东北地区四种本地赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾寄生能力及适应性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是新入侵我国的重大危险性入侵害虫,赤眼蜂是我国生物防治的优势卵寄生蜂,可用于防治多种农林作物上的鳞翅目害虫。为检测东北地区本地赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的生防潜能,筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的有效蜂种,本研究比较研究了松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、黏虫赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力和发育适合度。结果表明,4种赤眼蜂均能寄生草地贪夜蛾卵,并完成发育,但其寄生能力和发育适合度存在显著差异。松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵块寄生率均高于80%,但仅松毛虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵表现出较高的卵粒寄生量。松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂子代羽化率和雌性比无显著差异,但松毛虫赤眼蜂比其它3种赤眼蜂的发育历期更短,而稻螟赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力和适合度均最差。研究结果将为应用本地赤眼蜂生物防治潜在入侵东北地区的草地贪夜蛾提供技术支撑。     

草地贪夜蛾寄主适应性、种群动态特征及防控新思路展望

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区的重要入侵害虫,自2019年1月份入侵中国以来,迅速席卷国内多个省市,对我国的粮食生产系统造成巨大的压力。广东省丰富的作物资源和适宜的气候条件等,使其可能成为草地贪夜蛾入侵后种群恢复繁衍的大后方。因此,广东省草地贪夜蛾防控更为艰巨。草地贪夜蛾入侵我省乃至我国,将出现新的特征,使得草地贪夜蛾的防控局势变得复杂。本综述系统调研了草地贪夜蛾国内外的研究现状,包括在原产地及我国的寄主适应性、种群动态和防控措施等方面,并在现今组学及新技术高度发展的新形势下,对草地贪夜蛾入侵机制研究方法提出了一些展望,以期对草地贪夜蛾的有效防控提供参考依据。     

草地贪夜蛾综合防控技术研究进展

草地贪夜蛾是世界重大入侵性害虫,我国于2019年初发现草地贪夜蛾大面积危害西南地区玉米、高粱、甘蔗等多种作物,随后迅速扩散至主要玉米产区,严重威胁和影响我国粮食安全。国内研究人员已开展了大量关于草地贪夜蛾监测预警与防控技术的研究,在其种群发生规律监测、迁飞路径研判、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治等方面取得了系列进展,基本明确了草地贪夜蛾在我国西南、江南江淮、北方各地区的发生与危害规律,建立了一套草地贪夜蛾综合防控技术体系,有效阻断了其大面积扩散危害。本文综述了2019—2022年间国内草地贪夜蛾防控技术的研究进展,以期为开发草地贪夜蛾综合防控技术提供参考。     

农业农村部印发通知 要求做好2020年全国草地贪夜蛾防控工作

今年我国草地贪夜蛾发生形势严峻,防控任务艰巨.为贯彻落实中央一号文件和全国农业农村厅局长会议精神,按照早谋划、早预警、早准备、早防治要求,在做好新冠肺炎疫情防控的同时,持续推进草地贪夜蛾防治,有效遏制大面积暴发成灾,努力夺取小康之年粮食和农业丰收,农业农村部制定了《2020年全国草地贪夜蛾防控预案》.《预案》指出,2019年草地贪夜蛾首次入侵我国,党中央、国务院高度重视,习近平总书记多次作出重要指示批示,李克强总理也作出具体要求.     

草地贪夜蛾抗药性概况及其治理对策

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是一种原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区的世界性害虫,主要为害玉米、高粱、花生和大豆等作物。多食性、高繁殖力、迁飞能力强和易产生抗药性等生物学特性强化了草地贪夜蛾的害虫地位。草地贪夜蛾于2019年1月入侵中国云南等地后迅速蔓延扩散至十多个省份。喷施化学杀虫剂是我国当前有效防控草地贪夜蛾的重要手段,但入侵我国的草地贪夜蛾已携带对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性基因,因此需要加强抗药性监测工作,并依据抗药性水平进行精准选药。本文对草地贪夜蛾抗药性测定方法、抗药性发生概况以及抗药性机制进行了综述,并对我国草地贪夜蛾抗药性测定方法和治理策略提出建议。     

云南普洱江城县草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道中可培养细菌的分离及鉴定

云南省普洱市江城县是草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda入侵云南乃至我国的第一站,为了解入侵云南省普洱市江城县的草地贪夜蛾肠道中的细菌群落组成,以采集于江城县玉米田的草地贪夜蛾幼虫为材料,运用传统微生物分离纯培养方法,结合16S rRNA测序及同源性分析方法研究了草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道中可培养细菌多样性。结果表明,普洱江城县玉米田草地贪夜蛾肠道中分离获得18株细菌,隶属于8个属,分别为肠球菌属Enterococcus、芽孢杆菌属Bacillus、葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus、产碱普罗威登斯菌属Providencia、克雷伯氏菌属Klebsiella、沙雷氏菌属Serratia、不动杆菌属Acinetobacter、巨球菌属Macrococcus。其中肠球菌属Enterococcus的丰度最高,分别占LB培养基和NA培养基所有分离菌株的65.06%和44.20%。该研究明确了入侵云南省普洱市江城县的草地贪夜蛾肠道中细菌的优势种类及丰富度,为后期草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌多样性研究及其功能和防治研究奠定理论基础。     

草地贪夜蛾的性信息素通讯研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda原产于美洲,具有长距离迁飞特性。该虫于1988年入侵欧洲,2016年入侵非洲,并引起巨大的粮食损失,2018年入侵亚洲,2019年从缅甸传入中国,并在短时间扩散至全国10多个省。草地贪夜蛾依赖性信息素通讯,实现雌雄间识别、交配和繁衍,为了深入研究草地贪夜蛾的性信息素通讯及其机制并开发更高效的预测预报和防治技术,本文综述了草地贪夜蛾性信息素通讯的研究现状。1967年首次报道草地贪夜蛾性信息素为顺9-十四乙酸酯,随后发现有不同的鉴定结果,1986年确认其性信息素由顺9-十四乙酸酯和顺7-十二乙酸酯两个组分组成,其比例为96.6∶3.4时表现出最强的引诱活性。除此而外,对不同地理种群的研究发现,草地贪夜蛾雌蛾的信息素腺体提取物还存在顺9-十二乙酸酯、顺11-十六乙酸酯和反7-十二乙酸酯,田间实验表明这些物质在性信息素通讯中也可发挥作用。根据分子标记和喜食寄主,草地贪夜蛾可分为玉米品系和水稻品系。两个品系在外部形态上无法区分,性信息素组分也相同,但在组分比例上存在一定的差异。两个品系间存在一定程度的生殖隔离,但室内可以正交和反交并产生可育的F1代,F1代的性信息素比例与母本的比较相似。关于草地贪夜蛾雄性对性信息素的感受机制方面研究较少,仅见有感器形态的鉴定和对性信息素组分的触角电位反应研究的报道。根据目前草地贪夜蛾在我国的发生情况及其性信息素通讯机制的研究现状,我们建议尽快开展以下研究：(1)鉴定草地贪夜蛾我国入侵种群的雌性性信息素,尽快用于其种群动态监测及防治;(2)研究草地贪夜蛾雄性对性信息素的嗅觉编码机制;(3)研究草地贪夜蛾两个品系的行为隔离程度及其演化结局。     

首次入侵广东的草地贪夜蛾迁入路径及天气背景分析

草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)是联合国粮农组织全球预警的超级害虫,2019年1月入侵我国云南,并随季风远距离迁飞扩散,4月23日,广东省广州市增城区首次发现并确认该虫幼虫发生为害,对当地玉米等粮食作物构成严重威胁。本研究运用基于WRF模式的昆虫三维轨迹分析程序和GrADS气象图形软件,模拟了入侵广东的草地贪夜蛾的迁飞路径及天气背景场。结果表明:按照幼虫发育历期推算,首批草地贪夜蛾成虫迁入广东的时间可能为4月8日~13日;在此期间,越南北部及华南地区的西南低空急流可为草地贪夜蛾的迁飞提供运载气流,而风切变、降雨和下沉气流为草地贪夜蛾的迫降提供便利条件;4月9-10日存在草地贪夜蛾的有效迁飞路径,入侵广东省增城区草地贪夜蛾种群的有效虫源地分布在越南及老挝北部。本研究为华南地区草地贪夜蛾春季迁入种群的监测预警及防控提供了科学依据。     

2019年山东省草地贪夜蛾迁飞过程及气象背景场分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera fragiperda是玉米上重要的迁飞性害虫,草地贪夜蛾入侵山东对山东省玉米粮食生产构成重大威胁.因此,探明山东省早期入侵的草地贪夜蛾虫源地分布十分重要.本文根据2019年山东省虫情及有效积温模型,运用HYSPLIT模型结合气象资料,对2019年入侵山东省的草地贪夜蛾虫源地分布及迁入迁出...     

昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种重要的世界性害虫,目前已扩散至我国十余个省、市(区)。由于草地贪夜蛾已报道对多种常用农药及Bt等制剂产生抗性,因此寻求新的生防制剂具有重要的意义。昆虫病原线虫具有防治草地贪夜蛾的应用潜力。本文从昆虫病原线虫品系、保护剂、增效药剂、施用技术以及综合防控等方面综述了昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进展,并对进一步开展应用昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进行了展望。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.     

Role of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the function of generalization in the cat

In chronic experiments on cats contribution of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus to the organization of the processes of generalization and abstraction was studied by means of alternation method. Electrolytic ablation of the nucleus retarded the learning and impeded the initial stages of formation of the generalization function. Mechanisms of thalamic dementia are discussed.