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1.
Growth and Na+, K+, Cl-, proteins, sugars and proline concentrations were measured in three triticale genotypes M2A, DF99 and Asseret grown on nutrient
solution with or without 75 mM NaCl. In saline conditions, leaf area of the three triticales was reduced by 50 % and dry to
fresh mass ratio increased. Total protein concentration was diminished by 10 %. K+ concentration decreased whereas Na+ and Cl- accumulated in roots and shoots of salt-stressed plants. This ion accumulation was greater in roots of Asseret than in roots
of the other triticales. Soluble sugar concentration increased in M2A and Asseret and decreased in DF99. Proline concentration
increased in M2A and DF99 and decreased in Asseret. Osmotic adjustment was essentially realized by Na+ and Cl- uptake. Non-reducing sugars and proline contributed too, but to a lesser extent.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Response of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, salt tolerant SARC-I and salt sensitive Potohar, to different concentrations of NaCl was examined under glasshouse conditions. Eighteen-day-old plants of both the lines grown in sand culture were irrigated with 0 (control), 80, 160 or 240 mM NaCl in full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. Shoot fresh and dry masses, and leaf area per plant of SARC-I at the vegetative stage, were significantly greater than those of cv. Potohar at higher salt concentrations, however, relative growth rate (RGR) of cv. Potohar was significantly higher than that of SARC-I. SARC-I had higher net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) than cv. Potohar at the vegetative stage, but the cultivars did not differ significantly in water-use efficiency (PN/E), intrinsic water use efficiency (PN/gs), and intercellular/ambient CO2 concentration ratio. At the grain development stage, SARC-I had significantly higher PN and gs in the flag leaf than cv. Potohar under salinity. SARC-I was superior to cv. Potohar with respect to number of grains per spike, number of grains per spikelet, mean grain mass, and grain yield per plant at all NaCl concentrations. 相似文献
3.
The ontogenetic changes in growth, and the diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate (PN) and stomatal conductance were studied in two peanut cultivars of different habit groups. Significant cultivar differences were noticed: the prostrate cv. M 13 was found superior to the erect cv. J 11 in all the parameters studied. Specific leaf mass and the rates of gross photosynthesis and respiration were higher in cv. M 13 than in cv. J 11. In vegetative phase, the maximum PN was in cv. J 11, but in pod filling phase, it was in cv. M 13. The differences in growth and PN of the cultivars were significant after the onset of reproductive sink. Therefore, the screening for higher PN has to be made at the pod-filling phase, and between 09.00 and 10.00 of the day (at optimum temperature). 相似文献
4.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the effect of foliar application of triacontanol (TRIA) on two cultivars (cv. S-24 and MH-97) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at different growth stages. Plants were grown in full strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) or control (0 mM NaCl) conditions. Three TRIA concentrations (0, 10, and 20 μM) were sprayed over leaves at three different growth stages, i.e. vegetative (V), boot (B), and vegetative + boot (VB) stages (two sprays on same plants, i.e., the first at 30-d-old plants and the second 78-d-old plants). Salt stress decreased significantly growth, net photosynthetic rate (P N), transpiration rate (E), chlorophyll contents (Chl a and b), and electron transport rate (ETR), while membrane permeability increased in both wheat cultivars. Stomatal conductance (g s) decreased only in salt-sensitive cv. MH-97 under saline conditions. Foliar application of TRIA at different growth stages enhanced significantly the growth, P N, g s, Chl a and b contents, and ETR, while membrane permeability was reduced in both cultivars under salt stress. Of various growth stages, foliar-applied TRIA was comparatively more effective when it was applied at V and VB stages. Overall, 10 μM TRIA concentration was the most efficient in reducing negative effects of salinity stress in both wheat cultivars. The cv. S-24 showed the better growth and ETR, while cv. MH-97 exhibited higher nonphotochemical quenching. 相似文献
5.
S. Giridara Kumar A. Lakshmi K.V. Madhusudhan S. Ramanjulu C. Sudhakar 《Photosynthetica》1999,36(4):611-616
Three-month-old mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars (salt tolerant cv. S1 and salt sensitive cv. ATP) were subjected to different concentrations of NaCl for 12
d. Leaf area, dry mass accumulation, total chlorophyll (Chl) content, net CO2 assimilation rate (P
N), stomatal conductance (g
s), and transpiration rate (E) declined, and intercellular CO2 concentration (C
i) increased. The changes in these parameters were dependent on stress severity and duration, and differed between the two
cultivars. The tolerant cultivar showed a lesser reduction in P
N and g
s coupled with a better C
i and water use efficiency (WUE) than the sensitive cultivar.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Kumar S. Giridara Lakshmi A. Madhusudhan K.V. Ramanjulu S. Sudhakar C. 《Photosynthetica》2000,36(4):611-616
Three-month-old mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars (salt tolerant cv. S1 and salt sensitive cv. ATP) were subjected to different concentrations of NaCl for 12 d. Leaf area, dry mass accumulation, total chlorophyll (Chl) content, net CO2 assimilation rate (P N), stomatal conductance (g s), and transpiration rate (E) declined, and intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) increased. The changes in these parameters were dependent on stress severity and duration, and differed between the two cultivars. The tolerant cultivar showed a lesser reduction in P N and g s coupled with a better C i and water use efficiency (WUE) than the sensitive cultivar. 相似文献
7.
Tolerance to Water Stress in Tomato Cultivars 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The effects of plant water stress imposed at vegetative, flowering, and fruiting stages of four cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) on net photosynthetic rate (P
N), stomatal conductance (g
s), transpiration rate (E), osmotic adjustment, and crop water stress index (CWSI) were investigated. Osmotic adjustment was the highest in cv. Arka
Meghali, followed by cv. RFS-1. CWSI was lowest in cv. Arka Meghali and highest in cv. Pusa Ruby. Significant reduction in
g
s, E, and P
N was observed in all the cultivars. The maximum reduction in E was observed in cv. Arka Saurabh during the fruiting stage (62.4 %) and maximum reduction in P
N at the flowering stage in Pusa Ruby (53.1 %). Maximum P
N was observed in Arka Meghali under water stress. The values of internal CO2 concentration (C
i) did not follow the decrease in g
s which might be taken as an indication of mesophyll (non-stomatal) limitation to P
N. Magnitude of P
N decrease accompanying g
s reductions varied in the four cultivars. Arka Meghali which had highest rate of gas exchange efficiency (P
N/g
s) under water deficits can be recommended for rainfed cultivation.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
The net photosynthetic rate (P
N), intercellular CO2 concentration (C
i), stomatal conductance (g
s), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and leaf biomass production of four American flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivars K 326, K 358, and Speight G 28 were compared with three local Indian cultivars 16/103, Special FCV, and PCT-7, during 1994 and 1995 crop seasons under irrigated and rainfed production systems (Northern light soils, NLS, and Karnataka light soils, KLS) in India. By comparison, the American tobacco cv. K 326 showed the highest P
N and g
s. A positive correlation was found between P
N and biomass production in all the varieties tested (r = 0.55 in NLS and 0.73 in KLS). The American cultivars were superior than the local cultivars in their biomass production and P
N under Indian farming conditions. 相似文献
9.
Total chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf mass per area (LMA), and net photosynthetic rate (PN) were studied in four cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) from September to May. Maximum Chl contents were found in
September and December, the period considered to be crucial for flowering in mango. PN was maximum during October and maintained almost steady during the fruit growth period. However, LMA varied significantly
in all cultivars. Mean Chl content, PN and LMA were lower in cv. Malaviyabhog than in other cultivars.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Shantanu Devidas Wankhade Maria-Jesus Cornejo Isabel Mateu-Andrés Amparo Sanz 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2013,35(2):323-333
The complex nature of plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions, such as salinity and drought requires a better understanding of the stress-induced changes that may be involved in tolerance mechanisms. Here we investigate stress-related morpho-physiological effects during vegetative and reproductive growth in two Japonica rice cultivars (Bomba and Bahia) exposed to a range of NaCl concentrations from the seedling stage. The stress-related detrimental effects were observed either earlier or to a higher extent in cv. Bomba than in Bahia. Damages to the photosynthetic apparatus were related to loss of chlorophyll (Chl) and to a decrease of the maximum potential efficiency of PSII (F v /F m), affecting negatively net CO2 assimilation rate (P N). Stress-related leaf anatomical alterations were analysed during the vegetative and reproductive stages. The size of bulliform cells as well as dimensions related to the vascular system increased under mild stress but decreased in the longer term or under higher stress level. The pattern of the anatomical alterations observed at the reproductive stage under 20 mM NaCl was reflected in poor panicle development and yield loss, with effects more pronounced in cv. Bomba than in Bahia. In summary, our results show that some physiological and, particularly, leaf anatomical responses induced by NaCl stress are distinctive indicators of sensitivity to salt stress in rice cultivars. 相似文献
11.
A positive linear relationship between the net CO2 exchange rate (P N) and the leaf stomatal conductance (gs) under an optimal temperature, and even more distinct one after a short-term chilling (CH, 15-17 h, 2 °C in darkness), that was found in two tomato cultivars (sensitive to a low temperature cv. Robin and tolerant cv. New Yorker) suggested a partial stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. The CH treatment of cv. Robin resulted in an intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) increase because of which a negative correlation between C i and P N was observed. In cv. New Yorker a positive correlation was observed. Detrimental effect of the low temperature in cv. Robin was more evident in plants with a relatively small root system (SR), but drought-hardening positively affected the response to CH only in the plants with bigger roots (BR). On the contrary, in cv. New Yorker the favourable effect of such pre-treatment was more evident in SR than in BR plants. 相似文献
12.
Comparison of Whole System of Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation Between Two Maize Hybrids Differing in Leaf Senescence 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) balance in relation to grain formation and leaf senescence in two different senescent types of maize (Zea mays L.), one stay-green (cv. P3845) and one earlier senescent (cv. Hokkou 55). In comparison with Hokkou 55, P3845 had a higher N concentration (Nc) in the leaves and a higher specific N absorption rate by roots (SARN), which indicated that a large amount of N was supplied to the leaves from the roots during maturation. This resulted in a higher photosynthetic rate, which supports saccharide distribution to roots. Thus, stay-green plants maintained a more balanced C and N metabolism between shoots and roots. Moreover, the coefficients of the relationship between the relative growth rate (RGR) and Nc, and between the photon-saturated photo-synthetic rate (P
sat) and Nc were lower in P3845. The P
sat per unit Nc in leaves was lower in the stay-green cultivars, which indicated that high yield was attained by longer green area duration and not by a high P
sat per unit Nc in the leaf. Consequently, a high Psat caused a high leaf senescence rate because C and N compounds will translocate actively from the leaves. 相似文献
13.
A positive linear relationship between the net CO2 exchange rate (P
N) and the leaf stomatal conductance (gs) under an optimal temperature, and even more distinct one after a short-term chilling (CH, 15-17 h, 2 °C in darkness), that
was found in two tomato cultivars (sensitive to a low temperature cv. Robin and tolerant cv. New Yorker) suggested a partial
stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. The CH treatment of cv. Robin resulted in an intercellular CO2 concentration (C
i) increase because of which a negative correlation between C
i and P
N was observed. In cv. New Yorker a positive correlation was observed. Detrimental effect of the low temperature in cv. Robin
was more evident in plants with a relatively small root system (SR), but drought-hardening positively affected the response
to CH only in the plants with bigger roots (BR). On the contrary, in cv. New Yorker the favourable effect of such pre-treatment
was more evident in SR than in BR plants.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Leaves of olive cultivars Frantoio and Maurino were irradiated with different irradiances from above, from below, or simultaneously
from both directions to determine the contribution of the abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces to photosynthesis. In both cultivars,
irradiation of both sides of the leaf caused increases in net photosynthetic rate (P
N) and apparent quantum yield compared to irradiating only one surface with the equal photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD),
but the PPFD needed to saturate P
N decreased. At high and medium PPFD the P
N determined at irradiating both leaf surfaces was less than the sum obtained at irradiation of only the upper or the lower
surface with the same PPFD. At PPFD higher than 1000 μmol m-2 s-1 in cv. Frantoio and 1200 μmol m-2 s-1 in cv. Maurino, P
N did not vary. At low PPFD (<200 μmol m-2 s-1), P
N at irradiating the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces simultaneously was about the sum of the values obtained by irradiating
the upper and lower surfaces separately. Consequently the compensation irradiance was reduced from about 50 μmol m-2 s-1 to
about 30 μmol m-2 s-1 when irradiating both leaf surfaces. The natural leaf orientation of the olive cultivar influenced the
utilization of radiant energy by the abaxial surface.
This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
The effects of nitrogen (N) supply restriction on the CO2 assimilation and photosystem 2 (PS2) function of flag leaves were compared between two contrastive Japanese rice cultivars,
a low-yield cultivar released one century ago, cv. Shirobeniya (SRB), and a recently improved high-yield cultivar, cv. Akenohoshi
(AKN). Both cultivars were solution-cultured at four N supply levels from N4 (control) to N1 (the lowest). With a reduction
in N-supply, contents of N (LNC), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO), and chlorophyll (Chl) in flag
leaves decreased in both cultivars. In parallel with this, the net photosynthetic rate (P
N), mesophyll conductance (g
m), and stomatal conductance (g
s) decreased. P
N was more dominantly restricted by g
m than g
s. The values of P
N, g
m, and RuBPCO content were larger in AKN than SRB at the four N supply levels. The content of Chl greatly decreased with N
deficiency, but the reduction in the maximum quantum yield of PS2 was relatively small. Quantum yield of PS2 (ΦPS2) decreased with N deficiency, and its significant cultivar difference was observed between the two cultivars at N1: a high
value was found in AKN. The content ratio of Chl/RuBPCO was also significantly low in AKN. The low Chl/RuBPCO is one of the
reasons why AKN maintained a comparatively high P
N and ΦPS2 at N deficiency. The adequate ratio of N distribution between Chl and RuBPCO is the important prerequisite for the efficient
and sustainable photosynthesis in a flag leaf of rice plant under low N-input. 相似文献
16.
Agnieszka Płażek Maria Tatrzańska Maciej Maciejewski Janusz Kościelniak Krzysztof Gondek Jarosław Bojarczuk Franciszek Dubert 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2013,35(8):2513-2523
In some regions of the world, low annual precipitation necessitates irrigation of crop plants which usually leads to soil salinity. Due to climatic changes this effect is also expected in the countries of Central Europe, and so in Poland. The aim of the study was (1) to compare tolerance to salt stress of Polish Triticum aestivum cvs. ‘Bogatka’ and ‘Banderola’ with T. durum cv. ‘Komnata’ and breeding line 121, and (2) to indicate the physiological parameter/parameters most suitable for such comparison. The investigation was performed in two experiments. In the first one, the germination ability of caryopses and coleoptiles’ growth were estimated at 0–250 mM of NaCl. The second experiment was conducted on plants grown in a glasshouse in saline soil at 0–150 mM of NaCl for 6 weeks. Salt tolerance was evaluated on the basis of following parameters: chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthesis rate (P N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g s), cell membrane permeability (EL), proline content, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and relative water content (RWC). Highest germination of caryopses of durum cultivars was recorded at all the salinity levels; however, their coleoptiles were shorter than coleoptiles of bread wheat cultivars. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that applied salt doses did not disturb the light phase of photosynthesis in all cultivars under study. Plants of durum wheat showed the higher dissipation of energy excess at the level of the antenna chlorophyll (DIo/CSm) under salinity as compared to plants of bread wheat. Both ‘Komnata’ and line 121 showed stronger P N reduction as an effect of salinity. A decline of P N was closely connected with a decrease in g s. The P N correlated with a decrease in DW in all studied cultivars except ‘Bogatka’. Control plants of ‘Komnata’ and line 121 were characterized by higher EL and proline level than bread wheat cultivars. An increasing cell membrane permeability correlated with a decrease of RWC in ‘Banderola’ and ‘Komnata’. The content of proline under the increasing salinity correlated with changes of RWC in ‘Banderola’, ‘Komnata’ and line 121, which indicate protectoral role of proline against dehydration of tissue. Dry weight and RWC seem to be the parameters most useful in the salt-tolerance estimation of wheat plants. Taking into account the studied parameters ‘Banderola’ could be recognized as more salt tolerant, the degree of salinity tolerance of ‘Bogatka’ is the same as line 121, while ‘Komnata’ seems to be the most salt sensitive. The salt tolerance of T. aestivum and T. durum depends on the cultivar rather than the wheat species. 相似文献
17.
Five-year-old plants of two olive cultivars (Frantoio and Moraiolo) grown in large pots were exposed for 7 to 8 months to ambient (AC) or elevated (EC) CO2 concentration in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility. Exposure to EC enhanced net photosynthetic rate (P
N) and decreased stomatal conductance, leading to greater instantaneous transpiration efficiency. Stomata density also decreased under EC, while the ratio of intercellular (C
i) to atmospheric CO2 concentration and chlorophyll content did not differ, except for the cv. Moraiolo after seven months of exposure to EC. Analysis of the relationship between photosynthesis and C
i indicated no significant change in carboxylation efficiency of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase after five months of exposure to EC. Based on estimates derived from the P
N-C
i relationship, there were no apparent treatment differences in daytime respiration, CO2 compensation concentration, CO2-saturated photosynthetic rate, or photosynthetic rate at the mean C
i, but there was a reduction in stomata limitation to P
N at EC. Thus 5-year-old olive trees did not exhibit down regulation of leaf-level photosynthesis in their response to EC, though some indication of adjustment was evident for the cv. Frantoio with respect to the cv. Moraiolo. 相似文献
18.
Ionic and Osmotic Effects of Salinity on Single-Leaf Photosynthesis in Two Wheat Cultivars with Different Drought Tolerance 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The effects of iso-osmotic salinity and drought stresses on leaf net photosynthetic rate (P
N) in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars BR 8 and Norin 61, differing in drought tolerance, were compared. In drought-sensitive Norin 61, the decline of P
N was larger than that in drought-tolerant BR 8. Under NaCl treatment, P
N decreased in two phases similarly in both cultivars. In the first phase, photosynthetic depression was gradual without any photochemical changes. In the second phase, photosynthetic depression was rapid and accompanied with a decline of the energy conversion efficiency in photosystem 2 (PS2). Our observations suggest that the osmotic factor may induce a gradual depression of photosynthesis due to stomatal closure under both stress treatments. However, under NaCl treatment, a ionic factor (uptake and accumulation of excess Na+) may have direct effects on electron transport and cause more severe photosynthetic depression. The drought tolerance mechanism of BR 8 was insufficient to maintain single-leaf photosynthesis under salinity. 相似文献
19.
Photosynthesis, respiration and antioxidant enzymes in pepper leaves under drought and heat stresses 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and activities of antioxidant enzymes were studied in two pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars grown under drought (D) and heat (H), as well as under drought and heat in combination (HD). The drought-tolerant
cv. Zhengjiao 13 exhibited greater net photosynthetic rate (PN) and cytochrome respiratory pathway activity (RSHAM), and lower contents of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide, as compared to the drought-sensitive cv. Longkouzaojiao.
The PN and RSHAM decreased and ROS production increased under D and HD in both cultivars. As compared to the Longkouzaojiao, Zhengjiao 13
retained higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), photorespiration rate (RL), and alternative respiratory pathways (RKCN) under D and HD. Drought increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the cytosol,
chloroplasts and mitochondria in the two cultivars. Although SOD and APX activities decreased in Longkouzaojiao under HD,
SOD activity increased in Zhengjiao 13. There was no H-induced reactive oxygen species production due to increase of RL, NPQ, RSHAM, RKCN and activities of SOD and APX. However, H slightly decreased the PN. The results indicated that HD was more detrimental than either stress alone. 相似文献
20.
In summer seasons of 1991 and 1992 the gas exchange and leaf water relations were analysed in two peanut cultivars: drought tolerant cv. GG 2 (DT) and drought sensitive cv. JL 24 (DS). Soil moisture stress was imposed by withholding irrigation at pod development phase. The decrease in photosynthesis (PN) under stress was associated with a decrease in stomatal conductance (gs) and relative water content (RWC). The PN and RWC were significantly higher under stress in DT than DS. On relief of stress the gs and RWC recovered more quickly in DT than DS. The maintenance of higher RWC (>80 %), gs and PN under stress appears to be imparting drought tolerance in peanut. 相似文献