施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响

在苏南太湖地区开展田间试验,研究了施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响.结果表明:施氮对水稻产量、各生育时期植株累积吸氮量、阶段氮累积量和花后氮素转运量具有显著的促进作用(P＜0.01),当施氮量高于200 kg·hm-2时,增施氮肥的增产效应不显著(P＞0.05);花后氮素转运率和氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低.施用肥料添加剂可进一步提高水稻产量、累积吸氮量、花后氮素转运量和氮肥利用率,且该效应在高施氮量( ≥200 kg·hm-2)条件下表现更明显.本试验条件下不施用肥料添加剂时,施氮150kg·hm-2可同时获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率.     

太湖地区氮肥减量对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响

为明确太湖地区高产稻田适宜施氮量,以减轻农田化肥过量投入所带来的农业面源污染,本研究在调查农户稻田氮肥施用量的基础上,采用基肥机械深施和秸秆还田,设置不施氮肥(N0)为对照,当地习惯施氮水平360 kg·hm~(-2)(N1)以及在此基础上减少氮肥施用量的10%(N2)、20%(N3)、30%(N4)等5个处理,研究其对水稻产量和农田地表径流养分流失量的影响。结果表明:N2处理水稻产量与N1处理大致相当;N2处理水稻产量高的主要原因是由于其经济系数较高;N2处理较N1处理地表径流总氮流失量减少9.2%;从N1到N4处理,减少氮肥施用量,减少了农田总氮流失率,但N2和N1处理差异不显著;从水稻氮素偏流失率来看,每生产百千克稻谷,N2处理的氮素流失量最少。认为通过基肥机械深施和秸秆还田,在太湖地区习惯施氮水平的基础上减氮10%,在保证水稻产量的同时,减少了农田地表径流总氮流失量和水稻氮素偏流失率,并使稻田氮素流失率保持在较低水平。     

太湖地区氮肥减量对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

为了明确太湖地区高产稻田适宜施氮量,以提高水稻氮素利用效率,减少稻田氮素流失对农业生态环境的影响,本研究在调查当地农户稻田氮肥施用量的基础上,通过秸秆还田和基肥机械深施,设置不施氮肥(N0)为空白对照,当地习惯施氮水平360 kg·hm-2(N1),以及在此基础上减少氮肥施用量的10%(N2)、20%(N3)、30%(N4)等5个处理,研究其对水稻氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:氮肥减量使水稻不同生育时期稻田土壤速效氮含量明显下降;在当地习惯施氮量水平的基础上,减少10%的氮肥施用量,使水稻产量增加1.9%;与当地习惯施氮量水平相比较,N2处理水稻氮素累积量差异不明显,N3和N4处理则表现为显著下降;随着氮肥减量幅度的增加,水稻氮素籽粒生产效率逐渐增高;在当地习惯施氮量水平的基础上,通过基肥机械深施和秸秆还田等技术的应用,减少10%的氮肥施用量,能够保证水稻高产稳产,并使水稻氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、生理利用率以及氮肥偏生产力均得到明显提高。     

基于DSSAT模型的吉林省黑土作物-土壤氮循环和土壤有机碳平衡

应用DSSAT模型中的CERES-Maize作物模型和Century土壤模型,分析了作物管理参数、施肥量、土壤初始氮含量和作物桔杆还田对吉林省黑土地区玉米生长、氮循环以及有机碳氮生态平衡的影响.结果表明:在玉米目标产量为12000～15000kg.hm-2条件下,最佳施氮肥量为200～240kgN.hm-2.在该氮肥用量下,玉米地上氮吸收量为250～290kgN.hm-2,其中,120～140kgN.hm-2来自土壤,130～150kgN.hm-2来自肥料;提高氮肥用量(250～420kgN.hm-2)将导致土壤残留氮明显增加(63～183kgN.hm-2);延迟追肥时间同样导致土壤残留氮增加;当玉米秸杆还田量超过6000kg.hm-2时,模拟的土壤活性有机碳、氮可以维持当年的供需平衡.建议在吉林省中部地区黑土玉米带,化肥施氮量控制在200～240kgN.hm-2,适时追肥,秸杆还田量在6000kg.hm-2以上,以确保高产和维持土壤养分生态平衡.     

紫云英翻压量与不同施氮量对水稻生长和氮素吸收利用的影响

为了筛选出紫云英翻压量和氮肥的最佳配施比例,从而为实际生产提供理论依据,本试验采用裂区设计,以空闲、不施氮为对照处理CK1,以空闲、常规施氮为对照处理CK2,紫云英翻压量设翻压27000、45000 kg·hm-2两个水平,施氮量设不施氮、施氮量60、120和180 kg·hm-2四个水平,研究紫云英翻压量与不同施氮量对水稻产量、干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:紫云英27000 kg·hm-2+N≥120 kg·hm-2和紫云英45000 kg·hm-2+N≥60 kg·hm-2即可保证水稻产量和生长,其中处理M1N2的产量最高,较常规施氮处理CK2高出11.56%;成熟期处理M2N1的干物质积累量最大,比CK2高21.41%;处理M2N3的氮素吸收量最大,比CK2高5.32%;而氮肥表观利用率和氮肥真实利用率均随着氮肥施用量的增加而减小;所以紫云英27000 kg·hm-2+N120 kg·hm-2和紫云英45000 kg·hm-2+N 60 kg·hm-2两种施肥方式能够在保证水稻产量的同时,有效提高氮肥利用率,有利于资源的高效利用。     

育秧箱全量施肥对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响

采用育秧箱全量施肥技术,通过2年田间小区试验,研究中量控释氮肥(80 kg N·hm-2)、高量控释氮肥(120kgN·hm-2)和常规施肥(300 kg N·hm-2)处理对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响.结果表明:与常规施肥相比,高量控释氮肥处理的水稻产量未显著降低.常规施肥处理2年平均氮素利用率为33.2％,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的平均氮素利用率分别比常规施肥处理提高26.2％和20.7％.常规施肥处理田面水的总氮含量在施肥后1～3d达最大值,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的高峰期为施肥后7～9d,全生育期内,中量和高量控释氮肥处理田面水的总氮含量均显著低于常规施肥处理.常规施肥处理的氮素渗漏流失主要在分蘖期,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的氮素渗漏流失后移至分蘖-开花期.各处理硝态氮流失量占总氮流失量的59.7％～64.2％,高量控释氮肥处理的总氮净流失量比常规施肥处理减少51.8％.     

新疆灰漠土区不同肥料配比土壤氨挥发原位监测

在17a的新疆国家灰漠土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验区,采用通气法对春小麦种植体系8种处理,即(1)对照(种植、不施肥,CK)、(2)施氮肥(N)、(3)施氮磷肥(NP)、(4)施氮钾肥(NK)、(5)施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、(6)施氮磷钾肥+有机肥增量(NPKM1)、(7)施氮磷钾化肥+有机肥常量(NPKM2)、(8)施氮磷钾化肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)的氨挥发损失与不同肥料配比、长期不同施肥土壤特性变化之间关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)在当地春小麦种植典型施肥模式,即"基肥撒施后机械翻耕,追肥撒施后灌水"下,在施氮量为84.97～241.5 kg · hm-2的条件下,不同处理基肥氨挥发累积量为0.194～2.236 kg N · hm-2之间;追肥氨挥发累积量在0.078～0.210 kg N · hm-2之间,远低于基肥氨挥发量;基肥和追肥氨挥发损失氮素之和占总施氮量的0.39%～1.23%.(2)相同施氮量241.5 kg · hm-2的N、NP、NK、NPK 4个处理,氨挥发累积量分别为1.017、0.944、1.988、2.437 kg N · hm-2,氨挥发量与不同处理土壤速效钾含量相关性达显著水平(r=0.951, P<0.05,n=4).(3)施氮量分别为151.8、84.9、216.7 kg · hm-2有机肥处理NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKS的氨挥发累积量分别为1.404、1.041、1.583 kg N · hm-2,氨挥发量与氮肥使用量呈显著正相关(r=0.581,P<0.05,n=18).以上结果表明,氨挥发不是新疆灰漠土长期定位试验春小麦体系氮肥损失的主要途径;不同肥料配比和长期不同肥料配比造成土壤特性的变化是7种施氮肥处理氨挥发差异的主要原因.     

夏闲期地表覆盖对旱地土壤水分、小麦氮素吸收运转及产量的影响与施氮调控

为提高旱作麦区土壤水分贮备能力,并探明此基础上提高产量的适宜施氮水平,本文采用大田试验在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地研究了夏闲期覆盖与不覆盖条件下75、150、225 kg·hm-23个施氮量对旱地土壤水分、小麦氮素吸收运转及产量的影响。结果表明:夏闲期深翻覆盖后,播种前0~300 cm土层土壤蓄水量提高约70~80 mm,尤其是80cm以下土层;成熟期0~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量均低于播种前,尤其是0~160 cm各土层低20~30 mm;各生育期群体茎数、穗数提高,且低、高氮条件下处理间差异显著,小麦总耗水量提高5.68~31.30 mm,产量提高1.43%~7.16%,水分利用效率提高1.27%~4.23%;各生育时期植株氮素积累量、花前氮素运转量和花后氮素积累量提高,且各生育时期植株氮素积累量处理间差异显著,氮肥农学效率提高0.47~1.24 kg·kg-1,氮肥当季回收率显著提高3.01%~4.96%;覆盖配施氮肥后,成熟期0~160 cm土层土壤蓄水量、总耗水量以施氮量150 kg·hm-2最低;各生育期群体茎数、产量构成因素、产量和水分利用效率以施氮量150 kg·hm-2显著最高,75 kg·hm-2最低,且中氮较低氮与高氮处理产量分别提高574.75和341.14 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率提高12.89%和7.77%;各生育时期植株氮素积累量、花前氮素运转量及其对籽粒的贡献率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥当季回收率均以施氮量150 kg·hm-2显著最高,75 kg·hm-2最低,且中氮较低氮与高氮处理氮肥农学效率分别提高1.91 kg·kg-1、3.12 kg·kg-1,氮肥当季回收率提高1.74%和5.32%;此外,产量与穗数的相关性最大(r=0.906),穗粒数居中,千粒重最小;总之,旱地小麦休闲期深翻覆盖有利于蓄水保水,提高底墒,且配施氮量为150 kg·hm-2更有利于水氮互作,促进氮素吸收、运转,达到增产、高效的目的。     

不同施肥条件下玉米田土壤养分淋溶规律的原位研究

利用排水采集器法结合田间原位试验,研究了夏玉米不同施肥处理对棕壤土养分淋失的影响.结果表明:在夏玉米生长期内,影响玉米田土壤水分淋溶的主要因素是大量降雨和灌溉,夏玉米生长前期的土壤淋溶水量较大,但随夏玉米生育进程的推进而递减,各处理差异也逐渐减小;与施氮肥处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥处理可加剧土壤水淋溶.在夏玉米生长期内,施肥处理的土壤淋溶水硝态氮浓度均呈"双峰"曲线变化趋势,而铵态氮浓度则呈先升后降的变化趋势.玉米田土壤氮素淋失以硝态氮形式为主,其累计淋失量为12.90～46.53 kg·hm-2,铵态氮的累计淋仅为1.66～5.11 kg·hm-2,两种形态氮的淋失量都随施氮量的增加而升高.秸秆还田配施氮肥处理的氮素淋失率比单施氮肥处理高6.53%～13.07%,低氮处理的氮素淋失率比高氮处理高3.66%～10.10%;玉米田土壤速效磷的累计淋失量较小,仅为0.148～0.235 kg·hm-2,而速效钾的累计淋失量较大,为7.08～13.00 kg·hm-2.在夏玉米生长后期,秸秆还田配施氮肥处理使土壤速效磷淋失量升高,并可加剧土壤速效钾的淋失,而单施氮肥处理作用不明显.     

机插超级粳稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率对氮肥的响应

在大田机插条件下,以5个超级粳稻品种为材料,设置0、150、187.5、225、262.5、300、337.5 kg·hm-2等7种施氮水平,研究氮肥用量对超级粳稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响,并比较机插条件下各超级粳稻最高产施氮量与经济最佳施氮量的差异.结果表明:随氮肥用量的增加,超级粳稻产量均先增加后下降,5个超级稻品种均在300 kg·hm-2施氮条件下获得最高产量,达10.33~10.60 t·hm-2.产量的增加主要取决于较高的群体颖花量,在300 kg·hm-2施氮条件下,各超级粳稻品种的群体颖花量均达到最大值.随氮肥用量的增加,5个超级粳稻品种的糙米率、精米率、整精米率及蛋白质含量均增加,337.5 kg·hm-2氮肥处理比不施氮处理分别高3.3%~4.2%、2.9%~6.0%、4.4%~33.7%和23.8%~44.3%;直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和食味值均下降,337.5 kg·hm-2氮肥处理比不施氮处理分别低12.4%~38.9%、10.3%~28.5%和20.3%~29.7%;垩白度呈现先增加后下降的趋势,而垩白率的变化因品种不同略有差异.随氮肥用量的增加,5个超级粳稻品种的氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥生理利用率下降,而籽粒吸氮量显著增加.根据水稻产量与氮肥用量的效应方程,5个超级稻的理论最高产量为9.99 t·hm-2,对应的施氮量为299 kg·hm-2;如果考虑氮肥的投入成本,则经济最佳施氮量为275.68 kg·hm-2,对应的产量为9.97 t·hm-2.因此,对于现有的超级水稻生产,可根据高产、优质、高效和低投入等不同目标分类进行氮肥的综合管理.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

两个猪苓菌株生长速度及酯酶同工酶比较研究

对不同地理分布的猪苓纯培养菌株进行了种性和酯酶同工酶的比较研究,结果表明,鸡爪苓（Z）纯培养菌株和猪屎苓（ZJ）纯培养菌株的种性有很大不同,两个纯培养菌株的酯酶同工酶酶带类型差异较大,亲缘关系较远。     

Synthesis of modified fragments of fibrinogen and their effect on the activity of proteolytic enzymes

New analogues of the Gly-Pro-Arg and Arg-Gly-Asp fragments of fibrinogen were synthesized: Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (I), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Met-OMe (II), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Phe (III), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asp (IV), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Glu (V), and Arg-Asn-Trp-Asp (VI). Their effect on the activity of proteases of various types was studied with the method of lysis of fibrin plates. All the peptides were found to inhibit plasmin activity (by 60–85%) and the γ-subunit of nerve growth factor (by 55–93%). Tetrapeptide (VI) proved to be an effective inhibitor of tissue activator of plasminogen and the γ-subunit of nerve growth factor (by 96 and 93%, respectively). The peptides exerted practically no effect on the activity of urokinase and moderately inhibited the activity of streptokinase [(III), IV), and (VI)], papain [(I), (II), IV), and (VI)], subtilisin [(V) and (VI)], α-chymotrypsin [(III), (V), and VI)], and Bacillus subtilis metalloprotease (VI). They inhibit trypsin [except for (I) and (III)] when applied on fibrin plates at a concentration of 1 × 10^?2 M, while, at the concentration of 1 × 10^?3 M, (I) and (II) induced an increase in proteolytic activity by 35 and 47%, respectively.     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

林带阻力系数与透风系数关系的理论分析

根据冲量定理分析了林带对气流的阻力,首次得到了林带阻力系数的估算模式（Ｃｄ＝（１．８＋０．２α）（１－α）ｓｉｎ２ω,并利用有关文献发表的资料进行了验证．文章还对来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力进行了讨论,指出来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力仅为来流垂直林带时林带对气流阻力的０．７—１．１％,可以不予考虑．     

2种嵩草属植物形态特征对生境干旱化的响应

该研究于西藏自治区东南部的东达山高山草甸沿生境干旱化梯度设置10个样地,采用线性回归方法分析优势种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)和矮生嵩草(K.humilis)叶片数量与其它构件数值(分株数量、茎基直径、根系数量和根系长度)之间的关系,并采用线性回归斜率测度分株功效、叶片萌生能力、根系分生功效和根系伸长功效,以探讨嵩草的分株能力、茎基生长和根系生长对生境干旱化过程的响应机制。结果显示:(1)2种嵩草植物的叶片数量与4种构件数值均为显著线性正相关关系。(2)随着生境干旱化程度增加,高山嵩草分株数量增加,矮生嵩草分株受干旱抑制程度高,分株数量呈下降趋势;2种嵩草分株功效下降,即单株叶片数量因干旱化程度增加而减少。(3)2种嵩草的茎基直径、叶片萌生能力随着生境干旱化程度增加而下降;高山嵩草叶片萌生能力的变化与生境干旱化梯度一致,具有连续性;矮生嵩草叶片萌生能力对生境干旱化的适应性弱,干旱到一定程度发生骤降。(4)随着生境干旱化,高山嵩草的根系数量和长度均增加,矮生嵩草根系长度增加,但数量却无规律变化;2种嵩草的根系分生功效和根系伸长功效均下降。研究表明:嵩草属植物分布的最适宜生境为表面稍有积水的沼生生境。为适应生境干旱化,高山嵩草降低叶片萌生率以减少蒸腾作用,增加分株数量以增强对空间的占有能力,并增加根系数量和长度来提高对土壤水分的吸收能力,因此对干旱有较强适应性且分布范围广;矮生嵩草只通过降低叶片萌生率,增加根系长度响应干旱化生境,其分布范围较窄。     

The detection of salivary enzymes of phytophagous Hemiptera: a compilation of methods

The role of Hemipteran saliva and salivary enzymes is central to an understanding of the etiology of damage that these insects cause to plants. The dilute nature of the salivary secretions and the minute quantities in which they are often obtainable have made analysis and detection of salivary components very difficult. Such investigations in this laboratory have led us to formalise the techniques involved and we believe that the compilation of these methods presented herein may be useful to other research workers in this area. Methods are described for acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, /S-glucosidase, carbohydrases, invertase, amylase, proteinase, pectinase, cellulase, catalase, peroxidase, catechol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbic oxidase.     

民勤绿洲边缘地下水位变化对植物种群生态位的影响

在民勤绿洲边缘,利用空间区域不同地下水位(湖区8～12m,泉山区15～17m,坝区20～23m)和时间序列(1984～1992年)民勤沙井子地区地下水位下降(7.45～11.65m)梯度,研究地下水位下降对荒漠植物种群生态位的影响。结果表明:空间区域地下水位下降,植物种群生态位宽度均减小,种群退化;时间序列地下水位下降,白刺种群在扩展,其它植物种群在退化。白刺种群生态位宽度在民勤绿洲边缘荒漠植物群落中最大,是该区的建群种。由于白刺种群在地下水位7.45～11.65m范围内扩展,民勤绿洲生态环境治理中地下水位达到该范围是一个主要目标。     

Photoinactivation of Photosystem II in leaves

Photoinactivation of Photosystem II (PS II), the light-induced loss of ability to evolve oxygen, inevitably occurs under any light environment in nature, counteracted by repair. Under certain conditions, the extent of photoinactivation of PS II depends on the photon exposure (light dosage, x), rather than the irradiance or duration of illumination per se, thus obeying the law of reciprocity of irradiance and duration of illumination, namely, that equal photon exposure produces an equal effect. If the probability of photoinactivation (p) of PS II is directly proportional to an increment in photon exposure (p = kΔx, where k is the probability per unit photon exposure), it can be deduced that the number of active PS II complexes decreases exponentially as a function of photon exposure: N = N_oexp(−kx). Further, since a photon exposure is usually achieved by varying the illumination time (t) at constant irradiance (I), N = N_oexp(−kI t), i.e., N decreases exponentially with time, with a rate coefficient of photoinactivation kI, where the product kI is obviously directly proportional to I. Given that N = N_oexp(−kx), the quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II can be defined as −dN/dx = kN, which varies with the number of active PS II complexes remaining. Typically, the quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II is ca. 0.1μmol PS II per mol photons at low photon exposure when repair is inhibited. That is, when about 10⁷ photons have been received by leaf tissue, one PS II complex is inactivated. Some species such as grapevine have a much lower quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II, even at a chilling temperature. Examination of the longer-term time course of photoinactivation of PS II in capsicum leaves reveals that the decrease in N deviates from a single-exponential decay when the majority of the PS II complexes are inactivated in the absence of repair. This can be attributed to the formation of strong quenchers in severely-photoinactivated PS II complexes, able to dissipate excitation energy efficiently and to protect the remaining active neighbours against damage by light.