一种快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

【目的】柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton是柑橘重要害虫,本研究拟建立一种快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫性别的简易方法。【方法】利用体视显微镜观察、拍照记录柑橘潜叶蛾蛹和成虫的腹部末端形态特征并进行比较分析,待蛹羽化后进行解剖验证结果。【结果】与柑橘潜叶蛾雄蛹相比,雌蛹的第7腹节下缘分界线不明显,生殖孔和肛门分别在第8腹节和第10腹节,而雄蛹的第7腹节下缘分界线明显,生殖孔在第9腹节,肛门在第10腹节。柑橘潜叶蛾雌成虫腹部末端呈圆筒形,而雄成虫腹部末端相对尖细;轻轻按压成虫腹部,雌蛾在末端伸出部分的两侧有黑斑,而雄蛾在末端伸出部分的两侧没有黑斑,但有一对长毛簇,在伸出的同时散开。该方法能快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫的性别,其准确率为100%。【结论】通过比较柑橘潜叶蛾雌雄蛹生殖孔及肛门的位置,可以准确区分雌雄蛹;轻压并观察雌雄成虫腹部伸出末端黑斑或长毛簇的有无可有效区分成虫性别。     

湿度对柑桔潜叶蛾存活的影响

湿度对柑桔潜叶蛾存活的影响王联德尤民生（福建农业大学植保系,福州３５０００２）ＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＨｕｍｉｄｉｔｙｏｎｔｈｅＳｕｒｖｉｖａｌｏｆＣｉｔｒｕｓＬｅａｆＭｉｎｅｒ．ＷａｎｇＬｉａｎｄｅ,ＹｏｕＭｉｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＦｕｊｉａｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌ...     

番茄潜叶蛾对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾是一种对番茄具有毁灭性危害的世界入侵害虫,本研究测定了不同类型药剂对入侵害虫番茄潜叶蛾的毒力活性及防治效果,为生产中科学防治番茄潜叶蛾提供理论依据。【方法】采用室内毒力测定方法,计算各药剂对不同龄期幼虫的毒力回归方程;采用田间防效评价方法,得出药后1~21 d各药剂对幼虫的防效,综合比较分析不同类型药剂对番茄潜叶蛾的控制作用。【结果】室内毒力测定结果表明,植物源杀虫剂印楝素和抗生素类杀虫剂甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对番茄潜叶蛾的毒性相对最强,其中印楝素对1龄幼虫的毒力最强,其LC₅₀为3.22 mg·L^-1,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对2~4龄幼虫的毒力最强,其LC₅₀分别为7.1046、7.5663和4.375 mg·L^-1;其次是苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺和合成杀虫剂乙基多杀菌素;拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂高效氯氰菊酯、昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂甲氧虫酰肼对番茄潜叶蛾也有较好的毒杀作用;新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺对番茄潜叶蛾的毒性相对较弱。田间防效结果表明,抗生素类杀虫剂甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的防效相对最高、持效性最好,药后第7、14和21天防效分别为74.11%、71.42%和60.03%;其次是苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺、合成杀虫剂乙基多杀菌素和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂高效氯氰菊酯;植物源杀虫剂印楝素的持效性较好,药后第7~21天的防效均高于50%;昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂甲氧虫酰肼以及新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺对番茄潜叶蛾的田间防效相对较弱。【结论】抗生素类杀虫剂甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺和合成杀虫剂乙基多杀菌素可作为生产中防治番茄潜叶蛾的首选药剂,具有较好的应用前景,植物源杀虫剂印楝素和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂高效氯氰菊酯可作为交替使用药剂。     

柑桔潜叶蛾发育速率模型的研究

柑桔潜叶蛾发育速率模型的研究ＴＨＥＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＡＬＲＡＴＥＭＯＤＥＬＯＦＣＩＴＲＵＳＬＥＡＦＭＩＮＥＲＰｈｙｌｏｃｎｉｓｔｉｓＣｉｔｒｅｌａ王联德尤民生郑琼华方行晓ＷａｎｇＬｉａｎｄｅＹｏｕＭｉｎｓｈｅｎｇＺｈｅｎｇＱｉｏｎｇｈｕａＦａｎｇ...     

温度对番茄潜叶蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta是一种对番茄具有毁灭性危害的世界性入侵害虫,本研究旨在探索温度对入侵番茄潜叶蛾种群生长发育和繁殖的影响,为预测番茄潜叶蛾的分布区域、田间发生动态提供基础。【方法】在室内测定了番茄叶片上番茄潜叶蛾在15, 20, 25, 30和35℃ 5个恒定温度条件下各虫态的发育历期和存活率、繁殖力和种群增长参数,并应用不同模型分析发育速率、内禀增长率和净生殖率与温度的关系,估计发育起点温度、发育极限温度、发育最适温度、有效积温和年发生代数。【结果】在恒温15~30℃范围内,番茄潜叶蛾各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短。25℃下幼虫期存活率、成虫前期存活率、雌虫总产卵量、净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率均最大。在35℃下,卵的存活率骤降至11%,孵化的幼虫无法正常发育。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫前期、全世代的有效积温分别为104.17, 232.59, 129.87, 434.78和526.32日·度,该虫在新疆伊宁县和察布查尔锡伯自治县的理论发生代数为4~5代。基于发育速率与温度关系的模型与基于种群增长参数与温度关系的模型所计算的积温需求参数不同,基于内禀增长率求得的番茄潜叶蛾的发育起点温度、发育极限高温和发育最适温度分别为12.46, 30.40和27.36℃。【结论】入侵我国新疆地区的番茄潜叶蛾适温范围广泛,在我国大部分地区具有极高的扩散风险。     

柑桔潜叶蛾对柑桔的为害及经济阈值的研究

调查福州市郊柑桔园柑桔潜叶蛾（Ｐｈｙｌｏｃｎｉｓｔｉｓｃｉｔｒｅｌａ）在雪柑、芦柑、蕉柑、福桔４个品种上的为害情况．根据其为害特性和柑桔果实产量大小年份可能给经济阈值带来的误差,采用同一树上以秋梢为计量单位,环割被测枝条（避免枝条间养分重新分配而带来误差）的方法,研究了为害秋梢的叶片光合作用强度,当年和翌年春夏梢的生长量,翌年果实品质和重量,以及叶片被害程度与柑桔潜叶蛾幼虫密度的关系．结果表明,柑桔受潜叶蛾为害后具有一定的光合补偿及组织愈伤的补偿能力;根据福州地区１９９４年柑桔生产力,以雪柑为品种确定经济阈值为１．２１头１龄幼虫／嫩叶;缩小了经济阈值受果实产量大小年份差异而带来的误差;同时考虑品种、柑桔园水热条件、产量水平、天敌作用等多种生态因子,建立了多因子经济阈值模型     

华南地区柑橘木虱与柑橘粉虱内共生菌检测及其Wolbachia共生菌的系统发育关系分析

【目的】探明不同地理种群的柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama和柑橘粉虱Dialeurodes citri Ashmead体内昆虫内共生菌的种类及其感染率,并以Wolbachia共生菌为代表,对其系统发育关系进行分析,为今后自共生菌角度研发柑橘木虱和柑橘粉虱的新型防控技术奠定基础。【方法】以16S r DNA、23S r DNA以及wsp为目标基因,利用PCR技术检测采自于广州、湛江、南宁、桂林、厦门的柑橘木虱以及采自广州的柑橘粉虱体内共生菌的种类及其感染率;利用多位点序列分型(MLST)技术和MEGA 5.0软件对不同昆虫样本中的Wolbachia进行系统发育关系分析。【结果】本研究采集的柑橘木虱和柑橘粉虱均含有原生共生菌Portiera和次生共生菌Wolbachia、Cardinium、Rickettsia,但该3种次生共生菌在不同木虱与粉虱种群的感染率有所不同;Arsenophonus只在广州和湛江种群的柑橘木虱中检出。基于wsp基因及MLST基因序列的Wolbachia系统发育分析表明,华南地区柑橘木虱和柑橘粉虱体内的Wolbachia均属于Wolbachia的B大组Con亚组。【结论】不同地理种群的柑橘木虱与柑橘粉虱体内感染的共生菌种类及其感染率不同;Wolabchia共生菌与柑橘木虱寄主不存在协同进化关系,在同一采集点存在Wolbachia通过柑橘寄主在柑橘木虱之间、柑橘木虱与柑橘粉虱之间水平传播的可能性。     

柑桔潜叶蛾发育起点温度和有效积温常数的测定与应用

<正> 柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stai-nton是柑桔类果树的主要害虫之一。其发生期的预测,目前主要采用发育进度预测法进行。笔者试图通过对柑桔潜叶蛾在室外自然条件下进行饲养,求得其发育起点温度和有效积温,从而建立历期预测式,为预测柑桔潜叶蛾的发生期提供另一种方法——有效积温预测法。现将结果报道如下。     

不同施氮量条件下柑橘粉虱自然种群生命表的研究

系统调查柑橘粉虱在每百棵柑橘不同氮肥量N1（对照）,N2（施氮肥0．25kg）,N3（施氮肥0．50kg）,N4（施氮肥0．75kg）条件下的自然种群,以作用因子组建在不同氮肥条件下的自然种群生命表。结果表明：不同氮肥水平下的柑橘树对柑橘粉虱的自然种群增长有着一定的影响,其中N3处理下的各作用因子作用一直处于相对稳定和较高的水平,其种群趋势指数为29．8,和施氮水平N2下的28．5很接近,明显低于施氮水平N4下的39．2,比N4水平下造成爆发成灾的可能性小,说明通过调节施氮量可控制柑橘粉虱的种群数量。     

云南弥渡县番茄潜叶蛾的发生情况及田间防治效果

外来入侵性害虫番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)于2018年3月26日在云南弥渡县被发现,为明确其发生为害情况,筛选出有效的防治药剂,阻止该虫的发生和蔓延,本研究采用性诱剂进行田间调查分析了番茄潜叶蛾的发生情况,通过田间药效试验比较噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、虫螨腈、苏云菌杆菌、乙基多杀菌素、阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺、噻虫·高氯氟和阿维·灭蝇胺对番茄潜叶蛾的防治效果.调查结果表明该虫在番茄种植区域均有发生,大棚番茄地发生尤其严重,为害株达100％,百叶幼虫量55.00～101.67头/百叶,周诱蛾量4.70～61.20头/板,果子的为害率达19.33％,最高达40％.田间药效的结果表明:33％阿维·灭蝇胺SC防效较好,药后3 d防效达74.30％,其次30％虫螨腈SC、6％阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺SC和6％乙基多杀菌素SC药后3 d防效64.25％、67.98％、54.85％,药后5 d防效79.08％、79.00％、73.45％,药后7 d防效81.60％、80.45％、65.70％.结果表明番茄潜叶蛾在弥渡县大棚发生为害较为严重,性诱剂对成虫有良好的诱集效果,虫螨腈、阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺、乙基多杀菌素和阿维·灭蝇胺可作为幼虫的防治药剂.     

Factors influencing adult female oviposition in the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella

1 The citrus leafminer (CLM) Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is a serious pest in most citrus‐growing regions of the world. The influence of leaf length, citrus species or variety, leaf colour tone and temperature on CLM oviposition was studied from field observations and laboratory experiments. The spatial distribution of eggs on leaves was also examined. Field data were obtained from 1100 samples collected in eastern Spain for 7 years. 2 Significant differences in oviposition rate were found among citrus species in ‘no choice’ laboratory experiments. This tendency was not apparent in the field due to the confounding effect of such factors as the intensity of new flushes and adult CLM abundance. Leaf colour tone and air temperature in the range studied (18–27°C) had no effect on CLM egg‐laying. 3 The distribution of eggs among leaves was random for population densities lower than four eggs per leaf, but became strongly aggregated above this, when not all eggs could survive and complete development. 4 The CLM developmental stage found on leaves depended on the leaf length, and most of the egg‐laying occurred only on leaves that were 10–25 mm long. These leaves had the highest CLM stages in the field and thus give the best estimate of CLM oviposition.     

The biology and phenology of the citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri, on citrus in the Coastal Plain of Israel

The citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) (CWF), is a polyphagous citrus pest, originating in S. E. Asia, which was first discovered in the Western Galilee region of Israel in 1975. The larval instars of CWF secrete honeydew, and the sooty mould fungus, which develops on the honeydew, causes damage to the tree and its fruit. In observations made in Israel between 1987 and 1991 CWF usually completed three generations per year, although a small proportion of the population had two or four generations. From October to April a combination of shortened photoperiod and reduced temperature arrest the development of CWF in the fourth larval instar. The average length of the life cycle from egg to adult emergence was 65 days in the first generation (April–June), 52 days in the second generation (July–August) and 8 months in the third generation (September–April). Under laboratory conditions of L16: D8 and 25 °C, the mean developmental time was 54 days, and the duration of the egg, first larval instar, second larval instar, third larval instar, fourth larval instar and putative pupa (red eyes) were 12.1, 6.5, 5.5, 7.6, 18, and 4.7 days, respectively. Adults prefer to lay their eggs on young, fully developed citrus leaves, but also oviposit on older leaves. The inner region and shaded sides of the tree are preferred for oviposition.     

悬挂高度和位置对性诱剂诱集柑桔潜叶蛾雄虫效果的影响

本文研究了红心蜜柚园和新余蜜橘园中诱捕器悬挂高度、设置距离对性诱剂诱集柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton雄虫效果的影响.结果表明,诱捕器悬挂的垂直高度明显影响性诱剂对柑桔潜叶蛾雄虫诱集量,同时这个影响随着高度相对树干的水平位置变化而变化.诱捕器最佳悬挂位置是三分之二树高的树冠底部边...     

Natural mortality factors acting on citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in lime orchards in South Florida

Seasonal mortality of the citrusleafminer, Phyllocnistis citrellaStainton, was studied from 1994 through 1998 in`Tahiti' lime, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle,in Homestead, Florida. Survival of eachdevelopmental host stage and the proportionattacked by indigenous and introduced naturalenemies were determined. Before the recovery ofthe introduced parasitoid, Ageniaspiscitricola Logvinovskaya, in 1995, thethird-instar host had the highest averageproportion of parasitized individuals (0.14)followed by the prepupa (0.11) while the firstinstar had the lowest proportion parasitized(0.02). After the first recovery andestablishment of A. citricola, theproportion of pupae parasitized increased to0.56 followed by the prepupa (0.14) and thethird instar (0.11). Before the introduction ofA. citricola, the highest proportion ofhosts killed by predation was observed insecond instar (0.17) and third instar (0.15).After the establishment of the introducedspecies, the proportion of dead individuals dueto predation was greater for second instar(0.31) and third instar (0.21) larvae.Mortality caused by indigenous natural enemieswas significantly correlated with increases ofP. citrella density. Parasitism ofP. citrella by the exotic parasitoid,A. citricola, correlated less well to hostdensity over the season (r² = 0.12) thandid mortality caused by indigenous naturalenemies (r² = 0.76). Moreover, a higherpercent mortality in population of P. citrellawas obtained from predation by theindigenous natural enemies than the introducedparasitoid as shown in the mortality estimatesfrom 1995 to 1998.     

Spatial dispersion and sampling of citrus whitefly,Dialeurodes citri,for control decisions in a citrus orchard

1 Monitoring the citrus whitefly Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) in citrus orchards in Israel is necessary for control decisions in IPM in the period before the establishment of natural enemies. The main damage caused by D. citri is due to sooty mould, which colonizes the sweet secretions of this pest. 2 Using Taylor’s Power Law to describe the variance–mean relationship, the dispersion of the citrus whitefly was found to be aggregated at all developmental stages. The action threshold was estimated using regression of sooty mould level on egg or larval counts. 3 Two-stage sampling plans were constructed in different pest generations, for eggs and larval stages, on the basis of the variance between leaves on a tree and the variance between trees in a plot. 4 Fixed sample size plans were prepared, with possible numbers of trees and the numbers of leaves per tree to be sampled, in order to attain a given precision level. 5 Sequential sampling plans were also drawn up, on the basis of four leaves per tree, where trees are sampled until a decision can be reached. The maximum number of trees to be sampled was set according to the corresponding fixed sample size plan. 6 Simulation of the sequential sampling plans showed them to be highly reliable in terms of the decision reached with economy in sample size for high and low infestation levels.     

合成性信息素对柑桔潜叶蛾的田间引诱作用

目前柑桔潜叶蛾的防治主要依赖化学农药, 而且生产中缺少有效测报技术。为此, 我们于2009年6月30日至10月6日在浙江宁波通过有机合成柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella（鳞翅目, 细蛾科）的3种性信息素化合物顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛、顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛和顺7-十六碳烯醛, 配制成不同浓度比例的混合物, 进行田间试验比较其引诱活性。结果表明, 单一的顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛对柑桔潜叶蛾雄蛾就可以显示较强的引诱作用, 而顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛单一成分没有引诱活性, 顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛与顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛的二元混合物30∶1~3∶1之间活性较强, 而在30∶1的质量比例时诱虫量最高。含顺7-十六碳烯醛的三元混合物, 当顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛∶顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛∶顺7-十六碳烯醛三者比例为100∶10∶3时有显著增效作用。剂量与诱捕活性试验显示每枚诱芯1 mg顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛的剂量引诱作用最强, 随浓度降低, 引诱作用下降。诱捕器在0.8~1.5 m之间的不同悬挂高度对诱捕数量无显著影响。结果说明, 顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛、顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛和顺7-十六碳烯醛组成的三元混合物诱芯可以作为柑桔潜叶蛾的诱杀技术并应用于其生物防治和预测测报。     

Reproduction of three eulophid wasps that parasitise larvae of the citrus leafminer

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) (CLM), is a citrus pest indigenous to Southeast Asia. It was discovered in Israel in 1994. The pest attacks the young foliage of citrus, and damage is caused by the larvae tunnelling under the epidermis of young leaves, leading to foliage destruction. The present study documents basic biological parameters of three exotic eulophid wasps in the laboratory: Semielacher petiolatus, Quadrastichus citrella and Teleopterus sp. S. petiolatus females preferred to lay eggs in the 3rd larval instar of CLM, but did not lay eggs in the 1st instar. Its development ranged from 9 to 14 days. Female longevity was 30.2±5.9 days, its daily oviposition was 12.16±0.68 eggs/day, the total number of eggs oviposited per female was 278.9±74.1, and the number of CLM larvae parasitised was 260.0±68.3. Q. citrella preferred to lay in the 3rd and 4th instar larvae, but not in the 1st instar, its development ranged from 9 to 14 days, female longevity was 40.6±1.9 days, oviposition came to 8.3±0.6 eggs/day, the total number of eggs oviposited was 281.3±64.9/female and the number of parasitised CLM larvae was 276.5±63.7. Teleopterus sp. preferred to lay eggs in the 3rd larval instar, its development required 11–17 days, female longevity was 28.7±3.8 days, its daily number of offspring was 5.2±0.38 offspring/day and with emergence of 138.9±27.7 offspring/female. This knowledge enabled us to maintain high quality cultures for their releases in Israel.     

Suppression of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, with an attract-and-kill formulation

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a worldwide pest of citrus crops and is responsible for proliferation of citrus bacterial canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis (Hasse) pv. citri (Gamma Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadaceae). We developed and evaluated an attracticide formulation, termed MalEx, for control of P. citrella. MalEx is a viscous paste with UV‐protective properties that is dispensed as 50‐μl droplets using custom‐made calibrated pumps. A formulation containing 0.016%P. citrella pheromone [3:1 blend of (Z,Z,E)‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal and (Z,Z)‐7,11‐hexadecadienal] and 6% permethrin was found to suppress male response to pheromone in the field better than formulations containing 10× less pheromone. Although formulations without permethrin showed some suppression of male activity because of mating disruption, addition of 6% permethrin to the formulation was required for optimal efficacy. When MalEx, containing 0.016% pheromone and 6% permethrin, was applied at 3 000 point sources ha^?1, the application height did not influence efficacy of male P. citrella suppression within mature 4‐m tall citrus trees. Decreasing the rate of MalEx from 3 000 to 1 500 droplets ha^?1 reduced efficacy as measured by both male P. citrella activity and larval infestation. Although 4 500 droplets ha^?1 did not result in statistically better efficacy than 3 000 droplets ha^?1, there was a noticeable trend for higher efficacy as droplet density increased. Continuous treatment of 0.5‐ha blocks of citrus with MalEx over the course of 112 days reduced larval infestation of new flush, as compared with those in untreated control plots, by 3.6–7.2× depending on droplet application density. In laboratory behavioral bioassays, the attractiveness of MalEx droplets to male P. citrella was drastically reduced after 21 days of field aging. However, our laboratory investigation confirmed that 100% of males contacting MalEx droplets, aged up to 35 days in the field, were killed within 24 h. Direct observation of male P. citrella behavior in the field confirmed that attracted males made contact with droplets. Control of P. citrella with MalEx should reduce the number of required broad spectrum sprays for leafminer management in both field and citrus nursery settings.     

Toxicity of pesticides to the citrus leafminer and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola evaluated to assess their suitability for an IPM program in citrus nurseries

The relative toxicity of pesticides to Phyllocnistis citrella and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola was compared by several bioassay methods. A clip-cage bioassay measured survival of adults exposed to fresh residues at 0.25-times (0.25×), 0.5×, 1×, and 2× the lowest recommended rate of each pesticide, a water control (0×), and 24- and 48-h aged residues of oil at 1.5% (1×) rate. A one-species cylinder bioassay determined the effects of pesticides on immature stages of the citrus leafminer after treating young citrus trees with the same rates of pesticides (except for avermectin, tested at 0×, 0.01×, 0.025×, 0.05×, 0.1×, and 0.25× rates). A sublethal rate of petroleum oil (0.4%) was added as an adjuvant in some treatments. The effect of pesticides on immature stages of A. citricola was determined with a two-species cylinder bioassay after treating young citrus trees with the same rates as above. An index of IPM compatibility was developed based on the efficacy of the pesticide as a control agent of the leafminer (or other pests) and its selectivity to the parasitoid at the lowest recommended field rate (0.25× the field rate for avermectin). Azadirachtin (Neemix) + oil, diflubenzuron (Micromite) + oil, fenoxycarb (Eclipse) + oil, and oil alone (FC 435-66) were classified as IPM-compatible insecticides. Sprays of azadirachtin (Align) + oil, neem oil (Neemgard), and drenched imidacloprid (Admire) were ranked as a semi-compatible insecticides. The fungicide copper hydroxide (Kocide 101) and a fish oil-based foliar fertilizer (Zapata HFE) were considered compatible. Avermectin (Agri-Mek) + oil, ethion (Ethion), and imidacloprid (Provado) applied as a spray were IPM-incompatible insecticides. These products should be tested under field conditions to confirm these ratings.     

印度查谟地区甜橙上柑桔潜叶蛾为害动态及其与重要气候因子的关系(英文)

本研究旨在揭示印度查谟柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton为害甜橙Citrus sinensis的季节性变化,以及降雨量、相对湿度和温度等重要的气候因子对其种群的影响。本文对不同季节印度查谟的一个甜橙园里的柑桔潜叶蛾丰度进行了调查, 从2005年3月到2008年2月每两周调查一次。柑桔潜叶蛾在一年内有3个为害高峰,分别是4月中旬、7月中旬和9月中旬,这与甜橙新营养梢的生长期相吻合。相关分析表明,上午和下午的相对湿度和平均相对湿度与柑桔潜叶蛾的数量呈负相关;然而,平均降雨量、最高气温、最低气温和平均气温与柑桔潜叶蛾的数量呈正相关。降雨量和温度与柑桔潜叶蛾为害程度呈显著正相关。总之,柑桔潜叶蛾的数量不能简单地通过观察某一特殊地区的相对湿度来预测,而降雨量和温度在影响虫害方面均起着重要的作用。