全国栽培太子参生态适宜性区划分析

采用Arc GIS地理信息系统软件的空间分析方法和SPSS统计软件的统计分析方法,分析了全国太子参潜在适宜种植地理分布、适宜生境及化学成分与环境因子的相关性。结果显示:采用聚类分析从46个样地中筛选出34个多糖含量较高的样地。所建模型经ROC曲线验证,预测效果非常好(AUC0.9)。最干月降水量(贡献率68.4%)、土壤类型(9.7%)、最暖季平均温(6.0%)、等温性(4.0%)是影响太子参种植分布最重要的环境因子,其最适宜生境范围为:最干月降水量20—60mm;最暖季平均温21.5—30.5℃;等温性18%—35%;土壤类型为不饱和薄层土、饱和粘磬土中的黄棕壤、黄壤、黄红壤。相关性分析显示,多糖和生境适宜度均与最湿季降水量、最暖季降水量、最暖季平均温、最干月降水量及年平均气温无显著相关性。太子参最适宜区主要分布在长江中下游区域,主要有贵州中部,重庆与湖南、湖北接壤处,河南南部,安徽西部,江苏中部,福建东北部以及浙江北部和东南部区域。因此,明确全国太子参潜在的适宜种植区可为太子参种植基地的选取和合理布局提供参考。     

基于模糊数学的秦岭地区山茱萸生境适宜性评价

山茱萸(Cornus officinalis)是我国传统常用药材,本文采用模糊数学分析方法,对采自秦岭地区的山茱萸中马钱苷含量与21个评价因子的隶属函数进行拟合,同时采用最大信息熵模型确定各个评价因子的权重,利用ArcGIS 10空间分析模块模拟研究区域适宜山茱萸生长的潜在分布生境。结果表明,在山茱萸生境的21个评价因子中,主要影响因子为气候,其次是土壤和地形因子;所有评价因子中,土壤质地(TTEX)的权重最大,其次是果实生长期降水量(PG)、年降水量(AP)和降水季节性变化(PS)。研究区内山茱萸高适宜区面积占总面积的19.94%,主要分布在甘肃东南部、陕西南部和河南西部,这些区域温度适中、气候湿润、光照充足,适宜山茱萸生长;适宜区面积占总面积的11.85%,低适宜区面积占总面积的16.31%,不适宜区面积占总面积的51.90%。本研究基于GIS与模糊数学的生境适宜性评价模型,对秦岭地区山茱萸生境适宜性做出了科学划分,同时量化了不同生境区的评价因子对山茱萸的影响,可为山茱萸的管理和保护以及人工种植提供科学依据。     

气候变化下西南地区主要亚热带常绿栎属乔木地理分布研究

为了解中国西南地区6种亚热带常绿栎属植物在未来气候情景下的潜在分布,该文利用最大熵模型(maximum entropy model, MaxEnt)和地理信息系统技术,结合帽斗栎(Quercus guyavaefolia)、川滇高山栎(Q. aquifolioides)、毛脉高山栎(Q. rehderiana)、高山栎(Q. semecarpifolia)、灰背栎(Q. senescens)和匙叶栎(Q. dolicholepis)的分布数据、生理生态特性、环境数据及未来2070s (2061—2080年)气候情景数据(SSPs126、SSPs245、SSPs585),分析了未来气候变化对各乔木种潜在地理分布的影响。结果表明,6种乔木MaxEnt模型的AUC均值均大于0.9,模拟效果好。温度季节性、年降水量、海拔、最冷月最低温和坡度等5个环境因子为6种栎属乔木分布的主导环境因子,即多适宜分布在温度季节性变化较小、温暖潮湿的山区。其中,川滇高山栎、毛脉高山栎和高山栎较其他3树种更适宜生长于温度偏低、温度季节性变化略大的中、高山地区。西南地区6种主要亚热带常绿栎属乔木潜在适宜区主要分布在西南地区,华中地区西部、华南地区西部和西北地区南部部分地区也有分布,高适宜区主要位于四川南部和云南西北部。在未来气候情景下,西南地区亚热带常绿主要栎属乔木适宜区面积以增长趋势为主,且向西北方向迁移。     

藏药“榜间”主流品种基原植物的潜在分布研究

“榜间”为常用大宗藏药,但其生境特殊,生态位狭窄,部分品种资源量小,甚至濒危。为了明确“榜间”原植物的生态环境,预测生态适宜区分布,寻找影响适宜性分布的主要生态因子,该文以大花龙胆(Gentiana szechenyii)、高山龙胆(G. algida)、蓝玉簪龙胆(G. veitchiorum)、华丽龙胆(G. sino-ornata)和短柄龙胆(G. stipitata)五个主流品种为研究对象,采用生态学调查方法进行实地调查,以分析各品种的分布特征和生境特点,并应用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件,预测潜在分布区。结果表明:(1)“榜间”五个主流品种的生长均需要较好的土壤肥力条件,大花龙胆和短柄龙胆仅分布于草本层低矮的草甸或草甸灌丛,其余品种因茎有较大的伸长幅度,生态幅较广。(2)海拔是影响“榜间”五个主流品种分布的限制因子,对大花龙胆、高山龙胆、蓝玉簪龙胆、华丽龙胆和短柄龙胆生境适宜性的贡献率分别为56.5%、39.6%、49.4%、48.1%和44.2%,高山龙胆主要分布在海拔1 500 m以上的地区,而另外四个品种主要分布于海拔2 600 m以上的地区。(3)藏药“榜间”五个主流品种生长适宜区主要集中在四川、青海、云南、甘肃和西藏五省(区),但不同基原植物在各省(区)的分布面积和空间格局有差异,大花龙胆和高山龙胆的最适分布区集中在四川、甘肃、青海、西藏四省(区)交界处,后者在新疆地区也有最适分布区; 蓝玉簪龙胆最适生长区位于四川中部、四川北部接壤青海及甘肃处、四川西南部接壤云南处、西藏东部; 华丽龙胆与短柄龙胆最适生长区主要位于四川、青海、甘肃的交界地带,适生区范围较蓝玉簪龙胆狭窄。研究结果与实际调查结果基本相符,可以为“榜间”野生资源的保护及相关植物的人工栽培提供科学依据。     

基于MaxEnt模型的北京周边山区野生狍(Capreolus pygargus)的生境适宜性评价

基于2019年7月—2021年2月在北京周边山区进行的野外调查,采集到65处野生狍(Capreolus pygargus)分布位点,选取22个影响野生狍分布的环境因子,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型模拟野生狍在北京周边山区的潜在生境分布。结果显示,训练集的AUC值为0.863,预测精度较高;最暖季均温、最湿月降水量、海拔、平均气温日较差、最干月份降水量、最暖月最高温度、温度季节性变化标准差和坡度的累积贡献率达90.9%,是影响北京周边山区狍生境适宜性的主要环境变量。据MaxEnt模型模拟结果对野生狍生境进行适宜性划分(高适宜、中适宜、低适宜和非适宜区),北京周边山区野生狍的适宜生境分布面积为3947.6 km²,占整个研究区域的24.1%,主要分布于北京西部的太行山区域及北京东北部的燕山区域,在北京北部呈少数斑块化分布。高适宜区分布面积为319.8 km²,占整个研究区域的2.0%。在进行北京周边山区野生狍种群及生境的保护实践中,应加强对野生狍适宜生境集中分布的百花山国家级自然保护区和雾灵山国家级自然保护区等区域的生境保护,并通过植被保育及生...     

未来气候变化对四种木姜子地理分布的影响

该文利用最大墒模型(Maxent)和地理信息系统(ArcGIS 10.3)软件对中国木姜子属(Litsea)四种资源植物在我国当代、未来(2061年—2080年)气候条件下的潜在分布区进行预测,并对其适宜区进行分析和划分。结果表明:山鸡椒(Litsea cubeba)适宜区广泛分布在长江以南区域,在未来时段2061年—2080年两种(RCP2.6、RCP8.5)二氧化碳浓度情景下适宜区面积分别减少4.9%和0.5%; 毛豹皮樟(L. coreana)适宜区主要分布在中亚热带及北亚热带区域,分布相对偏北,其在未来2061年—2080年两种二氧化碳浓度情景下适宜区面积分别增加5.6%和4.5%; 华南木姜子(L. greenmaniana)适宜区主要分布在我国南亚热带区域; 毛叶木姜子(L. mollis)适宜区广泛分布在亚热带区域。这两种树种在未来气候RCP2.6情景下适生面积减少1.0%和3.3%,在RCP8.5情景下减少5.6%和8.3%。上述结果说明木姜子属不同种由于生态习性差异对未来的气候变化的响应不尽相同,对这些植物引种栽培须考虑气候变化的影响。     

单叶蔷薇潜在适宜区预测及其渐危机制研究

基于搜集到的45个单叶蔷薇地理分布坐标和29个环境因子数据,利用GIS和MaxEnt软件分析单叶蔷薇在中国新疆的潜在适宜区,探究环境因子与单叶蔷薇分布之间的关系,确定主要影响因子及其阈值,为单叶蔷薇种群资源保护和修复提供科学依据。结果表明：(1)最干月份降水量、年平均降雨量、最冷季节平均温度是影响现代单叶蔷薇适宜区分布的主要影响因子,利于单叶蔷薇生长的上述相关阈值依次为5.56~10.90 mm、169.62~258.75 mm、-12.48～-9.86 ℃。(2)29个环境因子影响下的现代单叶蔷薇的适宜区总面积达19.85×10₄ km₂,占新疆总面积的11.96%,主要集中于80°13′~91°6′E,42°33′~48°23′N之间,高度适宜区仅0.63×10₄ km₂,主要分布在乌鲁木齐、阜康、昌吉、呼图壁、玛纳斯、石河子、沙湾、乌苏以及塔城地区。(3)未来气候模拟下,除2021-2040年SSPs126、SSPs245、SSPs585情景中的高度适宜区和2041-2060年SSPs126的中度适宜区面积略有扩增外,其他情景下单叶蔷薇潜在适宜区均呈现明显的缩减趋势;2041-2060年SSPs126情景下分布中心向东南移动,2021-2040年SSPs585情景下分布中心基本保持不变,其他情景下分布中心均出现向高纬度迁移的趋势。(4)加入人类足迹数据后的现代单叶蔷薇适宜区显著减少,人类足迹因子贡献率高达63.2%,表明人类活动对单叶蔷薇适宜区有显著的消极影响。     

海南热带雨林特有兰科植物华石斛潜在适宜生境预测

为探明华石斛(Dendrobium sinense)潜在适宜分布范围,运用地理信息系统GIS技术和MaxEnt模型,基于25个野外调查的分布数据,以气候变量和地形变量为环境预测因子,对华石斛当前及未来时期的适宜生境进行预测。结果表明,华石斛在海南岛内的潜在适宜生境面积约为403.4 km2,占海南岛总面积的1.1%,主要分布于海南热带雨林国家公园霸王岭分局、鹦哥岭分局、尖峰岭分局、吊罗山分局以及五指山分局管辖区域,零星分布于黎母山分局管辖区、五指山市南部、琼中县、万宁市、保亭县和三亚市等地。华石斛适宜分布区域极其狭窄,适宜生境斑块化,呈现较为严重的破碎化。海拔、降水量季节性变异系数、最湿季降水量及最暖月最高温是影响华石斛种群分布格局的主要环境因子,华石斛的最适宜生境条件为海拔1 070～1 600 m,降水量季节性变异系数0.80～0.88,最湿季降水量1 700～2 266 mm,最暖月最高温18℃～25℃。相比于当前,2050年在RCP4.5、RCP8.5气候情景下,华石斛的潜在适宜生境分别减少19.1%和19.5%,2070年减少19.7%和19.8%。预测模型的3个评估指标(A...     

基于MaxEnt模型评估刺五加在东北地区的空间分布

研究刺五加(Acanthopanax senticosus)在东北地区的潜在分布区及生态适宜性,针对267个刺五加分布样点数据和17个环境因子数据,应用最大熵模型(Maximum Entropy Model,简称MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)评估刺五加的地理分布。结果表明:最大熵模型的AUC值为0.929,模型预测结果的准确性可信度高,可以用来预测刺五加的地理分布。刺五加生态适宜区主要集中在长白山山脉及小兴安岭东南地区,分布面积约为22.12万km~2,存在概率最高的区域主要在辽宁省东部、吉林省东南部以及黑龙江省中部。影响刺五加地理分布的主要环境因子依次为:年均降水量、森林类型、极端低温、生长季降水量及海拔。耦合了大尺度环境数据、植被群落类型数据与刺五加分布之间的关系,预测了东北地区刺五加的生态适宜区及主导环境因子,为其种群恢复与开发利用提供了科学依据。     

基于MaxEnt与ArcGIS的云南榧树潜在生境分析

为明确国家二级保护树种—云南榧树(Torreya yunnanensis)的潜在生境分布区和保护现状,利用50个云南榧树的存在记录点和7个对其分布影响较高的主导环境因子(最冷季平均降水量、降水季节性变异系数、年温差范围、土壤容重、土壤类型、坡向和下层土壤中的百分比粘土)运用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(ArcGIS 10.2)模拟其在云南省的潜在生境的分布状况,并将其模拟结果与现有的云南省自然保护区的范围进行叠加分析。研究结果显示：(1)MaxEnt模型对云南榧树潜在生境的模拟的结果所表现出的精度高(AUC=0.977)。(2)云南榧树在云南省的潜在分布区主要集中在三江并流区,云南榧树潜在生境在云南省自然保护区内主要分布在高黎贡山(2364.35 km~2, 58.35%)、白马雪山(846.46 km~2, 31.66%)和云岭(625.55 km~2, 82.42%)自然保护区。(3)最冷季平均降水量(>75.58 mm)、降水季节性变异系数(<64.28)、年温差(24.08—26.40℃)是影响云南榧树在云南省潜在生境分布的主要气候因子。(4)金沙江可能...     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.