植物气味化合物与斜纹夜蛾性信息素的协同作用

为提高现有性信息素对雄蛾的引诱活性, 本研究通过大量的田间试验探索植物气味化合物与斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura性信息素（顺9, 反11-十四碳二烯乙酸酯∶顺9, 反12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯=10∶1）的协同作用机制。从斜纹夜蛾寄主植物和花的气味化合物中, 选择9种有代表性的化合物, 并以一定剂量分别加入到斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱芯中, 在田间测试对雄蛾的引诱活性。结果表明: 在测试的9种植源性化合物中, 发现一定剂量(每个诱芯加入0.4 mg)的苯乙醛(PAA), 具有显著提高斜纹夜蛾性信息素的引诱作用, 而高剂量的苯乙醛则强烈抑制性信息素的引诱活性; 此外, 其他各种浓度的测试化合物或混合物对性信息素则没有统计上显著的增效作用。不同剂量的苯乙醛单个化合物及各种植物气味化合物组成的混合物对斜纹夜蛾也有微弱的引诱作用。苯乙醛必须要与性信息素的完整组分(以10∶1比例混合的顺9, 反11-十四碳二烯乙酸酯和顺9反, 12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯)混合才能起作用, 缺少顺9, 反12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯则没有引诱活性。本研究证明, 苯乙醛作为理想的性信息素诱芯增效剂, 可应用于建立更理想的斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱杀技术, 对性诱害虫防治和测报具有应用价值。     

交配和温度对草地贪夜蛾性信息素通讯的影响

【目的】明确交配和温度对草地贪夜蛾Spodopterafrugiperda性信息素通讯的影响,为田间草地贪夜蛾的性信息素防治提供参考。【方法】采用溶剂浸提法提取草地贪夜蛾雌蛾性信息素腺体中的化学组分;利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对提取物中的组分进行化学鉴定;利用气相色谱（GC）技术分析雌蛾腺体中各组分的含量;利用触角电位（EAG）技术测定雄蛾对腺体各组分及性信息素类似物的电生理反应。在不同温度（20-35）℃下饲养草地贪夜蛾,以研究温度对其性信息素通讯的影响。【结果】GC-MS分析发现,草地贪夜蛾雌蛾腺体内含有Z7-12:Ac等7种组分。交配实验表明,雌蛾在1个暗期内只交配1次,在羽化后7 d内可交配多次,其中交配2次及以上的占44%（单对放置）和67%(30对放置)。交配显著抑制雌蛾在次日暗期（交配后第1个暗期）的求偶活动,但在交配后第2个暗期基本恢复正常;在交配后第1个暗期,雌蛾腺体中主要组分Z9-14:Ac的含量和比例较对照雌蛾显著升高,其他组分无显著变化。在20-35℃的饲养温度范围内,雌蛾腺体内16:Ac的含量在35℃时最高,在20℃时未能检测出;各测试温度下Z11-16:Ac的含量相差不显著;其余5种组分均在25℃时最高;主要活性组分Z7-12:Ac和Z9-14:Ac在35℃时显著降低。饲养温度对腺体内各组分的相对比例也有较大影响,12:Ac、Z11-14:Ac、Z11-16:Ac和16:Ac所占比例均在30-35℃时较高,而Z9-14:Ac则在20-25℃时较高。不同饲养温度所得雄蛾对腺体主要组分的触角电位反应无显著差异。【结论】交配显著抑制草地贪夜蛾雌蛾在次日的求偶行为;25℃饲养条件最适宜雌蛾腺体内性信息素等组分的合成。     

草地贪夜蛾三个SfruPBPs对本种及同域种劳氏粘虫性信息素及腺体组分的亲和力

[目的]测定草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda 3个信息素结合蛋白(pheromone binding protein,PBP)(SfruPBP)对草地贪夜蛾及同域近缘种劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi性信息素及腺体组分的结合特性,探究草地贪夜蛾这3个SfruPBPs在两种昆虫不同性信息素组分识...     

沙棘木蠹蛾(鳞翅目：木蠹蛾科)性信息素组分鉴定及其生物活性

报道了沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素的结构及组分,并报道了不同组分：顺-3-十四碳烯醇;反-3-十四碳烯醇;顺-3-十四碳乙酸酯;反-3-十四碳乙酸酯;顺-7-十四碳烯醇;顺-7-十四碳乙酸酯;顺-9-十四碳乙酸酯的室内触角电位反应和林间诱捕试验。林间诱蛾结果表明2组分和5组分的诱蛾活性高于其它组合。     

草地贪夜蛾寄主适应性、种群动态特征及防控新思路展望

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区的重要入侵害虫,自2019年1月份入侵中国以来,迅速席卷国内多个省市,对我国的粮食生产系统造成巨大的压力。广东省丰富的作物资源和适宜的气候条件等,使其可能成为草地贪夜蛾入侵后种群恢复繁衍的大后方。因此,广东省草地贪夜蛾防控更为艰巨。草地贪夜蛾入侵我省乃至我国,将出现新的特征,使得草地贪夜蛾的防控局势变得复杂。本综述系统调研了草地贪夜蛾国内外的研究现状,包括在原产地及我国的寄主适应性、种群动态和防控措施等方面,并在现今组学及新技术高度发展的新形势下,对草地贪夜蛾入侵机制研究方法提出了一些展望,以期对草地贪夜蛾的有效防控提供参考依据。     

草地贪夜蛾4个性信息素结合蛋白基因的克隆及表达模式分析

草地贪夜蛾是世界性的重大害虫,2019年1月入侵我国并迅速扩散到20多个省市。性诱剂是对草地贪夜蛾进行监测和诱杀的有效手段,但是其作用识别机制仍不清楚,限制了高效性诱剂的研发和应用。性信息素结合蛋白(PBPs)在鳞翅目昆虫包括草地贪夜蛾性信息素识别过程中起重要作用。本研究从草地贪夜蛾中克隆了4个编码PBPs的cDNA序列,命名为SfruPBP1-SfruPBP4。4个SfruPBPs均含有完整的开放阅读框,所编码的蛋白具有性信息素结合蛋白的典型特征:N-端有信号肽、具有保守的6个半胱氨酸残基。系统进化分析显示SfruPBPs与斜纹夜蛾和海灰翅夜蛾PBPs的亲缘关系最近,且4个SfruPBPs被聚在不同的进化分支。4个SfruPBPs基因均由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,内含子插入位点高度保守。此外,4个SfruPBPs在草地贪夜蛾基因组上呈串联排列。SfruPBP1、SfruPBP2和SfruPBP3在成虫触角中特异性表达,其中SfruPBP1和SfruPBP2在雄成虫触角中的表达水平显著高于雌虫,而SfruPBP3在雌雄触角中的表达水平无显著差异。SfruPBP4特异性表达于雄成虫腹部。本研究结果为揭示草地贪夜蛾性信息素识别机制奠定了基础。     

性信息素不同配方、剂量与诱捕器类型对引诱甜菜夜蛾效果的影响

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua是浙北芦笋产区的主要灾害性害虫,对常规药剂产生了抗性,化学防治效果不理想。为提高现有性诱剂诱捕效率,本研究对甜菜夜蛾的诱捕系统进行优化,开发适合浙江种群甜菜夜蛾性诱剂的最佳诱捕系统。在浙江省嘉兴平湖芦笋基地针对性信息素不同配方、剂量的诱芯和诱捕器类型3种因素对甜菜夜蛾的影响进行田间试验。试验结果表明,当甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分顺-9,反-12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯∶顺-9-十四碳烯醇∶顺-11-十六碳烯醇醋酸酯为7∶3∶1,剂量为1. 0 mg时,诱蛾活性最高,显著高于其他处理;在0. 1-1. 0 mg范围内,性信息素的剂量越高,活性越强;船形诱捕器诱蛾效果最高,其它3种诱捕器的诱捕效率差异显著。性信息素不同配方、剂量与诱捕器类型均能不同程度影响甜菜夜蛾诱捕效果,本研究为应用性信息素进行甜菜夜蛾监测与防治提供技术支撑。     

首次入侵广东的草地贪夜蛾迁入路径及天气背景分析

草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)是联合国粮农组织全球预警的超级害虫,2019年1月入侵我国云南,并随季风远距离迁飞扩散,4月23日,广东省广州市增城区首次发现并确认该虫幼虫发生为害,对当地玉米等粮食作物构成严重威胁。本研究运用基于WRF模式的昆虫三维轨迹分析程序和GrADS气象图形软件,模拟了入侵广东的草地贪夜蛾的迁飞路径及天气背景场。结果表明:按照幼虫发育历期推算,首批草地贪夜蛾成虫迁入广东的时间可能为4月8日~13日;在此期间,越南北部及华南地区的西南低空急流可为草地贪夜蛾的迁飞提供运载气流,而风切变、降雨和下沉气流为草地贪夜蛾的迫降提供便利条件;4月9-10日存在草地贪夜蛾的有效迁飞路径,入侵广东省增城区草地贪夜蛾种群的有效虫源地分布在越南及老挝北部。本研究为华南地区草地贪夜蛾春季迁入种群的监测预警及防控提供了科学依据。     

棉铃虫和烟青虫性信息素腺体脂肪醇和乙酸酯转化的比较研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和烟青虫H. assulta属于可同域发生的近缘种昆虫,通过产生比例相反的两种性信息素化合物——顺9-十六碳烯醛和顺11-十六碳烯醛维持种间生殖隔离。本研究应用外源不饱和脂肪醇及乙酸酯在棉铃虫和烟青虫性信息素腺体进行在体转化,利用气相色谱法分析转化产物,从酶学角度探讨了上述两近缘种昆虫性信息素腺体组分差异的形成原因。实验结果表明,两种昆虫信息素腺体表皮伯醇氧化酶对外源顺9-十六碳烯醇、顺11-十六碳烯醇和反10-十六碳烯醇无催化专一性,说明末端氧化过程对于醛类性信息素组分特定比例的形成不起作用。棉铃虫性信息素腺体组织具有较高的乙酸酯酶活性,可水解外源乙酸酯,但烟青虫性信息素腺体乙酸酯酶活性很低。这些发现对于进一步了解两种昆虫的生殖隔离机制有重要参考价值。     

新型缓释载体材料在草地贪夜蛾引诱剂中的应用

比较不同草地贪夜蛾引诱剂的田间诱集效果差异,筛选出长持效期引诱剂使用的缓释载体材料,为草地贪夜蛾的长期种群监测提供重要的理论依据。本研究首先将新型材料海藻酸钙/聚己内酯微球作为缓释载体应用于草地贪夜蛾引诱剂1,对其结构性能进行相关分析;通过田间诱集试验比较引诱剂1、引诱剂2、引诱剂3、引诱剂4、引诱剂5等五种不同草地贪夜蛾引诱剂的田间持续监测诱集效果;利用气相色谱仪定量比较两种诱集效果不同载体材料的引诱剂1(最优)、引诱剂2(最差)中所含性信息素组分的缓释能力。结果表明：新型材料海藻酸钙/聚己内酯微球的蛙卵状球形结可使草地贪夜蛾引诱剂1中信息素组分缓慢释放,室内静置2个月后该载体基本结构保持稳定;五种不同草地贪夜蛾引诱剂的持续诱捕能力对比为：引诱剂1>引诱剂5>引诱剂4>引诱剂3>引诱剂2,引诱剂1使用80 d仍然具有很强的引诱效果;通过对比诱集持续效果最优及最差的2种引诱剂1、引诱剂2所用载体的缓释性能,发现田间诱集持续效果最好的引诱剂1对草地贪夜蛾性信息素组分的缓释效果显著优于引诱剂2。海藻酸钙/聚己内酯微球作为载体材料可使草地贪夜蛾引诱剂的诱集持效期达80...     

笋秀夜蛾雄蛾对性信息素化合物的电生理和行为反应

利用气质联用仪对笋秀夜蛾雌蛾性腺体粗提物成分进行了分析比对,通过触角电位(EAG)试验研究了笋秀夜蛾雄成虫对性信息素组分的电生理反应,以Y形嗅觉仪进行了室内和林间的行为生测.结果表明： 雌蛾性腺体粗提物中顺11-十六碳乙酸酯(Z11-16:Ac)和顺11-十六碳烯醇(Z11-16:OH)为笋秀夜蛾性信息素活性组分,性腺粗提物、两种化合物及其混合物均能激发雄蛾明显的EAG反应,且EAG反应值随性信息素组分浓度增加而增加.Z11-16:Ac和Z11-16:OH按57∶43配置成的二元混合物所激发的EAG反应强于同等剂量下的单一组分.室内的行为生测和林间诱捕试验结果与EAG反应基本一致,Z11-16:Ac+Z11-16:OH(57∶43)混合物对雄蛾引诱力最强,在林间单诱捕器(诱芯浓度为10⁴ng·μL^-1)的平均诱捕量达到(48.5±6.7)头.     

Inter- and intraspecific activities of compounds derived from sex pheromone glands of currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses of crude sex pheromone gland extracts revealed that virgin Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), currant borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) females, produced 6 compounds, structurally related to sex pheromone components of clearwing moths. By comparison of retention times and mass spectra of natural products with corresponding properties of synthetic standards, these compounds were identified as: (2E,13Z)-octadeca-2,13-dien-1-yl acetate (E2,Z13-18:OAc), (3E,13Z)-octadeca-3,13-dien-1-yl acetate (E3,Z13-18:OAc), (13Z)-octadec-13-en-1-yl acetate (Z13-18:OAc), (2E,13Z)-octadeca-2,13-dien-1-ol (E2,Z13-18:OH), (13Z)-octadec-13-en-1-ol (Z13-18:OH) and octadecan-1-ol (18:OH) in the ratio 100:0.7:2.7:3.2:traces:traces. The first 3 compounds were previously known to occur in the sex pheromone gland extracts of currant borers, while the last 3 chemicals are now reported for the first time. Trapping tests carried out in the black currant field revealed that E2,Z13-18:OAc, when tested separately, attracted S. tipuliformis males, while addition of E3,Z13-18:OAc to the main component increased the effectiveness of E2,Z13-18:OAc over seven times. The attractiveness of 6 component lures did not differ significantly from the one of the binary mixture, confirming that E2,Z13-18:OAc and E3,Z13-18:OAc in the ratio100:0.7 are essential sex pheromone components of S. tipuliformis. Trapping tests carried out at the dwelling place of Synanthedon scoliaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) revealed that, in addition to intraspecific synergistic effect, E3,Z13-18:OAc increased the specificity of the pheromone signal of S. tipuliformis, acting by intraspecific mode as an attraction antagonist against S. scoliaeformis males. By this way, it ensured the specificity of the sex attraction signal of the currant borer. Consequently, both compounds E2,Z13-18:OAc and E3,Z13-18:OAc have to be present in pheromone formulations used for monitoring and/or control of S. tipuliformis to avoid effecting non-target species. Other compounds identified from the sex pheromone gland of S. tipuliformis did not show any significant interspecific activity for males of S. scoliaeformis, however, they provide a basis to achieve specificity of a pheromone signal of S. tipuliformis and could act as attraction antagonists against other clearwing moth species which, like S. tipuliformis, employ E2,Z13-18:OAc as their sex pheromone component.     

Identification of the sex pheromone of Isoceras sibirica Alpheraky (Lepidoptera, Cossidae)

We discovered that extracts of the female sex pheromone gland of the carpenterworm moth Isoceras sibirica Alpheraky, a pest of Asparagus officinalis Linn., contained (Z)-7-tetradecen-1-ol (Z7-14:OH), (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14:OH), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14:Ac), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac), and (Z)-9-hexadecadecenyl acetate (Z9-16:Ac). The average levels of the chemicals in a single sex pheromone gland of a calling moth were (0.71 +/- 0.24) ng, (1.42 +/- 0.44) ng, (4.36 +/- 0.32) ng, (8.71 +/- 0.26) ng, and (0.82 +/- 0.38) ng, respectively. The electroantennography (EAG) analysis of these chemicals and their analogues demonstrated that Z9-14:Ac triggered significantly the male EAG response. Traps with rubber septa lure impregnated with Z9-14:Ac (500 microg/septum), Z7-14:Ac (250 microg/septum), and Z9-16:Ac (50 microg/septum) were more effective in catching male moths than traps with other baits or virgin females. Addition of Z7-14:OH and Z9-14:OH to rubber septa did not enhance the efficiency of the trap.     

Enhanced attraction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to pheromone-baited traps with the addition of green leaf volatiles

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is one of the most serious pests of Brassicaceae crops worldwide. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of P. xylostella to green leaf volatiles (GLVs) alone or together with its female sex pheromone were investigated in laboratory and field. GLVs 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol elicited strong electroantennographic responses from unmated male and female P. xylostella, whereas (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate only produced a relatively weak response. The behavioral responses of unmated moths to GLVs were further tested in Y-tube olfactometer experiments. (E)-2-Hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate induced attraction of males, reaching up to 50%, significantly higher than the response to the unbaited control arm. In field experiments conducted in 2008 and 2009, significantly more moths were captured in traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone with either (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate alone or a blend of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexenal compared with sex pheromone alone and other blend mixtures. These results demonstrated that GLVs could be used to enhance the attraction of P. xylostella males to sex pheromone-baited traps.     

Sex pheromone of the butterbur borer, Ostrinia zaguliaevi

The sex pheromone blend of the butterbur borer, Ostrinia zaguliaevi (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), GC-mass spectrometry and a series of wind-tunnel bioassays. Four EAD-active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and these were identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc). The average amounts ± s.d. of the four compounds in a single sex pheromone gland were 7.9±3.7 ng, 10.1±3.2 ng, 1.1±0.5 ng and 11.6±5.1 ng, respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the ternary blend of Z9-, E11- and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio found in the sex pheromone gland (45:5:50) elicited the same behavioral responses from the males as did virgin females and pheromone gland extract. Removal of any single compound from the ternary blend significantly diminished the pheromonal activity, whereas addition of 14:OAc to the ternary blend had no effect on the males' behavioral responses. Therefore, it was concluded that the sex pheromone blend of O. zaguliaevi is composed of Z9-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio of 45:5:50.     

Identification of minor sex pheromone components of the poplar clearwing moth Paranthrene tabaniformis (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)

A chemical analysis of the crude sex pheromone gland extracts of virgin calling Paranthrene tabaniformis females, obtained from the European part of Kazakhstan, revealed the presence of five compounds: (3E,13Z)-octadeca-3,13-dien-1-ol (E3,Z13-18:OH), (3Z,13Z)-octadeca-3,13-dien-1-ol (Z3,Z13-18:OH), (2E,13Z)-octadeca-2,13-dien-1-ol (E2,Z13-18:OH), (13Z)-octadec-13-en-1-ol (Z13-18:OH), and octadecan-1-ol (18:OH) at the ratios 64.0:32.4: 1.4:0.9:1.3, which are structurally related to sex pheromone components of clearwing moths. Our previous field tests showed synergistic effects of Z3,Z13-18:OH and E2,Z13-18:OH to attract P. tabaniformis males, when these compounds were tested in binary mixtures with the known sex pheromone E3,Z13-18:OH. The three dienic alcohols should all be considered as sex pheromone components of the P. tabaniformis species, while the role of Z13-18:OH and 18:OH remained unclear.     

Antennal sensitivity to female sex pheromone compounds of Spodoptera frugiperda males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and associated field behaviour

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important insect pests of corn, sorghum, rice, and grasses. The sex pheromone produced by S. frugiperda is composed of a mixture of esters. In this study, I determined the antennal responses of FAW males from 22 populations in Mexico to the components of the sex pheromone of this species: (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) at four doses (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg). In addition, I evaluated the behavioural activity of single compounds in the field. The largest antennal responses of FAW males from all the sampled regions were elicited by Z9-14:OAc (all doses evaluated) and Z7-12:OAc (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg). The male antennal responses evoked by Z11-16:OAc were smaller but similar to responses to Z7-12:OAc at lower doses (0.01 and 0.1 μg). In the field test, Z9-14:OAc produced significantly higher captures of S. frugiperda males compared to Z7-12:AOc and Z11-16:OAc. Antennal responses were related to captures obtained in the field, supported by the positive correlation of these variables [electroantennography (EAG) response and behaviour], with the exception of Z7-12:OAc, which elicited relatively large EAG responses but did not produce high captures of S. frugiperda. These results are of importance to agriculture, enabling the implementation of better methods of monitoring and controlling this pest, and support the suggestion that a mixture of Z9-14:OAc and Z7-12:OAc could represent an effective attractant for all evaluated populations of S. frugiperda in Mexico.     

小地老虎中国种群性信息素的成分鉴定及田间试验（英文）

研究了小地老虎中国种群的性信息素组分,3日龄处女蛾单腺体性信息素提取物中性信息素的含量非常低。GC和GC-MS分析表明,小地老虎性信息素含有5种成分：顺-7-12碳乙酸酯（A）、顺-9-14碳乙酸酯（B）、顺-11-16碳乙酸酯（C）、顺-5-10碳乙酸酯（D）和顺-8-12碳乙酸酯（E）。它们的含量分别为：（0.245±0.098）、（0.080±0.031）、（0.089±0.03）、(0.085±0.031)和 (0.105±0.065)ng, 这5种物质的百分比分别为40.451±13.66、13.176±5.279、14.943±5.142、14.392±6.10和17.225±9.792,前3种物质的百分比为58.75±9.429、18.91±7.539和22.34±7.209。田间试验表明,性信息素单一组分均未诱到雄蛾,AB以3∶1的比例配成的诱芯对雄蛾有一定的引诱活性,一个诱捕器平均诱捕到2.6头。ABC组分以3∶1∶1的比例配成的诱芯对雄蛾引诱活性显著增强,一个诱捕器平均诱捕量为7.40头,是AB（3∶1）诱芯的2.8倍。诱芯中性信息素的含量对诱蛾活性有明显的影响,在剂量为200 µg时的平均诱捕量最高。