不同演替阶段栎树混交林群落稳定性

稳定性是群落结构与功能的一个综合指标,一直是生态学研究的重点.为进一步验证火山岩山地森林群落在不同演替阶段稳定性的变化趋势,本文以处于不同演替阶段的侧柏栎树混交林、栎树混交林和栎树黄连木混交林3种典型森林群落为对象,选取演替现状、物种多样性、Gordon稳定性值、群落结构4项指标10个因子作为构建评价模型的参数,通过函数隶属值方法评价了江苏盱眙火山岩山地典型森林群落在不同演替阶段的稳定性.结果表明:1)随着演替的进行,稳定性不断增强,与传统的演替理论一致,即演替是由不稳定到稳定的过程;2)3种群落总体的丰富度指数和Whittaker生境多样性指数虽存在一定的差异,但却表现出了相同的趋势,即栎树混交林＞黄连木栎树混交林＞侧柏栎树混交林;3)多样性最高的是栎树混交林,而稳定性最高的是侧柏栎树混交林,多样性并不能完全代表稳定性;4)由于侧柏栎树混交林密度过大,需要进行适当抚育,促进其正向演替.     

基于空间结构指数的不同森林群落稳定性研究

以长白山杨桦次生林、云冷杉针阔混交林、云冷杉近原始林为研究对象,基于微观经济学中的柯布—道格拉斯生产函数相关理论,以3个常用的空间结构指标(混交度、大小比数、角尺度)为"投入",林分整体空间结构为"产出",构建林分空间结构生产函数,定义了林分空间结构指数(FSSI)并计算了林分空间结构距离(FSSD)。利用这5个指标分析比较不同演替阶段森林群落的空间结构特点,从而评价各演替阶段的稳定性。结果表明:不同演替阶段森林群落的混交度值均不相同,云冷杉近原始林平均混交度最大,云冷杉针阔混交林次之,杨桦次生林最小;大小比数对不同森林群落空间结构影响较小,其值基本为0.49~0.52;3种森林群落水平分布状态为云冷杉针阔混交林和云冷杉近原始林随机分布,杨桦次生林聚集分布;其空间结构指数大小及与理想结构接近程度排序为:云冷杉近原始林云冷杉针阔混交林杨桦次生林。因此,云冷杉近原始林空间结构较好,稳定性最佳。     

油蒿群落不同演替阶段某结群落特征的研究

本文就鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地油蒿群落不同演替阶段的特征进行了研究,结果表明：流动沙地质地疏松,植物种类少、稀疏,群落冠层温度变化剧烈,相对湿度低,油蒿生长旺盛,其叶的含水量、水势、蒸腾强度高;固定沙地,植物种类增多,覆盖度大、生物量高、缓冲气象因子的能力强。但蒸腾失水量大,致使土壤含水量低,在某种程度上限制了油蒿人有结皮的固定沙地,植物种类最多,密度最大,但土壤紧实,油蒿生长微弱,其叶的含水量、水     

红松林不同演替阶段夏季鸟类群落研究

红松林不同演替阶段夏季鸟类群落研究常家传鲁长虎刘伯文许青（东北林业大学,哈尔滨１５００４０）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅＢｉｒｄｓＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｎＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＳｕｃｃｅｓｉｏｎＰｅｒｉｏｄｏｆＫｏｒｅａｎＰｉｎｅＦｏｒｅｓｔ．Ｃｈ...     

鼎湖山森林群落不同演替阶段优势种叶生态解剖特征研究

对南亚热带鼎湖山森林群落不同演替阶段8种优势树种进行了叶生态解剖学研究。观察的叶片解剖特征有：叶腹角质膜厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶背角质膜厚度及叶总厚度等。马尾松（Pinus massoniana)在针叶林群落和针阔叶混交林群落生境中,针阔叶混交林中叶片厚度变小,主脉管胞、树脂道平均直径变小。从针阔叶混交林演替阶段到季风常绿阔叶林演替阶段,锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis)叶片厚度、海绵组织厚度增加,栅栏组织厚度、P／S值（栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比）减少;荷木（Schima superba)和黄果厚桂（Cryptocarya concinna)叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、叶腹及叶背角质膜厚度差异显著;从针阔叶混交林演替阶段到季风常绿阔叶林演替阶段,锥栗、荷木、黄果厚寺叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度等差异均显著。不同生境下林内气温、相对湿度、光合有效辐射等小气候特征是叶片结构特征差异的主要影响因子,叶片结构差异反映了叶片结构在一定程度上对生境的适应。     

长白山不同演替阶段针阔混交林群落物种多样性及其影响因子

基于长白山3个5.2hm²针阔混交林永久监测样地的野外调查数据,以胸径(DBH)≥1cm的乔木树种为对象,运用R4.0.3软件计算物种多样性指数以及进行物种多样性相关性分析和多元回归分析,以探讨生物和非生物因素对不同演替阶段针阔混交林物种多样性的影响。结果表明：(1)3个典型针阔混交林的4个物种多样性指数均随演替的正向进行而下降,其中物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数在3个演替阶段存在显著性差异,而Pielou均匀度指数在次生杨桦林与次生针阔混交林阶段差异不显著。(2)胸径结构变量是影响物种多样性变化的主要驱动因子,随着演替的进行,林分密度对物种多样性产生的影响越来越大。(3)所有土壤因子在针阔混交林阶段对物种多样性指数均表现出显著的影响,而在次生杨桦林只有土壤全氮与物种多样性指数存在显著相关关系,土壤全磷在原始椴树红松林阶段是影响物种多样性的主要因素。综上,研究认为在各演替阶段,生物和非生物因素均影响着森林群落的物种多样性,胸径结构和林分密度是影响群落物种多样性的主要因素,林分中的土壤因子受到不同群落特征的影响产生不同变化,从而对群落的物种多样性产生影响也有所不同。     

臭柏群落在不同演替阶段某些群落特征的研究

毛乌素沙地臭柏群落自发演替的基本过程为：半流动沙地沙竹＋沙米（有时是白沙蒿）群落→半固定沙地油蒿＋臭柏群落→固定沙地臭柏＋硬质早熟禾群落→固定沙地臭柏群落→老固定沙地臭柏＋苔藓群落,最后可能发展成为地带性的本氏针茅草原。演替早期向演替亚项级群落发展过程中物种多样性逐步增加,生态环境逐渐变湿。随着臭柏的衰退,某些喜湿植物的退出,物种多样性开始减少,群落生境向旱生化发展。     

臭柏群落在不同演替阶段某些群落特征的研究

毛乌素沙地臭柏群落自发演替的基本过程为：半流动沙地沙竹 +沙米（有时是白沙蒿）群落→半固定沙地油蒿+臭柏群落→固定沙地臭柏+硬质早熟禾群落→固定沙地臭柏群落→老固定沙地臭柏+苔藓群落,最后可能发展成为地带性的本氏针茅草原。演替早期向演替亚顶级群落发展过程中物种多样性逐步增加,生态环境逐渐变湿。随着臭柏的衰退,某些喜湿植物的退出,物种多样性开始减少,群落生境向旱生化发展。     

油蒿群落不同演替阶段某些群落特征的研究

 本文就鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地油蒿群落不同演替阶段的特征进行了研究。结果表明：流动沙地质地疏松,植物种类少、稀疏,群落冠层温度变化剧烈,相对湿度低,油蒿生长旺盛,其叶的含水量、水势、蒸腾强度高;固定沙地,植物种类增多、覆盖度大、生物量高,缓冲气象因子的能力强。但蒸腾失水量大,致使土壤含水量低,在某种程度上限制了油蒿生长;具结皮的固定沙地,植物种类最多,密度最大,但土壤紧实,油蒿生长微弱,其叶的含水量、水势最低,但蒸腾最大,加速失水。其演替趋势为流动沙地→流动沙地油蒿群落→固定沙地油蒿群落→具结皮的固定沙地油蒿+本氏针茅群落→本氏针茅群落。     

长白山森林不同演替阶段比叶面积及其影响因子

比叶面积(SLA)是植物功能性状的重要指标,反映了植物生长过程中资源收获策略。以长白山森林演替过程中4个阶段的典型群落为研究对象,分析了不同演替阶段比叶面积的差异及影响因素。结果表明:比叶面积随演替的发生进行呈现明显增加趋势,且差异显著(P0.05)。相关分析结果表明,比叶面积与海拔、坡位和土壤氮含量均呈显著正相关关系,与其他影响因子无显著相关关系。进一步的通径分析结果表明,演替前期坡位是主要的影响因素,演替中期模型解释度不高,各通径系数较小,演替后期土壤氮含量对比叶面积的作用凸显。     

长白山不同演替阶段森林植物功能性状及其与地形因子间的关系

植物功能性状是近年来生态学研究的热点。不同种群功能性状的差异决定竞争优势,导致群落结构和性质发生改变,进而演替。以长白山森林演替过程中4个阶段的典型群落为研究对象,分析了长白山地区森林不同层次优势种的茎叶功能性状之间的关系、功能性状与地形因子的关系,并对不同演替阶段群落功能性状进行了比较。结果发现,比叶面积(SLA)与叶氮浓度(LNC)和茎磷浓度(SPC)正相关,与叶干物质质量(LDMC)负相关;叶厚度(LT)与LDMC负相关;LNC与LPC、SNC和LDMC呈正相关;茎氮浓度(SNC)与茎磷浓度(SPC)正相关;茎组织密度(STD)与LNC、SNC正相关。通过灰色关联度分析发现,海拔对SLA、LNC、LPC、STD、SPC影响最大;坡向对于LT、LDMC影响最大;坡位对SNC影响最大。各演替群落间的乔木层功能性状均有显著差异,灌木层的功能性状无显著差异,而草本层除了LDMC、LPC、SNC有显著差异外,其它指标均无显著差异;SLA、STD、LNC随演替的进行呈现明显增加趋势,LDMC、LPC随演替呈减少的趋势。LDMC和SLA是能体现群落演替差异的主要功能性状。     

长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段土壤团聚体粒径组成及有机碳含量变化

阔叶红松林是我国东北重要的原生群落,其土壤团聚体在森林生态系统碳固定中具有重要作用.本研究采用空间代替时间的方法,选取白桦幼龄林、白桦中龄林、白桦成熟林、阔叶红松成熟林和阔叶红松过熟林5个不同演替序列,通过湿筛法研究长白山天然针阔混交林群落恢复演替中土壤团聚体粒径组成及有机碳含量的变化.结果表明: 土壤团聚体粒径组成受演替过程影响较大,不同演替阶段下土壤团聚体各粒级所占比例差异显著.团聚体平均质量直径随演替的进行表现为先升高再降低的单峰形式,且最高点出现在白桦成熟林阶段.土壤中不同粒级的团聚体内有机碳含量随着演替的进行呈先增加后略有下降的趋势,且团聚体内有机碳含量最大值出现在阔叶红松成熟林阶段.在同一演替阶段下,0～5和5～10 cm土层(除演替末期的阔叶红松过熟林外)中的各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量都随着粒径的减小而增加,而10～20 cm土层中的各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量都随着粒径的减小而减小.从演替初期的白桦幼龄林到演替末期的阔叶红松过熟林,每个样地内的同一粒径团聚体内有机碳含量均具有明显的垂直分布特性,均随着土层深度的增加而显著降低.     

长白山森林不同演替阶段植物与土壤氮磷的化学计量特征

以长白山森林不同演替阶段的典型群落为对象,研究了不同层次优势种茎和叶化学计量特征及其与土壤因子的关系,并对不同演替阶段群落化学计量进行了比较.结果表明: 叶氮浓度(LNC)与叶磷浓度(LPC)、茎氮浓度(SNC)呈极显著正相关,与茎磷浓度(SPC)显著正相关;LPC与SNC呈显著正相关,与叶N/P、茎N/P显著负相关;叶N/P与茎N/P呈极显著正相关;SNC与SPC呈极显著正相关;SPC与茎N/P呈极显著负相关.各演替群落间的乔木层化学计量特征均有显著差异,灌木层除了叶N/P差异显著以外,其他指标均无显著差异;随演替的进行, LNC明显增加,而LPC呈减少趋势.通过RDA约束排序分析发现,演替前期植物群落主要受氮素的影响,演替中后期主要受氮磷共同影响,以磷素的作用更为强烈.     

长白山红松阔叶林不同演替阶段优势种的变化

以皆伐后长白山红松阔叶林4个不同演替阶段的林分为对象,分析其群落和优势树种的变化特征.结果表明:在长白山红松阔叶林不同演替阶段中,乔木树种的丰富度、Shannon多样性和Simpson优势度变化较小,多度和均匀度变化较大.随着演替的进程,群落的优势树种组成发生变化,种数逐渐减少,优势种的胸高断面积加和和最大重要值逐渐增加,说明不同演替阶段群落的优势种地位不断提高.长白山红松阔叶林的演替过程是白桦、山杨、黄檗、春榆等阳性或半阴性树种不断减少,而紫椴、水曲柳、红松、色木槭等阴性树种不断增加的过程.     

Soil animal communities at five succession stages in the litter of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tiantong,China

Soil animals are abundant in forest litter layer,but little attention has been Paid to the vertical distribution of community structure of soil animals in the layers at different plant community succession stages.The forest litter layer can be divided into fresh litter layer(L),fermentation layer(F)and humus layer(H),which may represent different litter decomposition stages.The aim of the study is to ascertain the vertical distribution features of soil animal communities among the three litter layers and the change in the succession process of the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest(EBLF)in Tiantong,Zhejiang Province,China.Soil animal communities in the five plant communities at different succession stages were investigated during the 2003 winter.Soil animals,which were collected by using Tullgren funnels,amounted to a total of 13381 individuals falling into 2 phyla,8 classes and 20 orders.The dominant groups were Acarina and Collembola,accounting for 94.24% of the total individuals,with the number of Acarina individuals 7.66 times than that of Collembola.The common group was Diptera.The results indicated that there was a distinctive vertical distribution of the soil animal communities in the forest litter laver,but it differed from that in soil below the litter layer.In contrast to those in the soil,the soil animals in the litter layer generally tended to increase in both group abundance and density from the top fresh litter layer to the bottom humus layer.Altogether 19 groups and 59.03% of total individuals were found in the bottom layer,while only 8 groups and 5.35% of the total individuals in the top.Moreover,there were some variations in the distribution of the soil animals at different plant succession stages.85.19% of Homoptera and 100% of Symphyla were found in the litter layer at the climax succession stage.while 75.61% of Thysanoptera at the intermediate succession stage.Therefore,these groups might be seen as indicative groups.The total numbers of soil animal groups and individuals in the litter layers greatly changed in the succession process of the EBLF.They both were greatest at the climax,moderate at the intermediate and smallest at the primary succession stage.However,the main soil animal groups in the litter at the different succession stages were essentially the same.They were Acarina,Collembola,Diptera and Lepidoptera.Although similarity analysis revealed that the soil animal communities in the litter at the intermediate succession stage were most similar to those at the climax succession stage,they differed greatly from each other in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index.The Shannon-Wiener index was highest at the climax succession stage and lowest at the intermediate succession stage.Finally,the paper discusses the following three questions:the role of soil animals as indicators for plant community succession;the role of different soil animal groups in the litter decomposition at different stages;and the major factors affecting the composition and distribution of soil animals in the litter.This paper provides a new perspective for the research on the succession mechanism of plant communities and the decomposition functions of soil animals.     

秦岭松栎混交林群落的稳定性

松栎混交林是秦岭最为典型的森林类型之一,其稳定性程度对于秦岭生物多样性维持、水碳平衡及气候调节等至关重要。以秦岭火地塘林区松栎混交林28个样地为研究对象,对28个群落指标进行调查,通过主成分分析,得出稳定性综合指数值(F)并进行Ward聚类,采用Mantel-最优聚类簇数分析确定最优聚类簇数,对通过F值聚类的样地进行分组划分,确定稳定性等级。结果表明:松栎混交林的稳定性分为3个等级,稳定性高的样地:F值在0.66—1.13之间,平均林龄58a,占样地总数的39.3%;稳定性中等的样地:F值在-0.28—0.34之间,平均林龄46a,占样地总数的42.8%,稳定性低的样地:F值在-2.34—-1.26之间,平均林龄42a,占样地总数的17.9%。前3个主成分中灌木层、草本层多样性指数、海拔、土壤水分物理指标,林分密度和优势树种胸径荷载较大,是影响群落稳定性的主要因子。F值与乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数、灌木层Simpson指数、草本层物种丰富度线性拟合均达到极显著水平(P0.01),与海拔和坡度多元曲线拟合达到极为显著的水平(R2=0.786,p0.0001)。在海拔1212—1708 m,坡度31—49°的生境,松栎混交林的稳定性较大,在海拔1900 m以上的生境,松栎混交林稳定性较低。     

长白山三种林型对蛾类群落结构和多样性的影响

选择长白山阔叶红松林、白桦林和落叶松林3种林型,对各林型蛾类的群落结构和多样性进行了比较。结果表明:蛾类各科(亚科)在3种林型中的比例分配明显不同。阔叶红松林中尺蛾科数量占优绝对优势,占47.0%,其次是舟蛾科,为9.3%。优势种为台褥尺蛾,占17.2%;从蛾类总种数和蛾类个体总数上看,白桦林中蛾类物种丰富度、多度和多样性指数明显高于阔叶红松林和落叶松林,优势度指数则最低;白桦林的优势种有尘尺蛾、枞灰尺蛾和双星白枝尺蛾;在落叶松林中,灯蛾科、波纹蛾科和枯叶蛾科的多度都比阔叶红松林和白桦林高,其优势种为阿泊波纹蛾。     

长白山温带森林不同演替阶段群落功能性状的空间变化

群落构建机制研究是生态学研究的热点。长白山自然保护区拥有完整的原始阔叶红松林生态系统, 近年来随着物种多样性丧失愈发严重, 对该地区开展群落构建机制研究显得尤为重要。该研究以长白山不同演替阶段的3块5.2 hm ²固定监测样地(次生杨桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始椴树红松林)为研究对象, 通过采集样地内主要树种的6个关键功能性状(叶面积、比叶面积、叶片厚度、叶氮含量、叶磷含量、最大树高), 分析不同空间尺度下(5 m × 5 m, 10 m × 10 m, 20 m × 20 m, 30 m × 30 m, 40 m × 40 m, 50 m × 50 m和60 m × 60 m)及不同演替阶段群落性状空间值的变化, 结合零模型的模拟结果对长白山温带森林演替过程中的群落构建机制进行讨论。结果表明: 种库大小对于研究结果具有重要影响。在较大的种库下, 环境过滤作用影响显著。而在样地水平进行研究时, 演替早期和中期, 群落性状空间值与零模型模拟值无显著差异, 在演替的晚期, 群落性状空间值显著高于零模型模拟值。结合多个群落功能多样性指数分析发现, 环境过滤和竞争作用共同决定该地区顶级群落的物种组成。在演替早期大量物种迁入, 群落内物种间存在强烈的资源竞争, 而随着演替进行, 部分物种逐渐被竞争排除出群落, 群落中的物种呈现明显的生态位分化, 竞争作用是维持物种共存的主要机制。     

Soil animal communities at five succession stages in the litter of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tiantong, China

Soil animals are abundant in forest litter layer, but little attention has been paid to the vertical distribution of community structure of soil animals in the layers at different plant community succession stages. The forest litter layer can be divided into fresh litter layer (L), fermentation layer (F) and humus layer (H), which may represent different litter decomposition stages. The aim of the study is to ascertain the vertical distribution features of soil animal communities among the three litter layers and the change in the succession process of the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest (EBLF) in Tiantong, Zhejiang Province, China. Soil animal communities in the five plant communities at different succession stages were investigated during the 2003 winter. Soil animals, which were collected by using Tullgren funnels, amounted to a total of 13 381 individuals falling into 2 phyla, 8 classes and 20 orders. The dominant groups were Acarina and Collembola, accounting for 94.24% of the total individuals, with the number of Acarina individuals 7.66 times than that of Collembola. The common group was Diptera. The results indicated that there was a distinctive vertical distribution of the soil animal communities in the forest litter layer, but it differed from that in soil below the litter layer. In contrast to those in the soil, the soil animals in the litter layer generally tended to increase in both group abundance and density from the top fresh litter layer to the bottom humus layer. Altogether 19 groups and 59.03% of total individuals were found in the bottom layer, while only 8 groups and 5.35% of the total individuals in the top. Moreover, there were some variations in the distribution of the soil animals at different plant succession stages. 85.19% of Homoptera and 100% of Symphyla were found in the litter layer at the climax succession stage, while 75.61% of Thysanoptera at the intermediate succession stage. Therefore, these groups might be seen as indicative groups. The total numbers of soil animal groups and individuals in the litter layers greatly changed in the succession process of the EBLF. They both were greatest at the climax, moderate at the intermediate and smallest at the primary succession stage. However, the main soil animal groups in the litter at the different succession stages were essentially the same. They were Acarina, Collembola, Diptera and Lepidoptera. Although similarity analysis revealed that the soil animal communities in the litter at the intermediate succession stage were most similar to those at the climax succession stage, they differed greatly from each other in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Shannon-Wiener index was highest at the climax succession stage and lowest at the intermediate succession stage. Finally, the paper discusses the following three questions: the role of soil animals as indicators for plant community succession; the role of different soil animal groups in the litter decomposition at different stages; and the major factors affecting the composition and distribution of soil animals in the litter. This paper provides a new perspective for the research on the succession mechanism of plant communities and the decomposition functions of soil animals. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25 (3) [译自: 生态学报, 2005,25(3)]