游猎蛛在茶尺蠖高峰日的种间竞争作用

为了合理保护和充分利用天敌,明确茶园游猎蛛天敌捕食茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua hypulina的种间竞争力及其差异。本文运用通经分析法、灰色关联度分析法、竞争系数分析法及竞争强度指数分析法对龙井43、黄山大叶种、乌牛早、安吉白茶、平阳特早和农抗早6类茶园中茶尺蠖高峰日时的7种游猎蛛捕食茶尺蠖的种间竞争作用进行分析。结果表明,按相关系数比较,乌牛早茶园茶尺蠖与条纹蝇虎Plexippus setipet的相关系数为-0.888,平阳特早茶园茶尺蠖与三突花蟹蛛Misumenops tricuspidatus和斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes Sertatws的相关系数分别为0.981和-0.902,均达相关水平,天敌间鞍型花蟹蛛Xysticus ephippiafus、三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛Clubiona reichlini和斜纹猫蛛均与黑色跳蛛Plexippus paykulli相关,鞍型花蟹蛛、粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola和黑色跳蛛均与三突花蟹蛛相关。用灰色关联度法分析,与茶尺蠖数量上关系密切的前4种天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛、粽管巢蛛、黑色跳蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛。按竞争系数大小...     

3种海拔高度茶园中2种害虫与其天敌间的数量和空间关系

用灰色系统分析法和生态位分析法对安徽省潜山县高、中、低3种海拔茶园中2种主要害虫与其天敌在数量和空间上的相互关系进行研讨,经综合排序得出:低海拔茶园假眼小绿叶蝉的主要天敌是锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛,中海拔茶园为八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和鞍型花蟹蛛,高海拔茶园为锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛和草间小黒蛛。低海拔茶园柑橘粉虱的主要天敌是八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和异色瓢虫,中海拔茶园为鞍型花蟹蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛,高海拔茶园为锥腹肖蛸、八点球腹蛛和斑管巢蛛。上述几种天敌与2种主要害虫在数量和空间上有显著的追随关系。不同海拔高度茶园中2种主要害虫的主要天敌种类存在差异。     

茶园害虫匮乏期天敌与蚊虫的空间关系

为了充分发挥中性昆虫蚊虫作为天敌的食饵替代物作用,科学地保护和利用自然天敌,2015年和2016年开展了合肥地区白毫早茶园和乌牛早茶园害虫匮乏时期(3—5月)的天敌与蚊虫之间的空间关系研究,运用地学统计学方法求得天敌和蚊虫各自的变程,用灰色关联度方法分析蚊虫与天敌变程的关联度,关联度值越大的天敌在空间上对蚊虫的跟随关系越密切。并分析茶树品种间及年度间天敌位次的变化。8种天敌中,白毫早茶园2015年与蚊虫空间跟随关系密切的前四位天敌是粽管巢蛛、八斑球腹蛛、三突花蟹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;2016年的是粽管巢蛛、茶色新圆蛛、锥腹肖蛸和三突花蟹蛛;两年间前四位天敌有3种相同,但位次不全相同。乌牛早茶园2015年与蚊虫空间跟随关系密切的前四位天敌是八斑球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛、锥腹肖蛸和三突花蟹蛛;2016年的是三突花蟹蛛、粽管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛和茶色新圆蛛;两年间前四位天敌中有茶色新圆蛛和三突花蟹蛛2种相同。年度间天敌位次相异率为87.5%,茶树品种间天敌位次相异率为93.75%。按照天敌位次总和及按照天敌与蚊虫空间关系密切指数总和评判,两种茶园2015年和2016年3—5月份与蚊虫空间关系密切的前四位天敌均依次是粽管巢蛛、三突花蟹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和八斑球腹蛛。本文的结果为人为地促进优势种天敌建群,合理保护和利用自然天敌提供科学依据。     

不同海拔茶园害虫、天敌种群及其群落结构差异

为了明确不同海拔茶园之间害虫、天敌种群及其群落结构的差异,为茶园害虫综合防治提供科学依据,采用平行跳跃抽样调查方法分别对海拔698.6m,270m和46m的高、中、低海拔茶园进行调查,并进行方差分析,进而用新复极差法进行多重比较,结果表明,以样方为单位3种海拔中差异极显著的害虫是假眼小绿叶蝉、柑桔粉虱、茶短须螨、茶黄蓟马、琥珀广翅蜡蝉和绿螽蟖;差异极显著的天敌是八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸、日本球服蛛和茶色新圆蛛。数量居于3种海拔第一位的物种：高海拔茶园主要害虫为假眼小绿叶蝉、柑橘粉虱、茶短须螨和绿螽蟖,天敌为锥腹肖蛸蛛和八点球腹蛛;中海拔茶园害虫为茶黄蓟马和红蜡蚧,天敌为粽管巢蛛;低海拔茶园天敌为茶色新园蛛和日本球腹蛛。高海拔的主要害虫还有茶黄蓟马和琥珀广翅蜡蝉,主要天敌还有草间小黑蛛、茶色新圆蛛和日本球腹蛛;中海拔的主要害虫还有假眼小绿叶蝉和茶短须螨,主要天敌还有八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸、拟环纹狼蛛、三突花蟹蛛;低海拔的主要害虫有假眼小绿叶蝉、茶黄蓟马、柑桔粉虱和红蜡蚧,主要天敌还有八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸、草间小黑蛛、粽管巢蛛和异色瓢虫。3种海拔茶园之间节肢动物群落多样性指数、个体数和均匀度差异均极显著,物种数差异不显著,3种海拔茶园之间植食性昆虫亚群落的多样性和物种数差异均不显著,个体数和均匀度差异均极显著。3种海拔茶园之间天敌亚群落的多样性指数、物种数和个体数差异均极显著。总群落多样性指数和群落相对稳定性值均是低海拔茶园最大。     

不同年份油桃园三种主要害虫与其天敌的关系

为了科学施药,合理保护和利用自然天敌进行油桃害虫的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法、生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指数分析方法,对2008年及2009年春-夏季油桃园桃蚜、小绿叶蝉和山楂叶螨与其主要捕食性天敌在数量、时间和空间格局等方面关系进行分析,两年春-夏季综合排序的结果是,桃蚜主要捕食性天敌依次是黑带食蚜蝇、异色瓢虫、三突花蟹蛛;小绿叶蝉主要捕食性天敌依次为三突花蟹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和草间小黑蛛;山楂叶螨主要捕食性天敌依次为草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛和三突花蟹蛛。2008年秋季桃蚜的主要天敌依次是八斑球腹蛛、中华草蛉和锥腹肖蛸;小绿叶蝉的主要天敌依次是草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸和黑带食蚜蝇;山楂叶螨的主要天敌依次为八斑球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和中华草蛉。两年春-夏季之间3种害虫及天敌数量差异均不显著。     

茶园4种半翅目主要害虫与其捕食性天敌的关系

为了科学施药,合理利用和保护天敌进行假眼小绿叶蝉、通草粉虱、黑刺粉虱和茶蚜的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法,生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指标分析方法对潜山县茶园4种半翅目主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面进行分析,评判出害虫的主要天敌,与假眼小绿叶蝉数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和八点球腹蛛;时间上是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;空间上是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;把与假眼小绿叶蝉在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,和最小的即是第一位天敌,其综合排序得出假眼小绿叶蝉的主要捕食性天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛。与通草粉虱数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是锥腹肖蛸、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、龟纹瓢虫和八点球腹蛛;时间上是龟纹瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛和日本球腹蛛;空间上是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和三突花蟹蛛;把与通草粉虱在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出通草粉虱的是龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和异色瓢虫。与黑刺粉虱数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸、八点球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和鞍型花蟹蛛;时间上是草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸、异色瓢虫和斑管巢蛛;空间上是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、异色瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸和龟纹瓢虫;把与黑刺粉虱在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出黑刺粉虱的是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸、异色瓢虫和斑管巢蛛。与茶蚜数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是异色瓢虫、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和八点球腹蛛;时间上是日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;空间上是异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、、八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛;把与茶蚜在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出茶蚜的是异色瓢虫、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和茶色新圆蛛。4种害虫种群聚集均数λ均大于2,其聚集是害虫本身原因造成的,天敌的种群聚集均数λ均小于2,其聚集是环境因子所致。     

5种茶园秋冬季天敌与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系密切程度的差异

为了明确与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系密切的天敌种类,为合理利用和保护天敌提供科学依据。运用地学统计学分析方法计算白毫早茶园、黄山大叶种茶园、农抗早茶园、平阳特早茶园和乌牛早茶园秋冬季假眼小绿叶蝉和其主要6种天敌地统计学半变异函数的变程。使用灰色系统分析方法对计算结果进行灰色关联度分析,并对分析结果进行标准化。以标准化后的密切指数大小评判天敌与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系的密切程度。结果是：1）、黄山大叶种茶园和农抗早茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系密切的前3位天敌是粽管巢蛛、鳞纹肖蛸和斜纹猫蛛,但位次不同。2）、白毫早茶园前3位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸、斜纹猫蛛和锥腹肖蛸,前2种与黄山大叶种和农抗早茶园相同。3）、平阳特早茶园前3位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛和草间小黑蛛,前2种与黄山大叶种和农抗早茶园相同。4）、乌牛早茶园前3位天敌是粽管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛和三突花蟹蛛,只有粽管巢蛛与黄山大叶种和农抗早茶园相同。根据5种茶园同种天敌密切指数之和以及同种天敌位次之和评判,与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系密切的天敌均是鳞纹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛和斜纹猫蛛。天敌位次的变化主要是害虫和天敌数量之比的比值变化。害虫个体数与某种天敌个体数之比的比值越小,天敌与害虫的跟随关系则越密切。密切原因与食饵资源短缺有关。     

三种蔷薇科果树小绿叶蝉及捕食性天敌种群动态的比较

对3种果树小绿叶蝉及其天敌数量进行t检验得出,樱桃园与梨园之间,小绿叶蝉、异色瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸差异显著、三突花蟹蛛差异极显著,均是樱桃园多于梨园;樱桃园与杏园之间,三突花蟹蛛、草间小黑蛛差异显著,异色瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸差异基本显著,均是樱桃园多于杏园,小绿叶蝉差异基本显著,杏园多于樱桃园;梨园与杏园之间,草间小黑蛛和小绿叶蝉均差异显著,杏园多于梨园。采用灰色系统分析方法研究樱桃小绿叶蝉数量与其天敌个体数量关联度,结果是,关联度较高的天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸、草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛和中华草蛉,与理想优势种天敌数量关联度较高的天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛、异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛和中华草蛉;利用生态位分析方法分析的结果是,与小绿叶蝉时间生态位和空间生态位重叠指数较大的天敌依次是异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、三突花蟹蛛和锥腹肖蛸;与小绿叶蝉两种生态位相似性比例指数较大的天敌依次是异色瓢虫、三突花蟹蛛、草间小黑蛛和锥腹肖蛸。综合排序分析,前4位的天敌依次是异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、三突花蟹蛛和锥腹肖蛸。     

白毫早茶园3种害虫与其捕食性天敌的数量、时间和空间关系

为了合理利用和保护天敌进行卵形短须螨、双斑长跗萤叶甲和假眼小绿叶蝉的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法对合肥地区白毫早茶园3种主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间等方面关系进行分析,利用害虫与天敌关系密切指数之和综合评判9种天敌与3种害虫关系密切的前四位天敌。2015年卵形短须螨的前四位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸(5.3079)、三突花蟹蛛(5.1716)、锥腹肖蛸(4.8367)和草间小黑蛛(4.7869);2016年前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(5.3975)、鳞纹肖蛸(4.9414)、茶色新圆蛛(4.8757)、锥腹肖蛸(4.6815)。对两年结果综合分析,卵形短须螨的前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(10.5691)、鳞纹肖蛸(10.2493)、茶色新圆蛛(9.6353)和锥腹肖蛸(9.5182)。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.6926)、异色瓢虫(5.6976)、八斑球腹蛛(5.5101)和斜纹猫蛛(5.4552);2016年依次是茶色新圆蛛(5.2909)、锥腹肖蛸(5.2710)、鳞纹肖蛸(5.1063)和斜纹猫蛛(5.0703)。对两年结果综合评判,双...     

茶园卵形短须螨的优势种天敌研究

为了明确卵形短须螨的优势种天敌,为卵形短须螨的综合治理提供科学依据,运用灰色关联度法、地学统计方法和生态位方法,开展了乌牛早茶园和白毫早茶园年度间和茶树品种间天敌对卵形短须螨在数量、时间、空间关系上跟随关系密切程度差异的研究。对上述结果进行标准化,进行综合评判,据此明确卵形短须螨的优势种天敌。结果是,两年间乌牛早茶园卵形短须螨前四位天敌依次是草间小黑蛛、鳞纹肖蛸、斜纹猫蛛和茶色新圆蛛;白毫早茶园是三突花蟹蛛、茶色新圆蛛、鳞纹肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸。2015年两品种茶园卵形短须螨前四位相同的天敌是鳞纹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛、草间小黑蛛和锥腹肖蛸;2016年是斜纹猫蛛、三突花蟹蛛、鳞纹肖蛸和草间小黑蛛。对两品种茶园2015年和2016年卵形短须螨优势种天敌的综合评判,前四位天敌中相同的天敌是鳞纹肖蛸和茶色新圆蛛。此结果为利用自然天敌控制卵形短须螨提供了科学依据。     

子午岭天然油松林乔木层种内与种间竞争关系研究

采用改进的竞争指数模型研究了甘肃省子午岭天然油松林乔木层种内和种间竞争强度。结果发现:(1)随对象木胸径的增大,油松种群因自疏作用使植株距离增加,种内竞争强度降低。(2)油松群落内其它物种虽较多,但个体普遍较小,种间竞争相对较弱,种内与种间竞争关系顺序为:油松种内>辽东栎>漆树>春榆。(3)竞争强度与对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系,当油松胸径达25cm以上时,竞争强度变化不大,所得的预测模型能很好地预测油松种内和种间的竞争强度。(4)改进的竞争指数模型能很好地度量油松的种内和种间竞争强度。     

茂兰喀斯特区圆果化香的种内和种间竞争强度分析

为了探讨喀斯特区圆果化香(Platycarya longipes)群落内物种间的竞争关系,该研究通过对茂兰国家级自然保护区圆果化香群落内36株对象木及1502株竞争木的调查,结合Hegyi的单木竞争指数计算了喀斯特圆果化香的种内和种间竞争强度.结果显示:(1)圆果化香的种内竞争强度(387.05)显著高于其种间竞争强度...     

Variation in the relative magnitude of intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects in novel versus familiar environments in two<Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis> species

Models of competitor coevolution, especially the genetic feedback hypothesis, suggest that a negative correlation between intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects may be important in sustaining competitor coexistence, and can give rise to oscillatory dynamics with repeated reversals of competitive superiority. I reanalyzed previously published census data from an experiment in which populationsof Drosophila melanogaster andD. simulans underwent competitive coevolution in one familiar and two novel environments, to specifically look for any evidence of a negative relationship between intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects on population growth rates, and for any indication of short period cycling in the relative magnitude of intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects. While there was considerable variation in the relative magnitude of intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects over generations, among both populations and environments, there was no clear evidence supporting the genetic feedback hypothesis. Intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects on population growth rates were strongly positively correlated in novel environments, and uncorrelated in the familiar environment. Data from the familiar environment indicated that indices of competition of populations of the initially superior competitor,D. melanogaster, might be showing some cyclic behaviour, but I argue that this is likely to be transient, and not suggestive of sustained oscillatory dynamics predicted by the genetic feedback model. I discuss the results in the context of the importance of the genetic architecture of intraspecific and interspecific competitive abilities in determining the coevolutionary trajectory of competitive interactions.     

珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内种间竞争关系

该研究对四川省珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)种群的主要分布区进行调查,分析梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内和种间的竞争关系,探讨竞争强度与径级和距离之间的关系。结果表明:(1)梓叶槭胸径与树高之间存在显著的幂函数关系;种群径级结构呈正态分布,中小径级树木较多,高径级树木较少。(2)梓叶槭种内和种间竞争强度分别占总竞争强度(222.87)的15.16%和84.84%,说明竞争主要来自种间。(3)梓叶槭与主要伴生种之间的竞争强度大小依次为柳杉桢楠白栎刺楸灯台树桦木杉木厚朴光皮桦;对象木和竞争木距离与竞争指数之间较好地服从指数函数关系,当对象木与竞争木距离小于1m时,竞争指数可达到5.5,随着距离逐渐增加,其竞争指数相应降低,并最终趋于平缓。(4)竞争强度随对象木胸径的增大而减小,当对象木胸径小于20cm时,受到的竞争压力最大,竞争指数最大的分别是梓叶槭与整个林分(234.98)以及梓叶槭与种间(184.01);当对象木胸径小于10cm时,竞争指数均可以达到18;当对象木胸径大于20cm时,竞争强度变化很小且竞争指数较低;竞争强度与对象木胸径服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B)。(5)模型预测结果表明,随着梓叶槭胸径的增加,竞争指数均越来越小,竞争强度呈降低趋势;当梓叶槭胸径为0~5cm时,梓叶槭与整个林分受到的竞争强度最大,竞争指数为7.14,占总竞争强度的50%;当胸径大于20cm时,竞争指数变化不大;该模型能很好的预测梓叶槭种内和种间竞争强度。     

Colony-structure variation and interspecific competitive ability in the invasive Argentine ant

The success of some invasive species may depend on phenotypic changes that occur following introduction. In Argentine ants ( Linepithema humile) introduced populations typically lack intraspecific aggression, but native populations display such behavior commonly. We employ three approaches to examine how this behavioral shift might influence interspecific competitive ability. In a laboratory experiment, we reared colonies of Forelius mccooki with pairs of Argentine ant colonies that either did or did not exhibit intraspecific aggression. F. mccooki reared with intraspecifically non-aggressive pairs of Argentine ants produced fewer eggs, foraged less actively, and supported fewer living workers than those reared with intraspecifically aggressive pairs. At natural contact zones between competing colonies of L. humile and F. mccooki, the introduction of experimental Argentine ant colonies that fought with conspecific field colonies caused L. humile to abandon baits in the presence of F. mccooki, whereas the introduction of colonies that did not fight with field colonies of Argentine ants resulted in L. humile retaining possession of baits. Additional evidence for the potential importance of colony- structure variation comes from the Argentine ants native range. At a site along the Rio de la Plata in Argentina, we found an inverse relationship between ant richness and density of L. humile (apparently a function of local differences in colony structure) in two different years of sampling.     

Biases in the estimation of spatial egg aggregation and association based on emergence data

Spatial aggregation and association of conspecific and allospecific eggs over resource patches have often been estimated based on emergence data. However, intra-specific competition reduces the number of emergents of conspecifics, and inter-specific competition reduces the number of emergents of allospecifics, causing biases in the estimation of spatial distribution of eggs using emergence data. The present study investigated, by laboratory experiments using drosophilids and simulation models, how the use of emergence data causes such biases. In the laboratory experiments, females were allowed to oviposit over resource patches, and spatial aggregation and association of eggs were examined. The number of emergents from each resource patch was then estimated from the density-survival relationship, and spatial aggregation and association of emerging adults thus estimated were compared with those of eggs. In the simulation models, the spatial distributions of adults emerging from eggs that varied in their degree of spatial aggregation were evaluated under different intensities of intra- and/or inter-specific competition. Both laboratory experiments and simulations indicate that the use of emergence data always causes an underestimation of spatial aggregation and association of eggs. Relaxation of intra- and inter-specific competition by addition of extra resources would improve the estimation of spatial egg distribution based on emergence data.     

鹦哥岭海南五针松的种内和种间竞争

为了探讨海南五针松群落内物种间的竞争关系,该研究通过对海南鹦哥岭国家级自然保护区海南五针松群落内56株对象木及442株伴生种竞争木的调查,运用Hegyi的单木竞争模型分析其种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明:海南五针松的种内和种间竞争强度分别为31.31%和68.69%,说明竞争主要来自种间。海南五针松伴生种较多,种内与主要伴生种间的竞争关系为海南五针松线枝蒲桃海桐山矾五列木印度锥杏叶柯红鳞浦桃海南猴欢喜毛棉杜鹃浦桃木荷。竞争强度随海南五针松胸径的增大而减小,当海南五针松的胸径到达35 cm时,竞争强度变化很小,二者符合幂函数关系(CI=aD~b),所得模型能很好的预测海南五针松的种内和种间竞争强度。根据竞争模型预测,在海南五针松胸径达到35 cm之前,应对严重影响其生长的伴生种进行修枝或择伐,以保证其获得足够的生存资源,达到保护这一物种的目的。     

Salinity mediates the competitive interactions between invasive mosquitofish and an endangered fish

The interplay of abiotic factors and competition has a long history in ecology, although there are very few studies on the interaction of salinity and competition in fish. Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) are among the most invasive fish worldwide, with well documented ecological impacts on several taxa such as amphibians and small native fish. It has been previously hypothesized, based on field observations, that salinity limits the invasive success of mosquitofish and provides a competitive refuge for Mediterranean cyprinodonts. We experimentally tested this hypothesis by examining the agonistic behaviour and food competition between mosquitofish and an endangered native cyprinodont (Aphanius fasciatus) at three salinities (0, 15, 25‰). Intraspecific aggressive behaviour for both species was not significantly affected by salinity. As salinity increased, mosquitofish decreased their aggressive behaviour towards cyprinodonts and captured less prey. In contrast, the cyprinodonts did not change their behaviour with different salinity treatments, with the possible exception of increased defensive acts in higher salinities, but captured more prey with increasing salinity because of the reduced efficiency of mosquitofish. Our study confirms previous field observations that salinity limits the invasive success of mosquitofish and provides one of the few experimental demonstrations that it may mediate behavioural and competitive interactions between fish species. Condition-specific competition of mosquitofish might be expected with other species and ecosystems worldwide and illustrates the importance of integrating biotic and abiotic factors in the study of interspecific interactions.     

竞争强度变化对针阔混交林红松和水曲柳径向生长的影响

以3种间伐强度处理下(15%,30%和50%)针阔混交林内优势树种红松(Pinus koraiensis)和水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)为研究对象,基于3次复测数据和树轮宽度数据分析不同间伐强度处理下红松和水曲柳的竞争变化特征,探讨竞争环境变化对保留木径向生长的影响。结果表明,1)红松保留木竞争环境发生变化的单木比例随着间伐强度增加而有所下降,但竞争减弱的保留木所占比例与间伐强度正相关,重度间伐样地内竞争减弱的红松保留木所占比例最大达到63%。不同间伐强度下水曲柳保留木竞争环境发生变化的单木比例一致,竞争减弱的单木比例占50%。2)不同竞争环境的水曲柳保留木径向生长趋势基本一致,而红松保留木径向生长变化趋势有所不同。轻度和重度间伐样地内竞争减弱的红松保留木径向生长在间伐后均呈上升趋势,而中度间伐样地内竞争减弱的红松保留木和各样地竞争不变的红松保留木以及不同竞争强度下水曲柳保留木均在2013年和2014年(间伐后2年内)出现生长抑制,而在2015年(伐后第3年)得到促进。3)随着间伐强度上升,自2015年(伐后第3年)竞争减弱的红松保留木径向生长年增量明显增加,显著...     

Role of interspecific competition in the coexistence ofApodemus argenteus andA. speciosus (Rodentia: Muridae)

Reciprocal-removal experiments with two replicates were conducted to test for the role of interspecific competition in the coexistence ofApodemus argenteus andA. speciosus. Population density, rate of appearance of new (unmarked) individuals, reproduction, survival rate and habitat use were monitored during pre- and removal periods. In both removal experiments, the removal ofA. argenteus had little effect onA. speciosus, while that ofA. speciosus affected several population characteristics ofA. argenteus. Namely, the removal ofA. speciosus shifted the distribution ofA. argenteus to the habitat with a denser shrub cover in one experiment. Also, the removal increased the population densities and appearance rates of new individuals ofA. argenteus in another experiment. Interspecific interactions between the two species appeared to be a one-way action fromA. speciosus toA. argenteus. In removal periods in both experiments, the rates of appearance of new individuals in each species were the highest on the grid where that species was removed. These results suggest that, though interspecific competition occurred between the two species, intraspecific competition had greater effects than interspecific competition on the abundance and habitat use ofA. argenteus andA. speciosus. This implies that the fundamental niches ofA. argenteus andA. speciosus differ potentially, which may play an important role in the coexistence of the two species.