青藏高原高寒灌丛2003-2016年生长季的不同月份CO2通量对气温日较差的响应

全球气候变化引起的气温日较差（ADT）减小,将会对高寒生态系统的碳平衡造成深刻影响。基于涡度相关系统,利用2003-2016年的涡度相关系统观测资料,做了青藏高原高寒灌丛在生长季（6-9月）不同月份的ADT对CO₂通量影响的研究。结果表明：2003-2016年的生长季中,最高气温（MaxTa）和最低气温（MinTa）呈先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,ADT没有呈现明显的变化趋势。逐日总初级生产力（GPP）和生态系统呼吸（Re）呈先增加后降低的单峰趋势,逐日净生态系统CO₂交换（NEE）呈先下降后上升的"V"型变化趋势。高寒灌丛在生长季为碳汇,整个生长季总NEE、GPP和Re平均值分别为（-161.2±30.1）、（501.9±60.2）、（340.7±54.4） gCm^-2。在高寒灌丛生长季（6-9月）的每个月份,MaxTa、MinTa和ADT分别是GPP（P<0.001）、Re（P<0.001）和NEE（P<0.01）变化的主要控制因子。高寒灌丛的ADT的增大有利于生态系统的碳固持,暗示在未来气候变化背景下ADT的减小将会削弱高寒灌丛生态系统的碳汇能力。     

会仙岩溶湿地4种覆被下土壤酶活性和微生物生物量

研究湿地系统中的稻田被撂荒以后土壤酶活性和微生物生物量的变化可以为湿地的保护提供参考依据。以桂林会仙岩溶湿地为研究样地,采集芦苇湿地、华科拉莎草湿地、稻田撂荒地（以双穗雀稗和莲子草为优势植被）和稻田的耕层土壤样品,采用比色法和氯仿熏蒸法分别检测土壤酶活性和微生物生物量。结果表明,稻田撂荒地的土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）为（345.20±30.06） mg/kg,显著低于其它三种覆被下的土壤;微生物生物量氮（MBN）、微生物DNA、蔗糖酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性分别为（48.03±18.48） mg/kg、（5.65±1.48）μg/kg、（19.16±1.43） mg g^-1（24h）^-1和（2.20±0.94） mg g^-1（24h）^-1,均显著低于稻田,而与两种天然湿地没有显著差异。主成分分析表明,稻田撂荒地能与稻田明显分开,而与其它两种覆被土壤有所交叉。统计分析表明,MBC和碱性磷酸酶活性均与pH呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;MBN、蔗糖酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性均与土壤总有机碳（SOC）呈显著的正相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤微生物DNA与SOC、总氮（TN）和碱解氮（AN）均呈显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,与Mg²⁺呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。以上研究结果表明,会仙湿地中的稻田在撂荒以后,土壤微生物生物量和两种土壤酶活性显著降低,影响微生物生物量和土壤酶活性变化的主要因素是pH、SOC、TN、AN和Mg²⁺。因此,建议在稻田撂荒地上重新种植水稻,以加快会仙岩溶湿地的恢复过程。     

贝类壳-体质量比和静水沉降特性的相关性

软体动物贝壳表型是适应性进化的结果,为探究贝壳形态特性与软体动物随水流扩散功能的相关性,实验选取9种具代表性的腹足纲和双壳纲贝类作为研究对象,研究了其成体的壳-体质量比与静水沉降特性及二者的相关性。结果表明：体质量的变异系数（C.V.=1.11）大于壳长（C.V.=0.67）、壳宽（C.V.=0.54）的变异系数;壳-体质量比具较强的种属特异性,种内变异系数小（C.V.=0.20）,而种间差异极显著（P < 0.01）。受试贝类的平均壳-体质量比为0.32±0.13,陆生贝类的壳-体质量比显著小于水生贝类（P < 0.01）,壳-体质量比最大的河蚬（0.54±0.06）是最小的非洲大蜗牛（0.17±0.04）的3倍,福寿螺的壳-体质量比为0.50±0.06。双壳类和螺类的沉降行为差异明显,只有中华园田螺、铜锈环棱螺和河蚬不能在静水中漂浮;沉降速度最大的河蚬（（24.99±4.22）cm/s）是最小的椭圆萝卜螺（（4.13±0.96）cm/s）的6倍,入侵种非洲大蜗牛（（18.30±3.64）cm/s）和福寿螺（（21.77±5.23）cm/s）与土著种铜锈环棱螺（（19.48±3.14）cm/s）和中华园田螺（（21.44±3.92）cm/s）在沉降速度上无显著差异（P < 0.01）。成体贝类的壳-体质量比与沉降速度（R²=0.28）、沉降加速度（R²=0.39）之间存在一定的相关性。在此基础上,贝类沉降特性随生活史变化的研究将进一步揭示贝类进化与种群扩散中的生态水力学作用。     

不同恢复方式下大兴安岭重度火烧迹地林地土壤温室气体通量

为研究大兴安岭重度火烧迹地在不同恢复方式下林地土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放特征及其影响因素,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,在2017年生长季（6月-9月）对3种恢复方式（人工更新、天然更新和人工促进天然更新）林地土壤温室气体CO₂、CH₄、N₂O通量进行了原位观测。研究结果表明：（1）3种恢复方式林地土壤在生长季均为大气CO₂、N₂O的源,CH₄的汇;生长季林地土壤CO₂排放通量大小关系为人工促进天然更新（（634.40±246.52）mg m^-2 h^-1） > 人工更新（（603.63±213.22）mg m^-2 h^-1） > 天然更新（（575.81±244.12）mg m^-2 h^-1）,3种恢复方式间无显著差异;人工更新林地土壤CH₄吸收通量显著高于人工促进天然更新;天然更新林地土壤N₂O排放通量显著高于其他两种恢复方式。（2）土壤温度是影响3种恢复方式林地土壤温室气体通量的关键因素;土壤水分仅对人工更新林地土壤N₂O通量有极显著影响（P < 0.01）;3种恢复方式林地土壤CO₂通量与大气湿度具有极显著的响应（P < 0.01）;土壤pH仅与天然更新林地土壤CO₂通量显著相关（P < 0.05）;土壤全氮含量仅与人工促进天然更新林地土壤CH₄通量显著相关（P < 0.05）。（3）基于100年尺度,由3种温室气体计算全球增温潜势得出,人工促进天然更新（1.83×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²） > 人工更新（1.74×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²） > 天然更新（1.67×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²）。（4）阿木尔地区林地土壤年生长季CO₂和N₂O排放量为8.85×10⁶ t和1.88×10² t,CH₄吸收量为1.05×10³ t。     

Effects of active and passive hyperthermia on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)

Summary. The purpose of this study was to delineate the effects of hyperthermia and physical exercise on the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) response in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Six healthy, young (age: 24 ± 3 yrs), moderately trained males (VO_2max: 48.9 ± 2.7 ml · kg · min⁻¹) undertook two experimental trials in a randomised fashion in which the core temperature (T _c) was increased and then maintained at 39 °C during a 90 min bout by either active (AH) or passive (PH) means. AH involved subjects cycling at 90% of their lactate threshold in attire designed to impede heat loss mechanisms. In the PH trial, subjects were immersed up to the neck in a hot bath (40.2 ± 0.4 °C), once the critical T _c was achieved, intermittent cycling and water immersions were prescribed for the AH and PH conditions, respectively, to maintain the T _c at 39 °C. HSP70 was measured intracellularly pre, post and 4 h after trials, from circulating PBMCs using an ELISA technique. T _c reached 39 °C quicker in PH than during AH trials (PH: 21 ± 4 min vs. AH: 39 ± 6 min; P < 0.01), thereafter T _c was maintained around 39 °C (PH: 39.1 ± 0.2 °C; AH: 38.8 ± 0.3 °C; P > 0.05). AH induced a marked leukocytosis in all sub-sets (P < 0.05). PH generated significant monocytosis and granulocytosis (P < 0.05), without changes in lymphocyte counts (P > 0.05). There were no significant increases in intracellular HSP70 at 0 h (AH: Δ − 21.1 ± 44.8; PH: Δ + 12.5 ± 32.4 ng/mg TP/10³/μl PBMCs; P > 0.05) and 4 h (AH: Δ − 30.0 ± 40.1; PH: Δ + 36.3 ± 70.4 ng/mg TP/10³/μl PBMCs; P > 0.05) post active and passive heating. Peak HSP70 expressed as a fold-change from rest was also not increased by AH (1.1 ± 0.9; P > 0.05) or PH (3.2 ± 4.8; P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the AH and PH trials at any time-point, and the HSP70 response appeared to be individual specific. These results did not allow us to delineate the effects of hyperthermia and other exercise associated stressors on the heat shock response and therefore further work is warranted. Authors’ address: Ric Lovell, Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, U.K.     

广西扶绥白头叶猴对栖息地的选择与利用

为了解白头叶猴（Trachypithecus leucocephalus）的栖息地利用规律及其影响因素,2016年2月至2017年1月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区一群白头叶猴的栖息地利用进行了研究。结果表明,白头叶猴对山体不同部位的利用存在显著性差异（χ² =39.467,df=3,P<0.001）,其中,对崖壁（56.75±9.55）%的利用比例最大,其次是对山坡（39.42±10.93）%和山顶（2.98±2.54）%的利用,而对山脚（0.84±1.47）%的利用频率最低。白头叶猴对不同微生境类型的利用存在差异（χ²=27.709,df=3,P<0.001）,其中对乔木（49.37±12.31）%的利用比例最大,其次是裸岩（24.05±13.61）%,随后依次为藤本（15.48±8.01）%和灌木（10.87±5.45）%。白头叶猴主要在山坡上觅食,利用崖壁移动、休息,进行社会活动;主要利用裸岩进行社会活动,觅食、移动、休息主要发生在乔木上。从整体来看,白头叶猴在雨季对乔木的利用频率显著大于旱季（Z=-2.680,n=12,P=0.007）;雨季在山坡觅食频率显著大于旱季（Z=-2.517,n=12,P=0.012）,而在崖壁觅食频率刚好相反（Z=-2.842,n=12,P=0.004）;白头叶猴雨季在乔木休息的频率显著大于旱季（Z=-2.355,n=12,P=0.019）。白头叶猴对栖息地的利用受到温度的影响。白头叶猴对乔木的总体利用频率随着平均温度的升高而增加（r=0.664,n=12,P=0.018）;觅食时,对崖壁、裸岩的利用频率均与平均温度成负相关关系（崖壁：r=-0.685,n=12,P=0.014;裸岩：r=-0.600,n=12,P=0.039）;休息时,对乔木的利用频率与平均温度呈正相关关系（r=0.650,n=12,P=0.022）。不同季节,白头叶猴对栖息地的利用方式不同。白头叶猴的栖息地利用模式可能是在觅食利益和捕食风险之间作出的权衡,并受到环境温度的影响。     

盐度、温度和光照强度对针叶蕨藻的生长及光合活性的影响

为探究环境因子对针叶蕨藻（Caulerpa sertularioides）生长的影响,对不同盐度、温度和光照强度下针叶蕨藻的生长和叶绿素荧光参数进行了研究。结果表明：藻体日特定生长率（SGR）、最大光量子产量（F_v/F_m）、实际光合效率（Yield）、电子传递速率（ETR）和光化学淬灭（qP）随盐度升高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,非光化学淬灭（qN）则呈相反的变化趋势,藻体光合活性和固碳效率在盐度27.5‰时达到最高,且与25‰和30‰盐度的差异显著（P<0.05,n=3）。藻体SGR、F_v/F_m、Yield、ETR和qP随温度升高而下降,qN则相反,藻体光合活性和固碳效率在26℃下达到最高,且与28℃和30℃的差异显著（P<0.05,n=3）。藻体的SGR、F_v/F_m、Yield、ETR和qP随光照强度升高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,qN则相反,且在18.75 μmol/（m²·s）弱光照下出现轻微光抑制,藻体生长、光合活性及固碳效率在光照强度25.00 μmol/（m²·s）时达到最高,但与18.75和31.25 μmol/（m²·s）的差异不显著（P>0.05,n=3）。因此,针叶蕨藻在27.5‰盐度、26℃和25.00 μmol/（m²·s）光照强度下生长最快且光合作用能力最高。     

林下植被和凋落物对寒温带森林生长季土壤CH4通量的影响

为进一步探究林下植被和凋落物管理对我国寒温带森林生长季土壤CH₄通量的影响,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对大兴安岭北部4种林型（白桦林、山杨林、樟子松林和兴安落叶松林）4种处理（自然状态、去除凋落物、去除林下植被以及去除林下植被和凋落物）的土壤CH₄通量排放特征进行观测研究。结果表明：该地区森林生长季土壤均表现为CH₄的汇,4种林型不同处理后土壤CH₄通量表现为单峰变化趋势,吸收峰值出现在7月或8月。自然状态4种林型土壤CH₄平均吸收通量表现为白桦林（-79.23±14.92）μg m^-2 h^-1>山杨林（-64.27±9.60）μg m^-2 h^-1>樟子松林（-62.54±15.48）μg m^-2 h^-1>兴安落叶松林（-48.73±12.26）μg m^-2 h^-1,兴安落叶松土壤CH₄平均吸收通量显著小于其他三种林型（P<0.05）。相比于自然状态,4种林型在去除凋落物后土壤CH₄吸收通量提高了2.12%-12.15%,但变化幅度均没有达到显著水平（P>0.05）。去除林下植被后4种林型CH₄吸收通量提高了0.84%-20.55%,且只有山杨林吸收增加达到显著水平（P<0.05）。同时去除林下植被和凋落物后,对白桦林和樟子松土壤CH₄通量影响不显著（P>0.05）,但对山杨林和兴安落叶松林影响显著（P<0.05）。总之,去除凋落物或林下植被均会提高土壤对CH₄吸收,去除林下植被对土壤CH₄通量的影响要大于去除凋落物的影响,但不同林型不同处理之间还存在差异。     

初夏渤海湾初级生产力分布特征及影响因素

根据2016年初夏在渤海湾周边重要经济开发区外海域所进行的调查和研究数据进行分析,利用稳定同位素¹³C示踪技术估算海域内初级生产力（Primary Productivity,PP）等,同时结合叶绿素a（Chlorophyll-a,Chl a）,营养盐以及透明度等水文环境参数,深入分析和探讨初夏渤海湾环境特征对浮游植物生物量（Chl a）和初级生产力的影响。结果表明：受陆地径流和渤海中部冷流输入等因素的影响,调查海域呈现3个温盐特征差异显著的海区,即近岸高温低盐海区、中部高温高盐海区和湾口低温高盐海区。Chl a受温度和营养盐等因素影响整体呈现近岸高湾口低、表层高底层低的分布特征,含量变化范围为1.27-20.82 mg/m³;在近岸营养盐含量充足,温度适宜,浮游植物生产旺盛,Chl a平均含量达（8.37±2.90）mg/m³,其中表层近27.5%水样中含量超10 mg/m³,存在发生赤潮的风险。而在中部和湾口区域受营养盐限制和温度的影响,Chl a含量远低于近岸。PP整体水平在44.79-792.73 mg C m^-3 d^-1之间,平均为（144.13±137.79）mg C m^-3 d^-1。其中近岸营养盐含量充足浮游植物生长旺盛,初级生产力水平较高,而中部和湾口海域受营养盐和温度的限制,初级生产力水平较低。初级生产力指数I（同化系数）变化范围在0.79-5.90 mg C/（mg Chl a·h）之间,平均为（3.40±1.33）mg C/（mg Chl a·h）。利用标准深度积分模型对水柱初级生产力（Depth-integrated primary productivity,∑PP）进行估算,结果表明其范围在56.88-772.31 mg C m^-2 d^-1之间,平均为（232.26±126.47）mg C m^-2 d^-1,近岸受陆源输入影响Chl a较高,在天津海河口和黄骅市排污河外出现高值点,受透明度的影响,中部和湾口部分站点出现高生产力区。     

有蹄类昼夜活动时空动态——以岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)为例

调整时间分配和空间利用是有蹄类应对食物资源和环境胁迫周期性波动的常见生存策略。为探索高山有蹄类对这种波动的行为响应和策略,于2018年6月-2019年8月利用红外相机对四川王朗国家级自然保护区内的岩羊（Pseudois nayaur）种群进行了调查,并利用Wilcoxon秩和检验初步分析了它们的昼夜活动时空动态（所涉及分析的数据监测时间为2018年7月底至2019年8月初）。基于前人的研究结论和观点,预测岩羊的昼夜活动在不同季节和不同空间类型将呈现显著差异。结果表明,岩羊的行为基本符合预测：（1）岩羊夏季昼间和冬季夜间较多出现在林缘（夏季昼间：43.64±3.39;冬季夜间：10.00±0.26）和林内（夏季昼间：34.21±3.21,P=0.065;冬季夜间：8.40±0.64,P=0.026）,可能与躲避极端气温有关;（2）岩羊在食物较匮乏的冬季,夜间的活动强度均显著高于其他季节（冬季：23.00±0.73;春季：2.00±0.39;夏季：4.80±1.36;秋季：15.00±1.31）,且在昼间选择易于觅食的草甸生境内活动（林缘：31.79±3.54,草甸：22.79±3.16;P=0.081）。有趣的是,岩羊冬季夜间更多选择林缘（10.00±0.26）,而非预期的林内生境（8.40±0.64,P=0.026）。岩羊在夜宿地附近（林缘）活动强度最大可能是权衡食物和环境胁迫的结果。因为,夜间集中在距离夜宿地和觅食地都比较近的环境中活动,无疑是一种经济的选择。随着近年来气候变化的加剧,高山生态系统受到的威胁越来越明显。基于本研究的发现,建议更多关注高山物种的生存状况和高山生态系统的健康程度,为认识和评价气候变化对生物多样性的影响提供参考。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.