Effect of housing rats within a pyramid on stress parameters

The Giza pyramids of Egypt have been the subject of much research. Pyramid models with the same base to height ratio as of the Great Pyramid of Giza, when aligned on a true north-south axis, are believed to generate, transform and transmit energy. Research done with such pyramid models has shown that they induced greater relaxation in human subjects, promoted better wound healing in rats and afforded protection against stress-induced neurodegnerative changes in mice. The present study was done to assess the effects of housing Wistar rats within the pyramid on the status of oxidative damage and antioxidant defense in their erythrocytes and cortisol levels in their plasma. Rats were housed in cages under standard laboratory conditions. Cages were left in the open (normal control), under a wooden pyramid model (experimental rats) or in a cubical box of comparable dimensions (6 hr/day for 14 days). Erythrocyte malondialdehyde and plasma cortisol levels were significantly decreased in rats kept within the pyramid as compared to the normal control and those within the square box. Erythrocyte reduced glutathione levels, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly increased in the rats kept in the pyramid as compared to the other two groups. There was no significant difference in any of the parameters between the normal control and rats kept in the square box. The results showed that exposure of adult female Wistar rats to pyramid environment reduces stress oxidative stress and increases antioxidant defense in them.     

Attenuating Effect of Zinc and Vitamin E on the Intestinal Oxidative Stress Induced by Silver Nanoparticles in Broiler Chickens

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between magnesium status and oxidative stress in obese and nonobese women. This cross-sectional study included 83 women, aged between 20 and 50 years, who were divided into two groups: the obese group (n = 31) and the control group (n = 52). The control group was age-matched with the obese group. Magnesium intake was monitored using 3-day food records and NutWin software version 1.5. The plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined as biomarkers for lipid peroxidation and therefore of oxidative stress. The mean values of the magnesium content in the diet were found to be lower than those recommended, though there was no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). The mean concentrations of plasma and erythrocyte magnesium were within the normal range, with no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). The mean concentration of plasma TBARS was higher in obese woman, and the difference between the groups was statistically different (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between erythrocyte magnesium and plasma TBARS in the obese group (p = 0.021). Obese patients ingest low dietary magnesium content, which does not seem to affect the plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of the mineral. The study showed a negative correlation between erythrocyte magnesium concentrations and plasma TBARS, suggesting the influence of magnesium status on the parameters of oxidative stress in obese women.     

The effect of adlay oil on plasma lipids, insulin and leptin in rat.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary adlay oil on plasma lipids, insulin and lipid peroxidation levels in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats fed diet containing adlay oil and cholesterol were studied for 4 weeks. The animals were divided into three groups: (1) 10% lard (control) group; (2) 5% lard + 5% adlay oil (5% adlay oil) group; and (3) 10% adlay oil group. Although there was no significant difference in body weight at the end of the feeding study, rats fed a diet containing adlay oil showed a significant decrease in adipose tissue weight and relative adipose weight. In addition, the rats fed the adlay oil showed significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, leptin and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations after 4 weeks of the feeding study. Although a significant decrease in total plasma cholesterol was observed in rats fed the 5% adlay oil diet, no significant difference was observed between the 10% adlay oil and control groups, and neither was a significant difference in liver TBARS concentration found between the dietary groups. Results from this study suggest that dietary adlay oil can reduce leptin, adipose tissue and LDL-C levels in rats.     

Supplementation of naringenin and its synthetic derivative alters antioxidant enzyme activities of erythrocyte and liver in high cholesterol-fed rats

The antioxidative effects of naringenin (1) and its synthetic derivative, naringenin 7-O-cetyl ether (2), were tested. Male rats were fed a 1 g/100 g high-cholesterol diet for 6 weeks with supplements of either 1 or 2 (0.073 mmol/100 g diet) to study the effects on the antioxidant enzyme activities in the erythrocyte and liver. The erythrocyte catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly higher in the compounds 1 or 2 supplemented groups than in the control group, whereas the hepatic SOD and CAT activities were significantly lower in the compound 2 supplemented group. The compounds 1 and 2 supplements to a high cholesterol diet lowered or tended to lower the plasma TBARS levels, that is, lipid peroxide products, while enhancing the plasma paraoxonase activity. These results indicate that the supplementation of 1 and 2 was effective in improving the antioxidant capacity of the erythrocyte and liver, plus the synthetic functional compound 2 appeared to be as potent as 1 in enhancing the antioxidant defense system.     

Protective effect of glycine supplementation on the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in the erythrocyte of rats with alcohol-induced liver injury

We studied the effect of glycine supplementation on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the erythrocyte membrane, plasma and hepatocytes of rats with alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. Administering ethanol (20%) for 60 days to male Wistar rats resulted in significantly elevated levels of erythrocyte membrane, plasma and hepatocyte thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as compared with those of the experimental control rats. Decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were also observed on alcohol supplementation as compared with those of the experimental control rats. Glycine was administered at a dose of 0.6 g kg(-1) body weight to rats with alcohol-induced liver injury, which significantly decreased the levels of TBARS and significantly elevated the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx and GR in the erythrocyte membrane, plasma and hepatocytes as compared to that of untreated alcohol supplemented rats. Thus, our data indicate that supplementation with glycine offers protection against free radical-mediated oxidative stress in the erythrocyte membrane, plasma and hepatocytes of animals with alcohol-induced liver injury.     

Exercise-induced oxidative stress affects erythrocytes in sedentary rats but not exercise-trained rats.

Oxidant stress is one of the factors proposed to be responsible for damaged erythrocytes observed during and after exercise. The impact of exertional oxidant stress after acute exhaustive treadmill running on erythrocyte damage was investigated in sedentary (Sed) and exercise-trained (ET) rats treated with or without antioxidant vitamins C and E. Exhaustive exercise led to statistically significant increments in the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and H2O2-induced TBARS in Sed rats and resulted in functional and structural alterations in erythrocytes (plasma hemoglobin concentrations, methemoglobin levels, and rise in osmotic fragility of erythrocytes with decrease in erythrocyte deformability). Administration of antioxidant vitamin for 1 mo before exhaustive exercises prevented lipid peroxidation (TBARS, H2O2-induced TBARS) in Sed rats without any functional or structural alterations in erythrocytes. Parameters indicating erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and deterioration after exhaustive exercise in rats trained regularly with treadmill running for 1 mo were not different from those in Sed controls. Erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (TBARS) increased in exhausted-ET rats compared with ET controls; however, the plasma hemoglobin, methemoglobin levels, and erythrocyte osmotic fragility and deformability did not differ. Exhaustive exercise-induced lipid peroxidation in ET rats on antioxidant vitamin treatment was prevented, whereas functional and structural parameters of erythrocytes were not different from those of the ET controls. We conclude that exertional oxidant stress contributed to erythrocyte deterioration due to exercise in Sed but not in ET rats.     

Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on adrenal mitochondrial hydroxylations in guinea pigs.

The effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on adrenal hydroxylation of cholesterol and deoxycorticosterone in guinea pigs was studied by using mitochondria and isolated cytochrome P-450 fractions. The effects obtained were compared with the effects of long-term treatment with ACTH. Advanced scurvy as well as treatment with ACTH resulted in an increase in the weight of the adrenals, the total amount of cytochrome P-450, the cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity, the cortisol level in plasma, and the excretion of unconjugated cortisol in urine. Total 11beta- and 18-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone were not stimulated or were stimulated only to a small extent. It is suggested that the major effects observed in advanced scurvy are due to ACTH, the level of which was significantly increased, most probably as a consequence of the stress. In animals kept on a scorbutogenic diet for 2-4 weeks or, with a small dose of ascorbate added, for several weeks, changes were observed that could not be fully explained as effects of ACTH on normal adrenals. Although the plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol were increased only to a small extent and excretion of unconjugated cortisol in urine was unaffected, there was a significant increase in the total capacity of adrenal mitochondria to hydroxylate exogenous cholesterol. It is concluded that the level of ascorbate in the adrenals might be of some importance for the capacity to convert cholesterol into pregnenolone. The normal feed-back regulation is, however, intact in moderate ascorbate deficiency and the plasma level of cortisol is kept within normal limits.     

Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium on the antioxidative defense mechanisms in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin

The aim of this work was to determine the protective effects of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium (as Na₂SeO₃, Se) on the lipid peroxidation as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and vitamin E levels, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (GSH) activities in the plasma, red blood cell (RBC), liver, and muscle of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were used and all rats were randomly divided into five groups. The first group was used as a control and the second group as a diabetic control. A placebo was given to first and second groups by injection. The third group was intraperitoneally administered with vitamin E (20 mg over 24 h), the fourth group with Se (0.3 mg over 24 h), and the fifth group with vitamin E and Se combination (COM) (20 mg vitamin E + 0.3 mg Se over 24 h). This administration was done for 25 days and the TBARS, vitamin E, GSH-Px, GSH levels in the plasma, RBC, liver, and muscle samples were determined. The vitamin E level in the plasma and liver was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the control than in the diabetic control group. Also, the TBARS levels in the RBC, liver, and muscle were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the control than in the diabetic control group. However, GSH-Px and GSH activities in RBC, liver, and muscle were not statistically different between the control and the diabetic control groups. The vitamin E levels in plasma and liver (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) and GSH-Px activities (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) in RBC were significantly higher in vitamin E, Se, and COM groups than in both control and diabetic control groups. However, the TBARS levels of RBC, muscle, and liver in vitamin E and Se administered groups were significantly (p < 0.05-p < 0.001, respectively) decreased. These results indicate that intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and Se have significant protective effects on the blood, liver, and muscle against oxidative damage of diabetes. The abstract of this study was presented in Physiological Research 48(Suppl. 1), S99 (1999).     

Selenium and antioxidant vitamin and lipidoperoxidation levels in preaging French population

Selenium (Se) and antioxidant vitamins might play an important role in the etiology of free radical-related diseases and aging. In the édude de vieillissement artériel (EVA) study, we have determined the plasma thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) as an indicator of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation, plasma selenium and carotenoids, and erythrocyte vitamin E levels in 1389 subjects aged 59–71 years. We also looked for an association between these parameters and cardiovascular risk factors in early elderly. The results show that plasma TBARS were significantly increased in elderly in comparison with values reported in younger adults. However, plasma Se and carotenoids as well as erythrocyte vitamin E in elderly people are close to those reported in adult people. If plasma Se showed no difference between men and women, the three other parameters were significantly higher in women than in men. With regard with cardiovascular risk factors, plasma TBARS were highly positively correlated with total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in men and women. Plasma carotenoids were also positively correlated with plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in both sexes. Finally, plasma TBARS were highly correlated with smoking and alcohol consumption. In conclusion, this part of the EVA study shows that some cardiovascular risk factors, like smoking and cholesterol level, are associated with high free radical-induced TBARS levels in the preaging population, although plasma Se and carotenoids as well as erythrocyte vitamin E levels in elderly people were close to those reported in adult younger people.     

Endocrine patterns before and after examination stress in males and females

Plasma levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and growth hormone (GH), were determined by radioimmunoassay in medical students just before (Exp.1) plasma values of cortisol were higher than their control values in both sexes, statistically significantly, however, only in males. The difference of cortisol behavior between the sexes was not significant. The males' ACTH values were lower than their control levels, but there was no such difference in the females. Plasma levels and differences of growth hormone varied greatly in both sexes. After the examination (Exp.2) plasma values of cortisol were unaffected compared with their control values in both sexes. The ACTH values were lower than the control values in both sexes, significantly though only in the males. The GH values were higher than control values in the males but not in the females. The results are in line with previous observations suggesting that psychological stress is associated with slightly different hormonal effects in males and females.     

Assessment of chronic administration of aloe vera gel on haematology, plasma biochemistry, lipid profiles and erythrocyte osmotic resistance in wistar rats

The study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic administration of Aloe vera gel extract on markers of hepatic damage, lipid profiles and erythrocyte osmotic fragility using the Wistar rats. Forty male Wistar rats divided into four groups of ten rats per group were used in the study. Group I which served as the control received 0.9% physiological saline while those in groups II, III and IV received Aloe vera gel (100, 250 and 500mg/kg), respectively, for four weeks. There was significant increase in the haemoglobin concentration while the PCV, RBC count, MCH and MCHC though showed some marginal increases but the increases were not significant in all the treated rats. No significant change was also observed in the erythrocyte osmotic fragility. However, there were significant reductions in plasma ALT, AST and ALP levels in animals that received the gel compared with the control while the plasma albumin and total protein values were higher than those of the control. All the animals that received the gel also showed significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol ratio compared with the control. In a similar manner, those animals that were administered with 500mg/kg gel had significantly higher HDL-cholesterol ratio than those of the control. This study showed that, chronic administration of Aloe vera gel extract had no significant effects on the haematological parameters of the rats and did not affect erythrocyte osmotic resistance. It however showed some cholesterol lowering action.keywords: Aloe vera, Haematology, Osmotic fragility, Plasma biochemistry.     

Atorvastatin reduces the plasma lipids and oxidative stress but did not reverse the inhibition of prostacyclin generation by aortas in streptozotocin diabetic rats

The effect of atorvastatin (Lipitor) on diabetes-induced changes in plasma lipids, oxidative stress and the ability of aortic tissues to generate prostacyclin was studied in streptozotocin diabetic rats. In diabetic rats, plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and serum glucose significantly increased compared to nondiabetic rats. Atorvastatin administration to diabetic rats did not affect hyperglycemia but significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to diabetic rats. The oxidative stress markers urinary isoprostane, liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and plasma protein carbonyl content significantly increased in diabetic rats compared to nondiabetic rats. Atorvastatin admnistration to diabetic rats significantly reduced oxidative stress levels compared to diabetic rats, but urinary isoprostane and liver TBARS remained significantly higher than nondiabetic rats. Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) generation by aortic tissues significantly decreased in diabetic rats compared to nondiabetic rats. Atorvastatin administration to diabetic rats did not reverse that inhibition. These results were discussed in the light of the possible effects of hyperglycemia and statins on NAD(P)H-oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2 activities and the genetic difference between rats and other mammals regarding the level of vascular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.     

腰硬联合麻醉对围手术期剖宫产患者皮质醇及血浆D-D水平的影响

目的:探讨腰硬联合麻醉(CSEA)对剖宫产围术期患者围术期皮质醇及血浆D-二聚体(D-D)水平变化的影响。方法:选取2014年3月-2015年5月在我院接受剖宫产手术的患者68例为研究对象。.根据术中采用的麻醉方法不同,将患者分为腰硬联合麻醉组(CSEA组)和连续硬膜外麻醉组(CEA组)。观察并比较两组患者围手术期皮质醇及D-二聚体水平的变化情况。结果:两组患者术中纤维蛋白原、凝血活酶时间及凝血酶原时间间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者麻醉后皮质醇及D-D水平均显著高于麻醉前,但CSEA组低于CEA组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者D-D水平在手术结束时、术后24 h较麻醉前均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但CSEA组D-D水平在术后24 h及、术后72 h,CSEA组D-D水平均低于CEA组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腰硬联合麻醉可以更好的抑制剖宫产患者术中血清皮质醇及术后血浆D-D水平的升高,有利于改善患者术后高凝状态,值得临床推广应用。     

Effect of sulfite on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient rat erythrocytes

Sulfite and related chemical such as sulfite salts and sulfur dioxide has been used as a preservative in food and drugs. This molecule has also been generated from the catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. Sulfite is a very reactive and potentially toxic molecule and has to be detoxified by the enzyme sulfite oxidase (SOX). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ingested sulfite on erythrocyte antioxidant status by measuring glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and oxidant status by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in normal and SOX-deficient rats. Rats were assigned to four groups (n = 10 rats/group) as follows; control (C), sulfite (CS), deficient (D), and deficient + sulfite (DS). SOX deficiency was established by feeding rats a low molybdenum diet and adding to their drinking water 200 ppm tungsten (W). Sulfite (25 mg/kg) was administered to the animals via their drinking water. At the end of 6 weeks, Erythrocyte G-6-PD, SOD, and GPx but not CAT activities were found to be significantly increased with and without sulfite treatment in SOX-deficient groups. Sulfite treatment alone was also significantly increased erythrocytes’ SOD activity in CS group compared to control. TBARS levels were found to be significantly increased in CS and DS groups and decreased in D group. When SOX-deficient rats treated with sulfite, TBARS level was still higher than other groups. In conclusion, these results suggested that erythrocyte antioxidant capacity, a defense mechanism against the oxidative challenge, increased by endogenous and exogenous sulfite due to its oxidant nature. This increase was also observed in CS and DS groups but it was insufficient to prevent lipid peroxidation.     

Differences in cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone responses to ACTH 1-17 administered at two different times of day

The effects of 100 micrograms, i.m. of the analog ACTH 1-17 administered at 0800 and 1800 on the secretion of cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone have been studied in normal subjects: 8 male and 8 female. The group as a whole and the males had significantly greater absolute and percent increments in plasma cortisol after administration at 1800. In the females, there was only a greater percent increment in cortisol after the evening administration. The heptadecapeptide always significantly stimulated serum aldosterone, with no difference between the two times of administration. In the females, ACTH 1-17 significantly stimulated testosterone, with a more protracted secretion after the evening administration. In the males, there was always a significant testosterone decrease after the administration of the drug, with no difference between morning and evening. In conclusion, 100 micrograms i.m. of the analog ACTH 1-17 stimulates cortisol secretion more when given during the circadian nadir of plasma cortisol, but only in men. ACTH 1-17 increases testosterone in women and decreases it in men, whereas it seems to increase aldosterone secretion in both sexes.     

肾血管性高血压大鼠模型中ET1和CGRP的变化

目的探讨降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）及血浆内皮素（ET1）在高血压病中的作用。方法选用正常血压大鼠42只,随机分对照组、手术组、假手术组,分别观察血压值、CGRP及ET1值。结果手术组与正常组比较血压明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,假手术组与正常对照组比较,血压无明显变化（P〉0．05）;手术组与对照组比较CGRP显著升高（P〈0．01）;假手术组与正常对照组比较,CGRP未见升高（P〉0．05）。手术组与对照组比较ET1无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论CGRP在肾血管性高血压的发生发展中具有保护作用。ET1与CGRP是心血管系统中的一对拮抗因子,与CGRP的作用相反,ET1有较强的缩血管作用,从而导致血压升高。     

24-hour rhythms in oxidative stress during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats: effect of melatonin or alpha-ketoglutarate

To compare the effects of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) and melatonin on 24-h rhythmicity of oxidative stress in N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-injected Wistar male rats, melatonin (5 mg/kg i.p.) or alpha-KG (2 g/kg through an intragastric tube) was given daily for 20 weeks. In blood collected at 6 time points during a 24-h period, serum activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) and the levels of alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) were measured as markers of liver function. To assess lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant status, plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured, together with the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). NDEA augmented mesor and amplitude of rhythms in AST and ALT activity and plasma alpha-FP levels and mesor values of plasma TBARS, while decreasing mesor values of plasma GSH and erythrocyte SOD, CAT, GPx and GST. Acrophases were delayed by NDEA in all cases except for alpha-FP rhythm, which became phase-advanced. Co-administration of melatonin or alpha-KG partially counteracted the effects of NDEA. Melatonin decreased mesor of plasma TBARS and augmented mesor of SOD activity. The results indicate that melatonin and alpha-KG are effective in protecting from NDEA-induced perturbation of 24-h rhythms in oxidative stress. Melatonin augmented antioxidant defense in rats.     

大鼠产前母体冷应激对子代自发、探索及焦虑行为的影响*

目的: 研究产前冷应激对妊娠大鼠子代行为及情绪的影响。方法: 将6只SPF级Wister妊娠母鼠,随机分为常温对照组和冷应激组,每组3只。常温对照组妊娠母鼠在(22±2)℃的环境中饲养,冷应激组妊娠母鼠在产前7 d置于人工智能气候室(4±0.1)℃中饲养,待产下幼鼠以后,分为常温对照组公鼠(MR,22只),常温对照组母鼠(FR,15只),冷应激组公鼠(MC,15只),冷应激组母鼠(FC,15只)四组,在子代第四周龄时进行旷场实验、高架十字迷宫实验。结果: 在旷场实验中,常温对照组公鼠、母鼠与冷应激组公鼠、母鼠的自发活动、探索行为之间无明显差异(P＞0.05)。在高架十字迷宫实验中,冷应激组公鼠、母鼠的开臂滞留时间、开臂进入次数及路程等总体上显著高于常温对照组公鼠、母鼠(P＜0.05)。结论: 产前母体冷应激对子代自发活动、探索行为及活跃程度无显著影响,但子代出现明显的焦虑行为减少的异常行为。     

Effects of bisphenol A on antioxidant system and lipid profile in rats

We investigated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on antioxidant system enzymes, blood lipid profile and histologic structure of liver and pancreas in rats. We used 40 8-week-old male Wistar albino rats. The animals were divided into five groups of eight: control, vehicle, BPA-5, BPA-50 and BPA-500. BPA was dissolved in ethanol, then mixed with corn oil. The control group was untreated. The vehicle group was given the ethanol-corn oil mixture. The BPA 5, BPA 50 and BPA 500 groups were given 5, 50, and 500 µg/kg body weights/day, respectively. After 8 weeks, blood and tissue samples were obtained from the animals and plasma GSH, TBARS, SOD, GPx, CAT, NO, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, insulin and glucose were measured. The sections were stained using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. BPA significantly decreased the levels of GSH, SOD, GPx and CAT, and increased the levels of TBARS and NO in plasma. There was no significant difference among the groups in plasma insulin and glucose levels. The percentage of insulin immunoreactive cells in islets increased significantly in the BPA-500 group. The H-score of the BPA-5 and BPA-50 groups decreased significantly compared to controls. We found that BPA caused oxidative stress and disruption of pancreatic β-cell function. Therefore, BPA is a risk factor for animal and human health.     

Aerobic and anaerobic training effects on the antioxidant enzymes of the blood.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on serum lipid peroxidation levels and on antioxidant enzyme activities. Long distance runners for aerobic training group, and wrestlers for anaerobic training group were chosen. Non-sporting men were used as control group. When the aerobic power was compared; indirect VO2max of long-distance runners were found higher than wrestlers and control group (p<0.001, p<0.001). When lipid peroxidation levels were compared; levels of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of long distance runners were found to be lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), but similar to those found in wrestlers. Comparison of antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes show that there were no significant difference among the groups in superoxide dismutase enzyme activities, but glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity of long distance runners was higher than that measured in wrestlers (p<0.05). These results suggest that aerobic training increased in erythrocytes GPx activity with a subsequent decrease in plasma TBARS levels but anaerobic training had no effect on this process.