三峡库区消落带两种草本植被土壤细菌群落多样性

在三峡库区消落带植被重建区域,选取两种人工草本植被—牛鞭草与狗牙根(处理组),并以裸地土壤为对照,研究植被修复与重建对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响。采用分子生物学T-RFLP技术,分别于2012年7月(T1)、2013年7月(T2)及2014年7月(T3)进行原位取样,对消落带人工植被牛鞭草、狗牙根及裸地土壤细菌群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)除HhaⅠ酶切结果中,物种因素对消落带土壤细菌Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、时间因素对土壤细菌Simpson指数(D)无显著影响外,采用两种酶切之后(HhaⅠ酶、MspⅠ),物种、时间、以及两者的交互作用均对三峡库区消落带土壤细菌群落多样性指数产生显著影响;(2)HhaⅠ酶切后人工植被土壤丰度与裸地相比显著升高,此外,两种酶切结果均表明,人工植被土壤细菌群落多样性指数与裸地相比更加稳定。(3)植被类型、取样时间不同,土壤中的优势片段种类与丰度均不相同;(4)CCA分析结果表明三峡库区消落带土壤细菌群落多样性与化学性质关系密切。研究表明牛鞭草与狗牙根栽植后土壤细菌群落多样性指数的更加稳定,三峡库区进行植被恢复与重建值得肯定。     

西藏青稞根际细菌群落结构及多样性

【目的】分析西藏不同种植区青稞根际土壤细菌群落结构及其影响因素，揭示特定环境下根际细菌生物标志物，为发掘研究优异根际促生菌及其作用提供参考。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和数据统计分析，比较了西藏5个市青稞种植区根际土壤细菌群落组成和结构差异，分析了青稞根际细菌生物标志物及群落结构变化的驱动因素。【结果】通过测序45个根际土壤样品获得10 715个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units，OTUs），共43门、1 244属、2 783种，其中放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadota）、粘球菌门（Myxococcota）和髌骨细菌门（Patescibacteria）为优势菌门，相对丰度占比94.92%-96.56%。五个市的根际细菌群落结构存在明显的差异，组间差异大于组内差异（R=0.226 9，P=0.001），其中放线菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门和髌骨细菌门丰度存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。五个市青稞根际土壤存在潜在生物标志物，拉萨和山南只有3个和6个特有细菌进化支，共现网络更为复杂、OTUs间联系更为紧密。变形菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门是青稞根际土壤中主要的关键细菌门，内生菌门、Methylomirabilota和蓝细菌分别是林芝市、日喀则市和山南市的特有关键类群。青稞根际细菌群落结构的变化主要与环境因子pH、全钾（total potassium，TK）、速效钾（available potassium，AK）、碳磷比（C：P）和海拔有关，其中TK是影响根际土壤细菌群落最重要的因子（r²=0.621 4，P=0.001）。【结论】西藏青稞根际细菌多样性丰富，5市间存在显著差异，且不同生长区青稞根际具有特有的生物标志物，为进一步研究特有根际细菌在青稞生长和环境适应中的作用，发掘优异根际促生菌提供参考。     

丹参内生拮抗细菌DS-R5对丹参根际和根表土壤细菌群落结构的影响CSCD

目的 探究生防细菌DS-R5施入丹参植株后根际和根表土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化。方法 向丹参植株根部施入生防细菌DS-R5,以未施用细菌为对照组,分别采集根际和根表土壤样品提取总DNA,扩增样品总DNA的V3-V4区,采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对PCR扩增产物进行双端测序分析,利用生物信息学分析解析丹参植株根际土壤和根表土壤细菌群落结构组成及多样性。结果 菌株DS-R5处理后增加了根际土壤细菌群落的多样性和丰度,降低了根表土壤细菌群落的多样性和丰度;高通量测序得到的根际和根表土壤的有效序列数量和OTU数量相比对照组均有所下降,根际土壤处理样品中微生物种类最丰富,根表土壤处理样品中微生物种类最少,根际土壤处理样品与根际土壤对照物种种类更接近;在门水平上,根际土壤处理样品相比对照变形菌门丰度下降,酸杆菌门丰度升高,根表土壤处理样品相比对照变形菌门和酸杆菌门丰度均升高,放线菌门丰度降低;在属水平上,根际土壤处理样品中鞘氨醇单胞菌属、芽胞杆菌属、慢生根瘤菌属相比根际土壤对照占比均有升高,根表土壤处理样品相比对照黄杆菌属和伯克菌属丰度下降,而土壤中的优势菌属根瘤菌属和芽胞杆菌属丰度升高。结论 丹参植株施用生防细菌DS-R5后,改变了根际土壤和根表土壤中微生物群落结构和多样性。     

三峡库区消落带4种适生植物根际与非根际土壤养分与酶活性特征研究

三峡库区消落带植被修复过程中,物种的更替对库区土壤的地球化学循环产生潜在影响。以三峡库区忠县石宝寨汝溪河消落带植被修复示范基地165-170 m海拔段人工种植狗牙根、牛鞭草、落羽杉以及立柳根际与非根际土为试验对象,探究其根际与非根际土壤的养分含量及酶活性差异,以阐明不同物种的生长适应性及其根际养分利用策略,比较不同物种对库区土壤的营养改良作用。结果表明：（1）三峡库区消落带4种适生植物根系活动导致根际与非根际土壤养分因子以及土壤酶活性产生差异,不同物种的栽植均在一定程度上使库区土壤营养条件得以改善;（2）碳、氮两种元素在4种适生植物根际土壤中发生不同程度的富集,但磷素与钾素在不同物种根际与非根际土壤之间的变化不一致;（3）蔗糖酶、脲酶以及酸性磷酸酶在4种适生植物根际土中均表现出一定程度的根际正效应（R/S>1）,且狗牙根对3种土壤酶的根际活化效果最为明显,其根际效应分别高达2.39、1.89和2.7;（4）在植物根系的调控下,根际土中有机质与氮素、磷素以及钾素的相关性更为显著,而非根际土壤中,仅钾素与有效氮、有效磷呈显著负相关,其余各土壤养分因子之间均无显著相关性;（5）与落羽杉和立柳两木本植物相比,狗牙根与牛鞭草两草本植物根际具有更为合理的养分调节模式,对库区土壤的改良效果更好。     

两种盐生植物根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构

应用高通量测序技术对西北干旱区两种盐生植物黑果枸杞和里海盐爪爪根际土壤细菌的多样性和群落结构进行研究,旨在揭示两种耐盐植物根际土壤细菌之间以及根际与非根际细菌群落结构间的差异,为深入研究盐生植物根际土壤微生物与耐盐性之间的关系提供理论基础。结果表明:黑果枸杞、里海盐爪爪根际细菌多样性丰度高于非根际土,黑果枸杞根际土壤细菌多样性丰度高于里海盐爪爪。根际和非根际土壤细菌群落的组成和丰度存在差异,从黑果枸杞和里海盐爪爪根际土壤中分别检测出细菌21门289属和22门304属,而从非根际土壤中分别检测出28门285属和24门336属;在两种盐生植物根际土壤中,变形菌门和厚壁菌门均为优势门;拟杆菌门、放线菌门、蓝细菌门及浮霉菌门在根际土壤中的丰度显著高于非根际土壤,而厚壁菌门在根际土壤中的丰度低于非根际土壤。两种植物根际土壤中的细菌优势门和优势属的数量均高于非根际土壤,在黑果枸杞和里海盐爪爪的根际土壤中的细菌优势属分别有10个和9个,而二者非根际土壤中的细菌优势属各有4个,其中假单胞菌属是根际和非根际土壤中的共有优势属。黑果枸杞和里海盐爪爪根系细菌群落组成和丰度存在差异,只有假单胞菌属和盐单胞菌属是两种植物根际土壤中的共有优势属。Unifrac分析和聚类分析表明,两种盐生植物根际土壤细菌之间的相似性大于根际和非根际细菌群落间的相似性。细菌多样性与土壤有机碳、有机质、总氮正相关,与pH、电导率负相关,电导率和pH,有机碳和总氮分别是非根际土,根际土壤细菌群落物种组成的主要影响因素。     

机场草坪植被调控对土壤细菌群落结构与功能的影响

为了探究植被调控对土壤细菌群落结构和功能的影响,对天津滨海国际机场草地植被进行单一草坪植物建植和高强度刈割,在调控后第3年的春、夏、秋季节取调控区土壤样本,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序和PICRUSt软件,分析了不同植被调控方式下土壤细菌组成、多样性及季节性变化,预测细菌功能特征。结果表明,各样地共有的优势菌门（相对丰度>5%）有变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）。与对照区相比,刈割调控区土壤放线菌门相对丰度显著增加;单一草坪建植调控区,夏季土壤芽单胞菌门相对丰度显著增加（P<0.05）。刈割调控、高羊茅及黑麦草调控区,土壤细菌门之间相关性较对照分别减弱21.4%、46.4%和67.9%,使细菌网络结构更为简单。夏季和秋季3个调控区土壤细菌群落的Shannon指数和Chao1指数显著高于对照区,而秋季Simpson指数显著低于对照区（P<0.05）。KEGG代谢途径差异分析可知,刈割调控、高羊茅和黑麦草调控区,土壤细菌分别有25、24和23个代谢通路的功能基因丰度显著低于对照区,主要体现在聚糖的生物合成与代谢、细胞运动、细胞生长与死亡、核苷酸代谢等通路上。可见,机场植被调控改变了土壤细菌群落的组成,简化了细菌网络结构,代谢功能也明显下降。     

不同生境黑果枸杞根际与非根际土壤微生物群落多样性

研究典型生境黑果枸杞根际与非根际土壤微生物群落多样性及其与土壤理化性质间的关系,为进一步研究黑果枸杞抗逆性提供理论数据。采集新疆精河县艾比湖地区(EB)盐碱地、乌苏市(WS)路旁荒地、五家渠市(WQ)人工林带的黑果枸杞根际与非根际土壤,利用Illumina-MiSeq高通量测序技术分析细菌和真菌群落组成和多样性。结果表明:根际土壤细菌多样性高于非根际土壤(WQ除外),而根际真菌多样性低于非根际土壤。WQ非根际土壤细菌和真菌多样性均高于EB和WS;根际细菌多样性排序为EBWSWQ,根际真菌多样性排序为WSEBWQ。根际土壤优势细菌门依次是变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门,真菌优势门为子囊菌门、担子菌门。根际土壤细菌变形菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门的相对丰度高于非根际土壤,而厚壁菌在根际土壤中的丰度显著降低,真菌优势门丰度在根际土和非根际土中的变化趋势因地区而异; Haliea、Gp10、Pelagibius、Microbulbifer、假单胞菌属、Thioprofundum、Deferrisoma是根际土壤细菌优势属;多孢子菌属、支顶孢属、Corollospora、Cochlonema是根际真菌优势属。细菌、真菌优势类群(门、属)的组成以及丰富度存在地区间差异,厚壁菌门在EB地区的丰富度显著高于含盐量较低的WS、WQ;盐碱生境EB中根际土壤嗜盐细菌的丰度高于非盐碱生境(WQ、WS),如盐单胞菌属、动性球菌属、Geminicoccu、Pelagibius、Gracilimonas、Salinimicrobium等。小囊菌属是EB根际真菌的最优势属,Melanoleuca是WQ和WS的最优势属,地孔菌属、Xenobotrytis、Brachyconidiellopsis、多孢子菌属等在EB根际土壤中的丰度显著高于WQ和WS。非盐碱生境(WS和WQ)的微生物群落之间的相似性较高,并且高于与盐碱环境(EB)之间的相似性,表明土壤含盐量对微生物群落组成丰度具有重要的影响。     

生物有机肥对菠萝心腐病及根际土壤细菌群落的影响

【目的】探明施用生物有机肥对菠萝心腐病的防控效果及对根际土壤微生物的影响。【方法】本研究采用高通量测序技术,综合分析不同施肥措施根际土壤微生物细菌群落多样性及群落特征。【结果】相比常规施肥处理(CK)和普通有机肥处理(YJ),生物有机肥处理KN (羊粪有机肥+泥炭土+枯草芽孢杆菌)和生物有机肥处理KY (羊粪有机肥+椰糠+枯草芽孢杆菌)均能显著降低菠萝心腐病的发病率,且KN处理的防控效果最佳。生物有机肥(KN、KY)施入后土壤细菌α多样性指数高于CK和YJ处理,并形成了明显不同的细菌群落结构。与CK相比,生物有机肥KN处理显著提高了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的丰度,KY处理中的酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)丰度显著增加;属水平上,生物有机肥中的蔗糖伯克霍尔德菌属(Paraburkholderia)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)丰度均显著提升。方差分区分析(variance partitioning analysis, VPA)表明,土壤化学性质(36.29%)对细菌群落影响最大,其中土壤速效钾和有机质是影响土壤细菌群落的关键因子,此外发病率(22.53%)和肥料偏生产力(16.42%)也是影响土壤细菌群落的重要因子。【结论】施用生物有机肥(KN、KY)能改变根际土壤细菌群落结构,降低发病率,对菠萝根际土壤生态系统稳定与健康具有重要意义。     

种植模式对当归根际细菌群落多样性及代谢通路的影响

连作障碍严重限制了当归产业的可持续发展。为了探索当归(Angelica sinensis)高效栽培技术,本研究在当归主产区甘肃省渭源县设置5种种植模式(A: 豌豆-当归-当归,对照;B: 豌豆-小麦-当归;C: 豌豆-蒙古黄芪-当归;D: 豌豆-马铃薯-当归;E: 豌豆-休耕-当归),于采挖期分别测定不同种植模式下,当归根际土壤理化特性和细菌基因组DNA相对丰度,分析不同种植模式对当归根际土壤理化特性、细菌群落多样性和代谢通路的影响。结果表明: 1) 5种种植模式下当归根际土壤理化特性差异较大。与对照相比,C模式根际土壤的电导率显著增加,B、D和E模式的电导率略有下降,B、C、D和E模式的土壤CO₂呼吸速率显著提高。2) 5种种植模式的当归根际土壤细菌隶属于26门368属,其中,芽单胞菌门的芽单胞菌属、变形菌门的鞘脂单胞菌属和酸杆菌门的Subgroup_6属为优势菌属。与对照相比,B、C模式变形菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度显著增加,D模式酸杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低;E模式变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度显著增加。3) 5种种植模式下,当归根际土壤的pH值、电导率、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量与变形菌门细菌的相对丰度呈显著负相关。4) 5种种植模式下,当归根际土壤中6种代谢通路细菌的相对丰度差异显著。C模式对当归根际土壤理化特性和细菌群落有较好的调节作用,是克服当归连作障碍的主要种植模式。     

香蕉假茎生物炭对根际土壤细菌丰度和群落结构的影响

【目的】将香蕉假茎生物炭施加到土壤,探讨香蕉假茎生物炭对香蕉根际土壤微生物的影响。【方法】以香蕉假茎生物炭(BPB)0、1%、2%、3%的质量比与土壤均匀混合。盆栽培养3个月后分离香蕉根际土壤。采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对根际土壤细菌群落结构和丰度进行表征。【结果】提高BPB施用量可增加土壤有机质、有效钾、有效磷含量,提高土壤pH值,但降低有效氮浓度。在1%BPB样品中获得2278个OTUs,其显示细菌群落中的最大多样性。施加3%的BPB处理土壤,拟杆菌门、疣微菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著增加;放线菌门、酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门明显减少。主成分分析发现,1%BPB和2%BPB处理的样本之间土壤细菌群落相似。【结论】施加不同比例BPB改变了根际土壤中细菌丰度和群落结构,且高比例添加改变更加明显。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Psychological Attributes of the Culture of the Ukrainians in the Modern Stage of the Development of Society and Trends in Changes in These Attributes in the Post-Soviet Period

The authors of the article focus on the transition of the former Soviet state of Ukraine to a market economy. One aspect of the analysis is the cultural values and attitudes of the citizens in a new situation. Market economy and entrepreneurship demand new types of motivation and individual values from people. A challenge for social psychology in the country is the further elaboration of methodological basis of research.     

Immunohistochemistry of the cytoskeleton in the excurrent ducts of the testis in birds of the Galloanserae monophyly

The presence, location and degree of immunoexpression of various microfilament (MF) and intermediate filament (IF) systems (actin, cytokeratins, desmin, vimentin) were studied in the excurrent ducts of the testis in sexually mature and active galliform (Japanese quail, domestic fowl, turkey) and anseriform (duck) birds. These proteins were variably expressed between the epithelia and periductal tissue (periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal connective tissue) types and between species. Variable heterogeneous co-expression of filament systems was also found in the various duct epithelia and periductal tissue types: co-expression of filament systems was the rule rather than the exception. In the duck, neither vimentin nor cytokeratin was present in any of the tissues, whereas actin and desmin (absent in the rete testis) were co-expressed in the efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit (comprising the ductus conjugens, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens). Actin, desmin and vimentin were generally co-expressed in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the quail, domestic fowl and turkey, with vimentin being more strongly immunoreactive than actin and desmin in the epididymal duct unit, but more weakly immunoexpressed in the efferent ducts. Cytokeratin was present and co-expressed with actin, desmin and vimentin in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the domestic fowl and turkey, but not in the quail and duck. The periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal tissue co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin variably in all birds. Luminal spermatozoa of both the turkey and duck were immunonegative for all protein systems, whereas those of the quail and domestic fowl co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin moderately or strongly. The tissues of the reproductive tract of male birds thus contain cytoskeletal protein systems that are variably but mostly co-expressed and whose contractile ability appears necessary and sufficient for transportation through the various excurrent ducts of the voluminous testicular fluid and its high sperm content, characteristic features of male avian reproduction.