日本北海道虻类雌性外生殖器形态(双翅目：虻科)(英文)

【目的】利用日本北海道虻类评估和验证外生殖器在分类学上的意义。【方法】将虻类成虫标本浸渍在生理盐水中并置于双目显微镜下通过针和镊子在培养皿中进行解剖并绘图,观察第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器的形态特征。【结果】在日本北海道共记录了虻科(Tabanidae) 3亚科7属38种。我们观察并描述了3亚科其中的6属24种的雌性外生殖器的主要特征。亚科之间存在明显差异;然而在一般情况下属之间很难建立一种方法来确定共同点;种之间只有在斑虻属Chrysops中有相似之处,其他属中则比较多样化。因此,亚科鉴定根据第9背板、第8腹板及受精囊足以进行区分,属及种鉴定需要结合第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器各自的特征组合在一起才能区分开来。我们也制作了虻类外生殖器的检索表。【结论】和许多其他昆虫一样,外生殖器是虻科的重要分类特征,对于促进分类学和系统学的发展具有重要意义。本研究首次对分布在日本北海道的虻科雌性外生殖器进行了系统研究。     

Molecular phylogeny of the horse flies: a framework for renewing tabanid taxonomy

Horse flies, family Tabanidae, are the most diverse family‐level clade of bloodsucking insects, but their phylogeny has never been thoroughly explored using molecular data. Most adult female Tabanidae feed on nectar and on the blood of various mammals. Traditional horse fly classification tends towards large heterogeneous taxa, which impede much‐needed taxonomic work. To guide renewed efforts in the systematics of horse flies and their relatives, we assembled a dataset of 110 exemplar species using nucleotide data from four genes—mitochondrial CO1, and nuclear 28S, CAD and AATS. All commonly recognized tribes in Tabanidae are represented, along with outgroups in Tabanomorpha. The phylogeny is reconstructed using Bayesian inference, and divergence times are estimated using Bayesian relaxed clock methods with time constraints from tabanid fossils. Our results show Athericidae strongly supported as the lineage most closely related to Tabanidae, and Pangoniinae and Tabaninae as monophyletic lineages. However, Chrysopsinae is nonmonophyletic, with strong support for both a nonmonophyletic Bouvieromyiini and for Rhinomyzini as sister to Tabaninae. Only the tribes Philolichini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini and Haematopotini are recovered as monophyletic, although Scionini is monophyletic with exclusion of the peculiar genus Goniops Aldrich. Mycteromyia Philippi and Adersia Austen, two enigmatic genera sometimes placed in separate family‐level groups, are recovered inside Pangoniini and Chrysopsini, respectively. Several species‐rich genera are not recovered as monophyletic, including Esenbeckia Rondani, Silvius Meigen, Dasybasis Macquart and Tabanus L. Tabanidae likely originated in the Cretaceous, and all major extant groups were present by the early Palaeogene. This newly revised phylogenetic framework for Tabanidae forms the basis for a new assessment of tabanid diversification and provides context for understanding the evolution of trophic specialization in horse flies.     

Two new species of Panorpa (Mecoptera,Panorpidae) from the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan,China

Two new species of the genus Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 are described from the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan, China. Panorpa diqingensis sp. n. can be distinguished from its congeners by vertex dark brown, and occiput yellow; pleura dark brown; gonocoxites bearing a cluster of stout black setae on inner apex; parameres S-shaped in male genitalia. Panorpa dispergens sp. n. can be readily differentiated from other Panorpa species by apical band with a hyaline spot in wings; gonocoxites with a cluster of stout dark brown setae and 3–5 long setae on inner apex; female medigynium with a pair of basal plates. The number of Panorpa species in Yunnan is raised to six. A key to Yunnan species of Panorpa is presented.     

Phylogenetic relevance of the genital sclerites of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola)

Abstract Segment 9 of male Raphidioptera, comprising tergite, sternite, gonocoxites, gonostyli and gonapophyses, is a benchmark for homologies in the male and female terminalia of the three Neuropterida orders Raphidioptera, Megaloptera and Neuroptera. The segments relating to genitalia are 9, 10 and 11 in males and 7, 8 and 9 in females. Results from holomorphological and recent molecular cladistic analyses of Neuropterida agree in supporting the sister‐group relationships between: (1) the Raphidioptera and the clade Megaloptera + Neuroptera, and (2) the suborder Nevrorthiformia and all other Neuroptera. The main discrepancy between the results of these studies is the nonmonophyly of the suborder Hemerobiiformia in the molecular analysis. The monophyly of the Megaloptera (which has been repeatedly questioned) is further corroborated by a hitherto overlooked ground pattern autapomorphy: the presence of eversible sacs within the complex of the fused gonocoxites 11 in Corydalidae and Sialidae. The recently discovered paired complex of gonocoxites 10 (parameres) in Nipponeurorthus (Nevrorthidae) indicates that the curious apex of sternite 9 of Nevrorthus and Austroneurorthus is the amalgamation of the sclerites of gonocoxites 10 with sternite 9, interpreted as synapomorphic. In the molecular study, the Nevrorthidae, Sisyridae and Osmylidae branch off in consecutive splitting events, a result that is supported by the analysis of male genital sclerites reported here. Extraordinary parallel apomorphies (e.g. excessive enlargement and modification of gonocoxites 10 ending in a thread‐like ‘penisfilum’) in derived representatives of Coniopterygidae, Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae corroborate the dilarid clade of the morphological analysis and leads us to hypothesize a sister‐group relationship of the Coniopterygidae with the dilarid clade. A re‐interpretation of the tignum of Chrysopidae as gonocoxites 11 means that the structure previously called the gonarcus represents the fused gonocoxites 9. In Hemerobiidae, the corresponding sclerite is consequently also homologized as fused gonocoxites 9. The enlargement of the lateral wings of the gonocoxites in both families is interpreted as a synapomorphy. Excessive enlargement of gonostyli 11 in the Polystoechotid clade and Myrmeleontiformia supports a sister‐group relationship of these two clades. The occurrence of certain serial homologues of female genitalia structures (gonocoxites and gonapophyses), such as the digitiform processus together with the flat appendices in segment 8 of certain Myrmeleontidae, or the wart‐like processus together with the flat circular sclerites in segment 7 of certain Berothidae, as well as the presence of gonocoxites 8 as pseudosternites in certain Nemopteridae and Coniopterygidae, are probably character reversals. The digitiform processus of tergite 9 (pseudogonocoxites) in Rhachiberothidae and Austroberothella (Berothidae) are either independently developed acquisitions with a function in oviposition, or are homologous sclerites, possibly of epipleurite origin.     

Boeckella antiqua n. sp. (Copepoda,Calanoida, Centropagidae) from Patagonia

Boeckella antiqua n. sp. from samples collected in an ephemeral pond on the Patagonian plateau is described and illustrated. Diagnostic features of B. antiqua are almost exclusively related to the male fifth pair of legs, females being almost indistinguishable from those of the closely related B. poppei. The two-segmented, spine-bearing left endopod of the male fifth leg suggests that it may be the basal species in the genus.     

Idiomysis mozambicus, a new mysid species (crustacea: mysidacea) from Mozambique

Idiomysis mozambicus is described from coastal waters of Mozambique. The species can be distinguished from the other species of the genus by the one-segmented antennal scale, the two-segmented exopod of the fourth male pleopod and the bluntly pointed rostrum.     

Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of females of two species of tabanid to volatiles in urine of different mammals

Urine volatiles from different ungulates (cows, horses and sheep) were tested as bait for tabanids in southeastern France using Nzi traps during the early summer of 2011. Tabanus bromius Linnaeus, 1758 and Atylotus quadrifarius (Loew, 1874) (both: Diptera: Tabanidae) were the most captured species, respectively representing 57% and 41% of all tabanids collected (all of which were female). Horse urine significantly increased catches of T. bromius (1.6‐fold) and A. quadrifarius (3.5‐fold), and sheep urine significantly increased catches of A. quadrifarius (2.5‐fold). In parallel, an electroantennogram (EAG) study was conducted for the first time on these two species, in which EAGs were recorded using 1‐octen‐3‐ol and extracts of the same urine samples used in the field. For T. bromius, the EAG response to 1‐octen‐3‐ol increased quasi‐sigmoidally with dose, with a maximum response at ≥100 µg on filter paper. For both species of tabanid, cow and horse urine elicited larger EAGs than did sheep urine. The behavioural implications in host‐seeking and feeding habits are discussed.     

A new genus and a new species of tachinids (Diptera,Tachinidae) from Wrangel Island

Aesia gen. n. with the type species Aesia acerbiana sp. n. is described from Wrangel Island. The new genus belongs to the tribe Blondeliini (as indicated by a short prealar bristle of the mesonotum and by the cerci separated in apical 0.4). It is not similar to any Palaearctic genus of tachinids. In the key to the species of Blondeliini of North and Central America and the West Indies it comes to the genus Eucelatoria but differs from it in having eyes covered with long and dense hairs, the lower facial margin protruding forwards and well visible in lateral view, proboscis with elongate prementum, abdomen of the female not modified, without a keel and piercer. Aesia acerbiana sp. n. was reared from a larva of a tiger moth (Arctiidae), Acerbia alpina Quensel collected in the tundra landscape.     

中国边蚜蝇属研究附一新种记述（双翅目：食蚜蝇科）

记述边蚜蝇属1新种:中条山边蚜蝇Didea zhongtiaoshanensis sp.nov.,提供了边蚜蝇属中国已知种类检索表。模式标本保存于陕西理工学院标本馆。     

A new species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhinogaster</Emphasis> Fennah (Homoptera,Fulgoroidea, Caliscelidae) from Southern Africa

The genus Rhinogaster Fennah, 1949 is recorded from the Afrotropical Region for the first time. Rhinogaster stilleri sp. n. well distinguished from other species of the genus by the shape of process of abdominal tergite V is described from the Republic of South Africa. A key with illustrations to all species of the genus is provided.     

Comparison of sampling tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) by four different potential attractants

Synthetic and natural attractants in traps are used in many parts of the world to attract female tabanids. Certain attractants in different geographic regions may be ineffective or effective under different environmental conditions for horseflies. One‐octen‐3‐ol, as a compound present in bovine emanations, has a behavioural effect on many horsefly species and together with other phenolic compounds makes very effective attractant for this group of insects. As the attractiveness of the mixture of three chemicals (1‐octen‐3‐ol, acetone and ammonia solution in the proportions 5 : 3 : 2), aged donkey urine, lactic acid and fresh human urine is not yet known, it was studied in Eastern Croatia. The combination of those three chemicals and efficiency of natural attractants offers promising results. Tabanus was the most represented genus with 83% of the total collected tabanids. The chi‐squared analyses of the trapping data for canopy traps revealed that each of the attractants (mixture of three chemicals, aged donkey urine, lactic acid and fresh human urine) significantly increased the number of collected horseflies in comparison to those collected in unbaited canopy traps. Some species differences in relative response to different attractants were noted. Significantly, more specimens of Haematopota pluvialis were collected from canopy traps baited with the mixture of three chemicals when compared with traps baited with other attractants. Canopy traps baited with aged donkey urine collected significantly more Atylotus loewianus females than did traps baited with the mixture. The F‐test analysis of the trapping data for the genus Tabanus showed that there is significant difference between average number of collected specimens between mixture of three chemicals and other used attractants (lactic acid and human urine) except aged donkey urine. Finally, traps baited with the mixture of three chemicals (1‐octen‐3‐ol, acetone and ammonia solution) collected 14.5 times more tabanids than unbaited traps, whereas aged donkey urine, lactic acid, and fresh human urine‐baited traps collected 12, 3.9 and 2.5 times as many tabanids, respectively, than did unbaited traps. The mixture of three chemicals (1‐octen‐3‐ol, acetone and ammonia solution) and aged donkey urine appear to be very effective attractants for tabanids.     

Responses of tabanids to Nzi traps baited with octenol,cow urine and phenols in Canada

Cow urine and the two phenols responsible for the attraction of biting flies to cow urine (4‐methylphenol, 3‐n‐propylphenol) were compared with octenol (1‐octen‐3‐ol) as baits for Tabanidae. Relative to an unbaited Nzi trap, catches of the horseflies Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macquart), Tabanus similis Macquart and Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann (Diptera: Tabanidae) were increased by 1.5–2.6, 1.4–2.0 and 1.4–1.9 times, respectively, whenever a bait included octenol released at either 0.13 mg/h or 1.5 mg/h, regardless of the presence of phenols or urine. Catches were not affected when traps were baited with phenols alone at evaporation rates of 0.38 mg/h (4‐methylphenol) and 0.022 mg/h (3‐n‐propylphenol). Catches of Hybomitra horseflies were increased by 1.5–1.9 times with cow urine and 2.6 times with cow urine + octenol. This bait combination could prove to be particularly useful for Hybomitra horseflies, the common tabanids of northern environments.     

Dialipsis villahermosae Humala & Selfa n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), the second European species of the genus,with biological notes and a key of Palaearctic species

The small genus Dialipsis Förster 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) includes two known species, of which one is common in Central and Northern Europe. Here we describe the male and female of a new species, Dialipsis villahermosae Humala & Selfa, which was reared from mushrooms collected in Eastern Spain. The host fungus gnat, Mycetophila blanda Winnertz, is a new record for the whole genus, while the rate of parasitism seems very low. Based on environmental data of the collection localities and data available for other two species it is suggested that Dialipsis species occur preferably in cool temperatures habitats. A key of identification of the two known Palaearctic species is provided. D. villahermosae n. sp. differs from D. exilis Förster 1871 in the morphology of the first tergite, referred to the presence of dorsal keels and angle between petiole and postpetiole, and in the convexity of temples.     

A new coptoclavid larva (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscoidea) from the Middle Jurassic of China,and its phylogenetic implication

Daohugounectes primitivus, a new genus and species of coptoclavid beetles, is described from 67 fossil larvae from the Jurassic locality of Daohugou, northeastern China. It differs from other coptoclavids in the combination of the following characters: lateral lobes of nasale present; legs relatively short, with tarsi flat and slightly dilated; abdominal tergite VIII almost circular; derivative of abdominal segment IX present; urogomphi short; and helical thickening of tracheae weak. Most of these features are plesiomorphic for the family Coptoclavidae and the superfamily Dytiscoidea. Among dytiscoids, a derivative of abdominal segment IX is present only in the larvae of the recently discovered relic family Aspidytidae.     

Pseudofornicia gen. n. (Hymenoptera,Braconidae, Microgastrinae), a new Indo-Australian genus and one new species from Vietnam

Pseudofornicia gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) is described (type species: Pseudofornicia nigrisoma sp. n. from Vietnam) including three Oriental (type species, Pseudofornicia flavoabdominis (He & Chen, 1994), comb. n. and Pseudofornicia vanachterbergi Long, (nom. n. for Fornicia achterbergi Long, 2007; not Fornicia achterbergi Yang & Chen, 2006) and one Australian species (Pseudofornicia commoni (Austin & Dangerfield, 1992), comb. n.). Keys to genera with similar metasomal carapace and to species of the new genus are provided. The new genus shares the curved inner middle tibial spur, the comparatively small head, the median carina of the first metasomal tergite and the metasomal carapace with Fornicia Brullé, 1846, but has the first tergite movably joined to the second tergite and the third tergite 1.1–1.6 × as long as the second tergite medially and is flattened in lateral view. One of the included species is a primary homonym and is renamed in this paper.     

Titimbera,a new genus of Orthocladiinae from South and Central America (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Titimbera n. gen. is erected based on the males of three new species from South and Central America: T. amazonica n. sp. from the Amazon region, Brazil; T. titi n. sp. from Venezuela and T. laselvensis n. sp. from Costa Rica. The combination of bare eyes and wing membrane; antenna without strong apical seta; scalpellate acrostichals in mid scutum; costa strongly extended; R₄₊₅ ending opposite to M₃₊₄; Cu₁ strongly curved to slightly sinuous; anal point sitting high on tergite IX, nearly parallel-sided with bluntly rounded apex; and club-shaped to subtriangular gonostylus with distinct heel will separate the genus from all other orthoclads.     

Seasonal Abundance of Deer and Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Northern Part of Gyeonggi-do,Republic of Korea

The seasonal abundance of horse and deer flies (family Tabanidae) was analyzed using Mosquito Magnet^® traps at 5 sites located near/in the demilitarized zone, northern Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea from late April to early October for 4 consecutive years (2010-2013). A total of 2,999 horse and deer flies (tabanids) belonging to 5 genera and 20 species were collected. Chrysops mlokosiewiczi (90.9%) was the most frequently collected, followed by Haematopota koryoensis (4.8%) and C. suavis (1.0%). The remaining 17 species comprised only of 3.3% of all species collected. C. mlokosiewiczi demonstrated bimodal peak populations during mid-June and early August, while H. koryoensis demonstrated a unimodal peak during mid-July. Overall numbers of tabanids collected were influenced by the previous year’s winter temperatures and precipitation. Population abundance was influenced by habitat with most of tabanids collected from habitats near forested areas, followed by rice paddies, and a beef farm.     

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ON THE LARVA OF NEOPSYLLA SPECIALIS SPECIALIS*

Abstract This paper deals in detail with the morphology of the larva of Neopsylla specialis specialis Jordan, 1932. It may be distinguished from other larvae of 5 species or subspecies of Neopsylla by two fine setae lying on outside of each posterior long seta on the ventral plates of the first to third thoracic segments, ratio of the length and width of the egg burster, number and shape of mandibular teeth, number and length of the setae in the anterior and posterior row on dorsal side of head, and number of the setae of anal comb and the strut setae. The sense organs on the 10th tergite are discussed.     

Potential vectors of loiasis and other tabanids on the island of Bioko,Equatorial Guinea

The biting flies Chrysops dimidiatus Wulp and C.silaceus Austen (Diptera: Tabanidae), vectors of Loa loa (Cobbold) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) on the African mainland, were found to be widespread on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) during 1996-2001. These tabanids were particularly prevalent in the southern part of Bioko, indicating potential transmission of loiasis on the island. The only other tabanids previously recorded on Bioko, Tabanus argenteus Surcouf (from 1915) and Haematopota near heptagramma Speiser (from 1933), were also collected. The possibility of loiasis being endemic on Bioko contra-indicates ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis cases, due to risks of adverse side-effects.