the patients hospitalized in our nephrology department.MethodsThe inpatients in our Nephrology Department between 2012 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients with serum sodium levels below 135 mmol/L were included in the study. Hyponatremia incidence was calculated as the proportion of inpatients with low sodium levels in a season to the total number of inpatients in the same season.ResultsOut of 1950 inpatients in four years, 509 were found to have hyponatremia (26.1%). The mean serum sodium level of the patients was 129.7±4.7 mmol/L. Hyponatremia incidences in autumn, winter, spring, and summer were found to be 28.7%, 15.4%, 20.4%, and 36.6%, respectively. Upon comparing the incidence of hyponatremia in patients hospitalized in winter and summer seasons, there was a significantly higher incidence of hyponatremia in summer (p<0.001). We found a positive correlation between hyponatremia incidence and temperature (r=0.867, p=0.001). However, there was a negative correlation between hyponatremia incidence and relative humidity (r=-0.735, p=0.001).ConclusionsThe highest hyponatremia incidence was observed in summer in a four-year period. Loss of sodium by perspiration, along with increased temperature and/or excessive hypotonic fluid intake, might contribute to the development of hyponatremia.     

Stereum sanguinolentum: Is it an amphithallic basidiomycete?

Monobasidiospore isolates were prepared from basidiocarps of Stereum sanguinolentum. Five isolates per basidiome were paired with each other and with isolates from the trama. Interbasidiome pairings of the trama isolates and of a selection of single-spore isolates also were performed. Thin sections of the hymenium were stained with DAPI and examined by fluorescence microscopy to study the nuclei in the basidia. Spore prints were stained with DAPI to count the number of nuclei per spore. SEM was used to determine the number of basidiospores per basidium. All intrabasidiome pairings were compatible. In contrast, interbasidiome pairings, except one, were incompatible, independent of whether single-spore or trama isolates were paired. Fertile basidiomes were formed in single-basidiospore cultures. Basidia were regularly four-spored. On average, 5% of the basidiospores possessed one nucleus, 82% two, 2% three and 1% four nuclei. Ten percent of the spores appeared to be empty. Karyogamy, meiosis and postmeiotic mitosis were observed in the basidia. Nuclei resulting directly from meiosis, i.e., without having undergone postmeiotic mitosis, sometimes were observed in the sterigmata or spore primordia. The high number of vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) of S. sanguinolentum observed in this study and earlier studies is difficult to explain without sexual or parasexual recombination. We suppose that the majority of spores with ≥2 nuclei are amphithallic, possessing at least one nucleus of each mating type. Recombination could occur by exchange of nuclei among VCGs via anastomoses between homothallic compartments. Transfer of nuclei from heterothallic to homothallic mycelia or matings between homothallic mycelia, which originate from monokaryotic spores, might be other paths for gene exchange.