大亚湾冬季不同粒级浮游生物的氮稳定同位素特征及其与生物量的关系

生物量在营养级上的分布作为一种生态系统的指示指标,可以指示因人类干扰和环境变化导致的生态系统的改变,揭示生态系统功能的差异性。调查了冬季大亚湾不同区域各粒级浮游生物的生物量大小及其氮稳定同位素丰度比值(δ¹⁵N)与环境因子的关系,通过构建营养级谱比较了大亚湾不同区域浮游食物网结构的差异。研究结果显示,浮游生物的δ¹⁵N值基本随着粒径的增大而增加,但100-212 μm粒级的δ¹⁵N值为5.08‰,略低于1.2-100 μm粒级的5.58‰。> 500 μm 粒级的δ¹⁵N值最大,平均为8.16‰。在湾口和敞水带的S1、S9站各粒级的δ¹⁵N都要小于其他站位,而各粒级δ¹⁵N的最大值一般都出现在湾底的S8站。在各粒级颗粒物中,1.2-100 μm粒级的δ¹⁵N最适合用来指示水体的环境状况,受陆源输入影响较小的海域的δ¹⁵N值小。生物量与氮稳定同位素构建的营养级谱的斜率与总溶解氮的浓度和氮磷比呈显著负相关关系。处于湾口的站位的营养级谱的谱线要更陡峭一些,表明该处捕食者/被捕食者的比率更低。     

应用稳定同位素技术构建胶州湾食物网的连续营养谱

根据2011年春季和秋季在胶州湾进行的渔业资源综合调查,应用稳定同位素示踪技术,分析了胶州湾主要渔业生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ13C,δ15N),并计算其营养级,进而构建胶州湾食物网的连续营养谱。分析的生物种类包括浮游植物、浮游动物、大型无脊椎动物和鱼类,其生物量之和占总渔获量的95%。结果表明,胶州湾食物网的δ13C值范围是-25.63‰—-17.16‰,跨度为8.47‰,平均值为(-19.42±1.80)‰;δ15N值范围是4.15‰—14.11‰,跨度为9.96‰,平均值为(11.98±1.77)‰。胶州湾食物网中的主要生物种类可以划分为4个营养组群,即初级生产者、初级消费者、次级消费者以及顶级捕食者。δ15N值分析显示,胶州湾主要生物种类的营养级范围是1.10—4.03。与文献中基于胃含物分析计算的营养级相比较,37个种类中有29种的营养级分析结果基本一致(在0.5个营养级的误差范围之内)。因此,氮稳定同位素法是一种研究水生生态系统食物网营养位置的有效方法。其中,有8种鱼类的营养级与历史文献相比有所下降,分析方法的不同可能是原因之一,此外,这些鱼种摄食饵料生物营养级的下降也是导致其营养级降低的另一个主要原因。根据营养级计算的结果,构建了胶州湾食物网的连续营养谱,胶州湾食物网中,绝大多数生物种类都属于初级和中级肉食性种类。     

基于稳定同位素技术的长湖鱼类营养结构研究

本研究应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析了2017年秋季（10月）和2018年春季（3月）湖北省荆州长湖鱼类营养结构特征,构建了δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N稳定同位素双位图,并计算了7个相关的量化指标。结果显示：所采集的16种鱼类,δ¹³C均值范围为（-27.7±0.8）‰~（-24.8±0.1）‰,δ¹⁵N的均值范围为（11.4±0.3）‰~（16.6±0.5）‰。营养生态位分析显示,长湖鱼类以偏肉食性鱼类黄颡鱼的营养级最高（3.28±0.2）,草鱼的营养级最低（1.74±0.1）。稳定同位素的量化指标表明,长湖春季鱼类群落核心生态位空间（standard ellipse area, SEA）、生态位总空间（total area, TA）和基础食物来源（δ¹³C range, CR）均高于秋季,两个季度的营养多样性（centrifugal distance, CD）和鱼类群落的整体密度（mean nearest neighbor distance, MNND）相似,但春季的营养长度（δ¹⁵N range, NR）和鱼类群落营养生态位分布范围（standard deviation of nearest neighbor distance, SDNND）值低于秋季。说明春季长湖的生态位总空间（TA上升）和基础食物来源（CR上升）较为丰富,但因鱼类种类的食性相近,其群落的总食物链降低（NR下降）。该研究可为分析拆围后长湖鱼类群落结构特征积累基础数据,也为长湖的渔业管理策略提供依据。     

黄河口近海海草床浮游-底栖营养传递特征

为了探寻海草床浮游-底栖营养传递耦合特征,于2017年7月对黄河口近海海草床碳源和消费者功能群进行样品采集和碳氮稳定同位素（δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N）测定,计算了消费者功能群的营养级,利用基于贝叶斯的稳定同位素混合模型定量化消费者功能群的食源组成,计算了消费者功能群的浮游、底栖营养贡献比例。结果表明：黄河口近海海草床的碳源和消费者功能群的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值均呈现显著性差异（P<0.05）,浮游碳源的δ¹³C值显著低于底栖碳源,消费者功能群的营养级范围为1.49-4.20。浮游动物和腹足类分别由浮游和底栖营养传递途径提供能量来源,其余消费者功能群共同依赖于这两种营养传递路径。消费者功能群随着浮游营养贡献比例的增加,其δ¹³C值逐渐降低。反之,随着底栖营养贡献比例的增加,其δ¹³C值逐渐增加。这与浮游碳源和底栖碳源的δ¹³C值的分化现象一致。对该海草床营养传递特征的系统性定量化解析有助于了解海草床的能量传递模式,为海草床的生态保护和修复提供系统性视角。     

三峡库区小江库湾鱼类食物网的稳定C、N同位素分析

应用稳定碳(δ₁₃C)、氮(δ₁₅N)同位素探讨了三峡库区一级支流小江库湾枯水期(2010.7)和丰水期间(2010.12)鱼类食物网结构。研究结果显示：初级生产者颗粒有机物(POM)和固着藻类δ₁₃C、δ₁₅N值范围分别为-23.33‰～-21.05‰、-25.13‰～-24.54‰,3.99‰～6.25‰、4.64‰～4.79‰。POM和固着藻类构成了小江库湾食物网能量的主要来源,其中丰水期间陆生营养物质输入是其食物网能量来源的一种重要补充途径。小江库湾常见鱼类食性可分为杂食偏植物食性、杂食偏动物食性及动物食性3种营养类群。在不同时期(枯水期和丰水期)小江库湾鱼类食物网营养级长度均有三级并且存在4种主要营养路径,表明了在三峡工程运行初期小江库湾已经形成了相对稳定的食物网结构。研究为小江库湾鱼类资源管理及生态系统恢复提供了一定的指导意义。     

珠江河口渔业生物稳定同位素营养级分析

于2015年8月采集珠江河口东、西口门水域39种主要渔获物(30种鱼类,5种虾类和4种贝类),分析其稳定碳、氮同位素组成(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)和营养级谱。结果表明:珠江口东口门水域主要渔业生物δ13C范围为-31.92‰~-19.34‰(均值-23.65‰),δ~(15)N值范围为9.57‰~17.14‰(均值13.48‰);西口门水域主要渔业生物δ~(13)C范围为-26.75‰~-16.36‰(均值-21.19‰),δ15N范围为9.01‰~16.49‰(均值12.72‰),两区域生物群落δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N均值差异显著(δ~(13)C:P0.001,δ~(15)N:P=0.036);对东、西口门两水域主要渔业生物群落营养级采用不同的基线生物计算,发现两水域生物群落营养级范围相近,范围为2.0~4.7,包括植食性、杂食性、低级肉食性、中级肉食性和高级肉食性5个类群;其中,底、顶端营养级生物种类少,而中间层次种类多;与Fishbase数据库记录比较发现,约43%的种类营养级均值位于Fishbase营养级范围内,约33%低于Fishbase低阈值,余下的23%高于Fishbase高阈值。初步建立了珠江河口主要渔业生物营养级谱,可为当地渔业资源的利用和管理提供依据。     

流溪河水库颗粒有机物及浮游动物碳、氮稳定同位素特征

为了解影响流溪河水库颗粒有机物(POM)碳和氮稳定同位素(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)变化的主要因素,及其与浮游动物δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N之间的关系,于2008年5月至12月份对POM及浮游动物的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N进行了研究。颗粒有机物碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C_POM)和氮稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N_POM)的季节性变化幅度分别为5.1‰和2.2‰,5月和7月份δ¹³C_POM较高,而在10月和12月份降低,这主要与降雨将大量外源有机物带入水库而引起的外源及内源有机物在POM组成上发生变化有关。δ¹⁵N_POM总体呈上升趋势,可能是由降雨引起的外源负荷、初级生产力、生物固氮等因素共同作用的结果。浮游动物的δ¹³C及δ¹⁵N总的变化趋势与POM的相似,也具有明显的季节性变化,食物来源的季节变化可能是造成其变化的主要原因。在5月份,浮游动物的食物来源为POM中δ¹³C较高的部分,也就是外源有机物,而在10月及12月份,其食物则可能主要为浮游植物。     

应用碳、氮稳定同位素研究稻田多个物种共存的食物网结构和营养级关系

稳定碳、氮同位素比值分析技术是研究生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的有效技术。δ13C值常用来分析消费者食物来源,δ15N值常用来确定生物在食物网中的营养位置。应用稳定同位素技术分析了稻-鱼(R-F)和稻-鱼-鸭(R-F-D)两种稻作方式下,稻田多个物种共存的食物网结构和营养级关系。结果表明,R-F中SOM的δ13C值为(-27.7±0.3)‰,与R-F-D(-27.4±0.4)‰,相差不大;R-F中POM的1δ3C值为(-27.4±0.8)‰,低于稻鱼鸭共生田(-26.7±0.5)‰;δ15N值计算发现R-F内浮游动物的营养级位置在2.24±0.16,鱼的营养级位置在3.07±0.26,均高于其在R-F-D内的营养级。在R-F-D内,由于鸭的引入,和R-F相比,鱼的营养级降低为2.63±0.13。     

马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖 δ13C值对气象因子的响应

通过测定亚热带马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值的连日变化,及其对天气变化过程的响应,研究δ¹³C值对短期天气变化动态的响应特征。结果显示,春季马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C日均值分别介于-26.81‰到-26.49‰之间,以及-29.26‰到-27.47‰之间,平均值分别为(-26.58±0.12)‰和(-28.67±0.65)‰。进一步分析表明,马尾松树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值与取样之前第4天的太阳辐射、水气压亏缺、相对湿度和空气温度显著相关(P≤0.05),杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值取样之前第3天的太阳辐射、水气压亏缺和相对湿度显著相关(P≤0.05),但与空气温度的相关性不显著(P≤0.05)。在所测定的环境因子中,太阳辐射是影响马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值的首要因素。当天降水事件可能导致马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值连日变化出现异常波动。马尾松和杉木韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值可以敏感记录短期天气变化动态。     

柴达木盆地白刺叶片δ13C与叶片和土壤养分指标的关系

在青海省柴达木盆地选择6个重要的唐古特白刺分布区域,通过测定不同白刺居群的叶片营养元素、土壤养分含量和叶片碳同位素组成δ¹³C,对比不同白刺居群间的叶片δ¹³C特征差异,并分析白刺叶片δ¹³C与地理位置信息及叶片营养和土壤养分含量指标的关系。结果显示:（1）白刺居群间叶片δ¹³C存在显著空间变异性,其叶片δ¹³C变化范围在-25.47‰~-27.66‰之间,平均为-26.66‰。(2）纬度、经度和海拔是白刺叶片δ¹³C重要影响因子,白刺叶片δ¹³C与纬度、经度和海拔分别呈极显著负相关,正相关和正相关关系（n=10）。（3）白刺叶片δ¹³C与叶片有机C含量、N、P、K含量总体均呈负相关关系,但仅叶片有机C含量达到极显著水平（n=30）,其余均未达到显著性水平（n=30）。（4）叶片δ¹³C与表层土壤（0~15 cm）有机质、全N、速效K含量呈极显著负相关关系（n=30）,与全P、碱解N和有效P含量呈显著负相关关系（n=30）,并与15~30 cm土壤有机质和全N含量显著负相关（n=30）,但叶片δ¹³C与30~45 cm土壤各化学指标相关性均不显著（n=30）。研究表明,环境因子纬度、经度、海拔,叶片有机C含量,以及立地土壤全N、全P、碱解N、有效P、速效K含量的变化均显著影响柴达木盆地唐古特白刺居群叶片δ¹³C值。     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Theoretical Study of Antagonists and Inhibitors of Mammalian Adenosine Deaminase: I. Adenosine and Its Aza- and Deazaanalogues

Aza- and deazaanalogues of adenosine, including their 1-protonated forms (except for that of 1-deazaadenosine), were studied by computer computation to find a relationship between their molecular structures and substrate properties for the mammalian adenosine deaminase. The atomic charge distribution and maps of the electrostatic potential around their van der Waals molecular surface were calculated for these compounds using the ab initio STO-3G method. The conformational studies are carried out by the MM⁺ method of molecular mechanics. The mechanism that determines the substrate selectivity of mammalian adenosine deaminase is discussed.     

Pericarp structure and phylogeny of theLamiaceae-Verbenaceae-complex

Pericarp structure was investigated in 158 species of the familiesLamiaceae andVerbenaceae. Data from 221 out of 262 genera ofLamiaceae s.l. and a few ofVerbenaceae s.str. were collected in a table. A cladistic analysis was performed on the basis of pericarp characters only. The abandonment of subfam.Pogostemonoideae as a taxonomic unit is considered. Examples of groups given additional support by similarities in pericarp characters are: (1) the gynobasic-styled labiates (subfamiliesPogostemonoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae); (2) aLamioideae-Pogostemonoideae-group; (3)Nepetoideae; (4) aWestringia-Hemigenia-Hemiandra-Microcorys group (in subfam.Chloranthoideae); (5) aLepechinia-Chaunostoma-group (inNepetoideae); (6) aPrunella-Cleonia-group (inNepetoideae).     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

Origin and development of Tool-making behavior in Africa and Asia

Around two-and-a-half million years ago, some hominid populations in Africa began to modify stones and bones in a manner that can be recognized by prehistorians as artifacts, and, by definition, produced the earliest identifiable archaeological record. It is likely that earlier hominid groups also may have had relatively rich tool-using behavioral repertoires similar to that seen in modern chimpanzees (McGrew, 1992), such tools may have been made of perishable materials or minimally modified and thus difficult to identify. This review will focus on the earliest archaeological traces and the spread of hominids out of Africa and into Eurasia.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Betulin Dinicotinate

The assignment of NMR resonances of lupane triterpenoids was refined by the example of 3O,28O-dinicotinoylbetulin, obtained by acylation of betulin. Hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antiinflammatory, reparative, and anti-HIV activities were found for the compound. In addition, it was demonstrated to have immunomodulatory activity, for the first time detected among lupane triterpenoids.     

Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina,Casuarina and Eucalyptus

The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.