固态发酵工程研究进展

最近十年中,由于能源危机与环境问题的日益严重,曾被人们冷落的固态发酵再次引起人们的兴趣,固态发酵工程在基质特性,染菌控制,水活度的控制,pH的调控,传质与传热等领域的研究取得了较大的进展,论文着重综述最近固态发酵工程在上述领域取得的一些重大的发展,探讨了固态发酵过程控制参数特征及其控制策略。     

固态发酵工程与生物饲料添加剂的生产

发酵工程是生物技术的关键技术,固态发酵作为发酵工程的重要部分,由于能源危机与环境问题的日益严重,越来越受到人们的重视,并在资源环境应用研究方面取得了重要进展。着重综述了固态发酵技术在生物饲料添加剂生产中的应用,介绍了固态发酵工程技术的新进展。     

固态发酵技术在资源环境中的应用

发酵工程是生物技术的瓶颈,固态发酵作为发酵工程一个重要的部分,在资源环境应用研究方面取得了重要进展,主要表现在生物燃料,生物农药,生物转化,生物解毒及生物修复等领域,解决了能源危机,治理环境污染等问题,综述了近几年固态发酵技术在资源环境领域应用中一些重要的发展。     

固态发酵在食品加工中的应用研究进展

固态发酵起源于传统食品生产领域,具有节水、节能、高得率、清洁等优势。现代固态发酵技术在保留传统的基础上突破创新,逐渐拓展应用于现代食品工业多个领域。介绍了食品固态发酵过程的特点、影响因素和规模化装备,综述了固态发酵在食品工业中传统食品、酶制剂、有机酸、食用菌、香料和其他天然活性产物等领域的应用及研究进展,并对固态发酵技术在食品工业中的应用前景进行了展望,为实现食品工业固态发酵规模化绿色制造奠定基础。     

固态发酵生产微生物脂肪酶的研究进展

脂肪酶在水相和非水相中都具有催化活性,在众多工业领域应用前景十分广阔。但脂肪酶的生产成本仍然过高,限制了其在某些工业领域的大规模使用。固体发酵因具有设备比较简单、能耗低、成本低、对环境危害小、易于推广等诸多优点,已逐渐成为微生物脂肪酶生产的一个重要方式。由于能源成本的抬高和人们环保意识的加强,自上世纪90年代以来,原来一直认为技术含量较低的固态发酵技术重新受到重视并得到了快速的发展。综述了固态发酵在脂肪酶生产中的应用研究,重点介绍了固态发酵生产脂肪酶的特点、脂肪酶固态发酵的影响因素及其生物反应器。     

固态发酵生产微生物脂肪酶

脂肪酶在水相和非水相中都具有催化活性,在众多工业领域应用前景十分广阔.但脂肪酶的生产成本仍然过高,限制了其在某些工业领域的大规模使用.固体发酵因具有设备比较简单、能耗低、成本低、对环境危害小、易于推广等诸多优点,已逐渐成为微生物脂肪酶生产的一个重要方式.由于能源成本的抬高和人们环保意识的加强,自上世纪90年代以来,原来一直认为技术含量较低的固态发酵技术重新受到重视并得到了快速的发展.综述了固态发酵在脂肪酶生产中的应用研究,重点介绍了固态发酵生产脂肪酶的特点、脂肪酶固态发酵的影响因素及其生物反应器.     

固态发酵在中药炮制中的研究进展

固态发酵技术是中药炮制的重要方法。现代固态发酵技术是在继承传统发酵技术的基础上,结合发酵工程等现代生物技术而发展起来的。对传统中药发酵技术概况、现代中药固态发酵技术的研究进展及固态发酵在中药炮制中的作用进行了综述,并对中药发酵炮制的现代化发展进行了展望。     

影响固态发酵装料系数的因素及其强化措施

固态发酵是一项清洁、节能的生物发酵技术,随着能源问题的突出,固态发酵技术愈发显出其在生物技术领域重要的地位。然而固态发酵反应器的装料系数过低已经成为固态发酵过程工业发展的限制性瓶颈。从传递的角度对固态发酵过程中的温度梯度等问题进行剖析,提出了以粮仓效应为原理的新型工艺手段,为固态发酵的规模放大提供指导。     

固态发酵工程的发展

随着科学技术的进一步发展与生物工程革新的迫切要求,生物工程新型发展技术成为当前有效缓解社会能源问题的重要方法。作为生物工程的重要组成部分,发酵工程能够充分利用和发挥生物资源的效用,有机改善人类生产条件和生活水平,而其中尤以固态发酵工程近年来的发展进程最为显著。本文拟通过研究固态发酵工程的基本特点,从食品工业、饲料工业和资源环境等方面着力,具体地论述和分析了固态发酵工程的具体发展和应用进程。     

固态发酵技术在农业中的应用研究进展

固态发酵技术在农业生产中应用广泛,已涵盖土壤肥料、植物保护、农业废弃物处理、生物饲料、食用菌生产等多个领域。从菌种、原料、工艺、产品的特性与应用方面对固态发酵技术在生物肥料、有机肥料、腐植酸肥料、饼粕脱毒、生物饲料、生物农药与食用菌等农业生产领域的应用现状与研究进展进行综述。     

Biotechnological advantages of laboratory-scale solid-state fermentation with fungi

Despite the increasing number of publications dealing with solid-state (substrate) fermentation (SSF) it is very difficult to draw general conclusion from the data presented. This is due to the lack of proper standardisation that would allow objective comparison with other processes. Research work has so far focused on the general applicability of SSF for the production of enzymes, metabolites and spores, in that many different solid substrates (agricultural waste) have been combined with many different fungi and the productivity of each fermentation reported. On a gram bench-scale SSF appears to be superior to submerged fermentation technology (SmF) in several aspects. However, SSF up-scaling, necessary for use on an industrial scale, raises severe engineering problems due to the build-up of temperature, pH, O₂, substrate and moisture gradients. Hence, most published reviews also focus on progress towards industrial engineering. The role of the physiological and genetic properties of the microorganisms used during growth on solid substrates compared with aqueous solutions has so far been all but neglected, despite the fact that it may be the microbiology that makes SSF advantageous against the SmF biotechnology. This review will focus on research work allowing comparison of the specific biological particulars of enzyme, metabolite and/or spore production in SSF and in SmF. In these respects, SSF appears to possess several biotechnological advantages, though at present on a laboratory scale only, such as higher fermentation productivity, higher end-concentration of products, higher product stability, lower catabolic repression, cultivation of microorganisms specialized for water-insoluble substrates or mixed cultivation of various fungi, and last but not least, lower demand on sterility due to the low water activity used in SSF.     

Solid-state fermentation

Solid-state fermentation has emerged as a potential technology for the production of microbial products such as feed, fuel, food, industrial chemicals and pharmaceutical products. Its application in bioprocesses such as bioleaching, biobeneficiation, bioremediation, biopulping, etc. has offered several advantages. Utilisation of agro-industrial residues as substrates in SSF processes provides an alternative avenue and value-addition to these otherwise under- or non-utilised residues. Today with better understanding of biochemical engineering aspects, particularly on mathematical modelling and design of bioreactors (fermenters), it is possible to scale up SSF processes and some designs have been developed for commercialisation. It is hoped that with continuity in current trends, SSF technology would be well developed at par with submerged fermentation technology in times to come.     

Bioactive phenolic compounds: production and extraction by solid-state fermentation. A review

Interest in the development of bioprocesses for the production or extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources has increased in recent years due to the potential applications of these compounds in food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. In this context, solid-state fermentation (SSF) has received great attention because this bioprocess has potential to successfully convert inexpensive agro-industrial residues, as well as plants, in a great variety of valuable compounds, including bioactive phenolic compounds. The aim of this review, after presenting general aspects about bioactive compounds and SSF systems, is to focus on the production and extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from natural sources by SSF. The characteristics of SSF systems and variables that affect the product formation by this process, as well as the variety of substrates and microorganisms that can be used in SSF for the production of bioactive phenolic compounds are reviewed and discussed.     

Production of transglutaminase by Streptomyces isolates in solid-state fermentation

Aims:  To screen Streptomyces isolates for transglutaminase (TGase) production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) on various substrates.
Methods and Results:  Streptomyces mobaraensis NRRL B-3729, Streptomyces paucisporogenes ATCC 12596 and Streptomyces platensis NRRL 2364 strains were screened for extracellular TGase production in SSF on different substrates. High-protein-content beans, peas and lentils proved to be the best substrates. Good TGase production was obtained on liver kidney beans and green mung beans in a 4- to 6-day SSF. Temperature optima of the enzymes varied between 45 to 50°C. Molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) indicated similar size (∼37 kDa) for all three enzymes. TGase was the dominating protein band on SDS PAGE for two Streptomyces strains in SSF extracts. Other enzymes were present in smaller quantities.
Conclusions:  Streptomyces mobaraensis NRRL B-3729, S. paucisporogenes ATCC 12596 and S. platensis NRRL 2364 strains were successfully propagated under SSF conditions on crushed/milled liver kidney bean and green mung bean to obtain good level of TGase.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Owing to much reduced production cost and direct applicability, SSF TGase without downstream processing (cheap in situ enzyme, crude enzyme) may be an excellent candidate for some nonfood applications.     

Defined media and inert supports: their potential as solid-state fermentation production systems

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) using inert supports impregnated with chemically defined liquid media has several potential applications in both scientific studies and in the industrial production of high-value products, such as metabolites, biological control agents and enzymes. As a result of its more defined system, SSF on inert supports offers numerous advantages, such as improved process control and monitoring, and enhanced process consistency, compared with cultivation on natural solid substrates.     

Effects of heat and microbiological pretreatments of wheat straw substrate on the initial phase of solid state fermentation (SSF) by white rot fungi

Summary Quantitative differentiation of microbial activity and saprophytic colonisation in wheat straw substrate during SSF is described. Wheat straw contains an active indigenous microbial flora. In both untreated and heat pretreated substrates a peak of microbial respiratory activities occurs generally after 24 h of fermentation; addition of actidione and streptomycin has no marked inhibitory effect. Quantitative differences between endogenous microbial respiration and respiration byPleurotus during the initial four days of SSF are least in the heat pretreated substrates and greater when microbiological pretreatment is used. In treatments subjected to 48 h anaerobic fermentation at 50°C, saprophytic colonization similar to that observed in sterile substrates is obtained.     

Evaluation of the xylan breakdown potential of eight mesophilic endoxylanases

In biomass degradation using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), there is a need for efficient biomass degrading enzymes that can work at lower temperatures suitable for yeast fermentation. As xylan is an important lignocellulosic biomass constituent, this study aimed at investigating the possible differences in xylan breakdown potential of endoxylanases using eight different endoxylanases at conditions relevant for SSF. Both solubilising and degrading capacities of the endoxylanases were investigated using water-insoluble and water-soluble oat spelt xylan as model substrates for biomass xylan. Results showed that selecting for combinations of endoxylanases that are efficient at solubilising xylan on the one hand and degrading it to large extent on the other hand, coupled to high specific activities, seems the best option for complete xylan breakdown in lignocellulosic biomass conversion using SSF.     

Modeling and experimental studies on intermittent starch feeding and citrate addition in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starch to flavor compounds

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is a combined process of saccharification of a renewable bioresource and fermentation process to produce products, such as lactic acid and ethanol. Recently, SSF has been extensively used to convert various sources of cellulose and starch into fermentative products. Here, we present a study on production of buttery flavors, namely diacetyl and acetoin, by growing Lactobacillus rhamnosus on a starch medium containing the enzyme glucoamylase. We further develop a structured kinetics for the SSF process, which includes enzyme and growth kinetics. The model was used to simulate the effect of pH and temperature on the SSF process so as to obtain optimum operating conditions. The model was experimentally verified by conducting SSF using an initial starch concentration of 100 g/L. The study demonstrated that the developed kinetic was able to suggest strategies for improved productivities. The developed model was able to accurately predict the enhanced productivity of flavors in a three stage process with intermittent addition of starch. Experimental and simulations demonstrated that citrate addition can also lead to enhanced productivity of flavors. The developed optimal model for SSF was able to capture the dynamics of SSF in batch mode as well as in a three stage process. The structured kinetics was also able to quantify the effect of multiple substrates present in the medium. The study demonstrated that structured kinetic models can be used in the future for design and optimization of SSF as a batch or a fed-batch process. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Aspergillus oryzae in solid-state and submerged fermentations. Progress report on a multi-disciplinary project

We report the progress of a multi-disciplinary research project on solid-state fermentation (SSF) of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. The molecular and physiological aspects of the fungus in submerged fermentation (SmF) and SSF are compared and we observe a number of differences correlated with the different growth conditions. First, the aerial hyphae which occur only in SSFs are mainly responsible for oxygen uptake. Second, SSF is characterised by gradients in temperature, water activity and nutrient concentration, and inside the hyphae different polyols are accumulating. Third, pelleted growth in SmF and mycelial growth in SSF show different gene expression and protein secretion patterns. With this approach we aim to expand our knowledge of mechanisms of fungal growth on solid substrates and to exploit the biotechnological applications.     

Modeling conversion and transport phenomena in solid-state fermentation: a review and perspectives

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is accompanied inevitably by development of concentration and temperature gradients within the substrate particles and microbial biofilms. These gradients are needed for driving the transport of substrates and products. In addition, concentration gradients have been suggested to be crucial for obtaining the characteristics that define the products of SSF; nevertheless, gradients are also known to result in reduced productivity and unwanted side reactions. Solid-state fermentations are generally batch processes and this further complicates their understanding as conditions change with time. Mathematical models are therefore needed for improving the understanding of SSF processes and allowing their manipulation to achieve the desired outcomes. Existing models of SSF processes describe coupled substrate conversion and diffusion and the consequent microbial growth. Existing models disregard many of the significant phenomena that are known to influence SSF. As a result, available models cannot explain the generation of the numerous products that form during any SSF process and the outcome of the process in terms of the characteristics of the final product. This review critically evaluates the proposed models and their experimental validation. In addition, important issues that need to be resolved for improved modeling of SSF are discussed.