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1.
Eglantine Julle‐Daniere Patrick Schultheiss Antoine Wystrach Sebastian Schwarz Sabine S. Nooten Anne‐Laurence Bibost Ken Cheng 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2014,120(8):783-792
Ants are known to use the terrestrial visual panorama in navigation. Recent evidence has accumulated for the use of the currently perceived visual panorama to determine a direction to head in. The pattern of the height of the terrestrial surround, the skyline, is one key cue for the Central Australian red honey ant Melophorus bagoti in determining a direction of travel. But ants might also possess some mechanism to match the skyline heights encountered during training, which functions to steer away from regions whose skyline is too high and towards regions whose skyline is too low. We made an initial test of this hypothesis by training ants to visit a feeder centred between two experimentally constructed walls of black cloth. Trained ants were then tested for their initial homing direction with the walls retaining their heights as encountered in training (controls), with one of the walls lowered or raised in height, or with one wall lowered and the opposite wall raised. Wall‐height manipulations deflected the initial headings of ants towards the lower wall, with combined wall lowering and wall raising changing the initial headings by ~30° when compared with controls. The results suggest that the ants combined the dictates of the panorama in determining the best direction of travel (a heading towards the nest) with some attractor mechanism that functions to establish the skyline heights of training conditions (a heading towards the lower wall). 相似文献
2.
P. E. Ziegler R. Wehner 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,181(1):13-20
In foraging and homing, desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis employ two different systems of navigation: a vector-based or dead-reckoning mechanism, depending on angles steered and distances
travelled, and a landmark-based piloting mechanism. In these systems the ants use either celestial or terrestrial visual information,
respectively. In behavioural experiments we investigated how long these types of information are preserved in the ant's memory,
i.e. how long the ants are able to orient properly in either way. To answer this question, ants were tested in specific dead-reckoning
and piloting situations, whereby the two vector components, direction and distance, were examined separately. The ability
to follow a particular vector course vanishes rapidly. Information about a given homing direction is lost from the 6th day
on (the time constant of the exponential memory decay function is τ = 4.5 days). The homing distances show a significantly
higher dispersion from the 4th day on (τ = 2.5 days). Having learned a constellation of landmarks positioned at the corners
of an equidistant triangle all ants were oriented properly after 10 days in captivity, and 64% of the ants exhibited extremely
precise orientation performances even when tested after 20 days. Thus, the memory decay functions have about the same short
time-course for information on distance and direction, i.e. information used for dead-reckoning. In contrast, landmark-based
information used in pinpointing the nest entrance is stored over the entire lifetime of a Cataglyphis forager.
Accepted: 18 January 1997 相似文献
3.
Möller R 《Biological cybernetics》2000,83(3):231-243
The visual homing abilities of insects can be explained by the snapshot hypothesis. It asserts that an animal is guided to
a previously visited location by comparing the current view with a snapshot taken at that location. The average landmark vector
(ALV) model is a parsimonious navigation model based on the snapshot hypothesis. According to this model, the target location
is unambiguously characterized by a signature vector extracted from the snapshot image. This article provides threefold support
for the ALV model by synthetic modeling. First, it was shown that a mobile robot using the ALV model returns to the target
location with only small position errors. Second, the behavior of the robot resembled the behavior of bees in some experiments.
And third, the ALV model was implemented on the robot in analog hardware. This adds validity to the ALV model, since analog
electronic circuits share a number of information-processing principles with biological nervous systems; the analog implementation
therefore provides suggestions for how visual homing abilities might be implemented in the insect's brain.
Received: 15 June 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 20 March 2000 相似文献
4.
Paul Graham Ken Cheng 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2009,195(7):681-689
Ants that forage in visually rich environments often develop idiosyncratic routes between their nest and a profitable foraging
ground. Such route knowledge is underpinned by an ability to use visual landmarks for guidance and place recognition. Here
we ask which portions of natural visual scenes are essential for visually guided navigation in the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti whose foragers navigate through a habitat containing grass tussocks, shrubs and trees. We captured M. bagoti foragers after they had returned to their nest from a feeder, but before they had entered their nest, and tested their ability
to home accurately from a series of release locations. We used this simple release paradigm to investigate visually guided
navigation by monitoring the accuracy of nestwards orientation when parts of the ants’ visual field were obscured. Results
show that the lower portion of the visual panorama is more important for visually guided homing than upper portions. Analysis
of panoramic images captured from the release and nest locations support the hypothesis that the important visual information
is provided by the panoramic contour, where terrestrial objects contrast against sky, rather than by a limited number of salient
landmarks such as tall trees. 相似文献
5.
Foraging desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, monitor their position relative to the nest by path integration. They continually update the direction and distance to the nest by employing a celestial compass and an odometer. In the present account we addressed the question of how the precision of the ants estimate of its homing distance depends on the distance travelled. We trained ants to forage at different distances in linear channels comprising a nest entrance and a feeder. For testing we caught ants at the feeder and released them in a parallel channel. The results show that ants tend to underestimate their distances travelled. This underestimation is the more pronounced, the larger the foraging distance gets. The quantitative relationship between training distance and the ants estimate of this distance can be described by a logarithmic and an exponential model. The ants odometric undershooting could be adaptive during natural foraging trips insofar as it leads the homing ant to concentrate the major part of its nest-search behaviour on the base of its individual foraging sector, i.e. on its familiar landmark corridor. 相似文献
6.
Ajay Narendra Ken Cheng Danielle Sulikowski Rüdiger Wehner 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2008,194(11):929-938
Search is an important tool in an ant’s navigational toolbox to relocate food sources and find the inconspicuous nest entrance.
In habitats where landmark information is sparse, homing ants travel their entire home vector before searching systematically
with ever increasing loops. Search strategies have not been previously investigated in ants that inhabit landmark-rich habitats
where they typically establish stereotypical routes. Here we examine the search strategy in one such ant, Melophorus bagoti, by confining their foraging in one-dimensional channels to determine if their search pattern changes with experience, location
of distant cues and altered distance on the homebound journey. Irrespective of conditions, we found ants exhibit a progressive
search that drifted towards the fictive nest and beyond. Segments moving away from the start of the homeward journey were
longer than segments heading back towards the start. The right tail distribution of segment lengths was well fitted by a power
function, but slopes less than −3 on a log-log plot indicate that the process cannot be characterized as Lévy searches that
have optimal slopes near –2. A double exponential function fits the distribution of segment lengths better, supporting another
theoretically optimal search pattern, the composite Brownian walk. 相似文献
7.
Ant compass – how desert ants learn to navigate Successful spatial orientation is a daily challenge for many animals. Cataglyphis desert ants are famous for their navigational performances. They return to the nest after extensive foraging trips without any problems. How do ants take their navigational systems into operation? After conducting different tasks in the dark nest for several weeks, they become foragers under bright sun light. This transition requires both a drastic switch in behavior and neuronal changes in the brain. Experienced foragers mainly rely on visual cues. They use a celestial compass and landmark panoramas. For that reason, naïve ants perform stereotype learning walks to calibrate their compass systems and acquire information about the nest's surroundings. During their learning walks, the ants frequently look back to the nest entrance to learn the homing direction. For aligning their gazes, they use the earth's magnetic field as a compass reference. This magnetic compass in Cataglyphis ants was previously unknown. 相似文献
8.
Although it has been shown that visual cues play an essential role in navigation by the garden ant Lasius niger, no previous studies have addressed the way in which information from local visual cues is acquired and utilized in navigation. We found that in the absence of pheromone trails, ants whose homing motivation was triggered by feeding returned to the nest following local visual cues. In our experiments, the ants travelled through a maze to reach a feeder. They explored the maze and sometimes became trapped in its dead ends. We found that the ants more effectively used visual cues during their homeward journey if they experienced a dead end during their outward journey. This result suggested that the ants used the information acquired from visual cues during the outward journey to avoid a dead end on their return journey. 相似文献
9.
The antCataglyphis cursor was tested for its landmark-based homing in a laboratory setting. Workers were induced to go down a tube at the center of an arena to forage. On the periphery of the arena were four different black shapes serving as the only distinguishing visual landmarks, i.e., a cross, a circle, a triangle, and a square. The purpose was to show that the spatial memory of ants represents something of the overall arrangement of landmarks. When first released into the arena, the ants were not oriented toward home in their navigation. After 2 days of free access in the usual landmark setup, the ants learned to orient rapidly significantly goalward. When landmarks were all removed, they did not orient in any direction significantly. When the landmarks were rotated by 90°, their compass positions were changed but their relative positions maintained, and the ants rotated their heading by a similar amount. This rotated homing direction implies that the array of landmarks was used as the only source of directional determination. When the landmark nearest their home was absent, but the other three were in their usual places, the ants were slightly homeward oriented at one-quarter of the way, but not at one-half of the way when the other landmarks were behind them. When the landmarks were randomly permuted, both their compass positions and their overall spatial relationships were altered, and the ants were not significantly oriented in any direction. These results indicate that spatial memory in the antC. cursor encodes global landmark-landmark relations. Thus, ants can abstract certain topological properties of their environment. 相似文献
10.
The desert ant Cataglyphis fortis is equipped with sophisticated navigational skills for returning to its nest after foraging. The ant's primary means for long-distance navigation is path integration, which provides a continuous readout of the ant's approximate distance and direction from the nest. The nest is pinpointed with the aid of visual and olfactory landmarks. Similar landmark cues help ants locate familiar food sites. Ants on their outward trip will position themselves so that they can move upwind using odor cues to find food. Here we show that homing ants also move upwind along nest-derived odor plumes to approach their nest. The ants only respond to odor plumes if the state of their path integrator tells them that they are near the nest. This influence of path integration is important because we could experimentally provoke ants to follow odor plumes from a foreign, conspecific nest and enter that nest. We identified CO(2) as one nest-plume component that can by itself induce plume following in homing ants. Taken together, the results suggest that path-integration information enables ants to avoid entering the wrong nest, where they would inevitably be killed by resident ants. 相似文献
11.
B. Ronacher R. Wehner 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1995,177(1):21-27
While foraging, desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis use a vector navigation (route integration) system for homing. Any vector navigation system requires that the animal is able to evaluate the angles steered and the distances travelled. Here we investigate whether the ants acquire the latter information by monitoring self-induced optic flow. To answer this question, the animals were trained and tested within perspex channels in which patterns were presented underneath a transparent walking platform. The patterns could be moved at different velocities (up to > 0.5 the ant's walking speed) in the same or in the opposite direction relative to the direction in which the animal walked. Experimental manipulations of the optic flow influenced the ant's homing distances (Figs. 2 and 4). Distance estimation depends on the speed of self-induced image motion rather than on the contrast frequency, indicating that the motion sensitive mechanism involved is different from mechanisms mediating the optomotor response. Experiments in which the ants walked on a featureless floor, or in which they wore eye covers (Fig. 6), show that they are able also to use additional (probably kinesthetic) cues for assessing their travel distance. Hence, even though optic flow cues are not the only ones used by the ants, the experiments show that ants are obviously able to exploit such cues for estimation of travel distance. 相似文献
12.
The question if ant behaviour and biological limitations should be considered before generalisations about the ant’s defensive
capabilities in ant–plant relationships was explored through a new experimental manipulation. In the Brazilian tropical savanna,
we tested the protective action of Cephalotes pusillus Klug on the extrafloral nectar-bearing plant Ouratea spectabilis Engl. (Ochnaceae). Three treatments were performed: control (free ant access), Cephalotes-treatment (access permitted only to C. pusillus), and ant free treatment (no ants). No difference was found in the levels of leaf herbivory among experimental stems. Visitation
by different ant species to control stems translated into significantly greater fruit and seed production by this stem category
than by ant-free and Cephalotes-treated stems. Thus, results showed that an investigation of system’s natural history, ant’s morphological traits, defensive
capabilities and behaviour are needed before a protective role is inferred to each associated ant species. 相似文献
13.
Ant clustering algorithms are a robust and flexible tool for clustering data that have produced some promising results. This
paper introduces two improvements that can be incorporated into any ant clustering algorithm: kernel function similarity weights
and a similarity memory model replacement scheme. A kernel function weights objects within an ant’s neighborhood according
to the object distance and provides an alternate interpretation of the similarity of objects in an ant’s neighborhood. Ants
can hill-climb the kernel gradients as they look for a suitable place to drop a carried object. The similarity memory model
equips ants with a small memory consisting of a sampling of the current clustering space. We test several kernel functions
and memory replacement schemes on the Iris, Wisconsin Breast Cancer, and Lincoln Lab network intrusion datasets. Compared
to a basic ant clustering algorithm, we show that kernel functions and the similarity memory model increase clustering speed
and cluster quality, especially for datasets with an unbalanced class distribution, such as network intrusion. 相似文献
14.
This paper contributes with the first validation of swarm cognition as a useful framework for the design of autonomous robots
controllers. The proposed model is built upon the authors’ previous work validated on a simulated robot performing local navigation
on a 2-D deterministic world. Based on the ant foraging metaphor and motivated by the multiple covert attention hypothesis,
the model consists of a set of simple virtual agents inhabiting the robot’s visual input, searching in a collectively coordinated
way for obstacles. Parsimonious and accurate visual attention, operating on a by-need basis, is attained by making the activity
of these agents modulated by the robot’s action selection process. A by-product of the system is the maintenance of active,
parallel and sparse spatial working memories. In short, the model exhibits the self-organisation of a relevant set of features
composing a cognitive system. To show its robustness, the model is extended in this paper to handle the challenges of physical
off-road robots equipped with noisy stereoscopic vision sensors. Furthermore, an extensive aggregate of biological arguments
sustaining the model is provided. Experimental results show the ability of the model to robustly control the robot on a local
navigation task, with less than 1% of the robot’s visual input being analysed. Hence, with this system the computational cost
of perception is considerably reduced, thus fostering robot miniaturisation and energetic efficiency. This confirms the advantages
of using a swarm-based system, operating in an intricate way with action selection, to judiciously control visual attention
and maintain sparse spatial memories, constituting a basic form of swarm cognition. 相似文献
15.
Möller R 《International journal of neural systems》1999,9(5):383-389
Insects of several species rely on visual landmarks for returning to important locations in their environment. The "average landmark vector model" is a parsimonious model which reproduces some aspects of the visual homing behavior of bees and ants. To gain insights in the structure and complexity of the neural apparatus that might underly the navigational capabilities of these animals, the average landmark vector model was implemented in analog hardware and used to control a mobile robot. The experiments demonstrate that the apparently complex task of visual homing might be realized by simple and mostly peripheral neural circuits in insect brains. 相似文献
16.
It has been commonly suggested that ants negatively affect plant pollination, particularly in the tropics. We studied ant–flower–pollinator
interactions in a lowland rainforest in Borneo. Frequency and duration of pollinator visits were compared between flowers
attended by ants and flowers from which ants were excluded. In all four plant species studied, the activity of ants decreased
the rate and/or duration of the pollinators’ floral visits. For this and other reasons it is expected that plants repel ants
from flowers during anthesis. We tested this prediction for a different set of plant species in which we observed the behaviour
of Dolichoderus thoracicus ants when encountering flowers. In eight out of 18 plant species studied, ants showed a significantly higher rejection rate
when they encountered flowers than when they encountered controls. Our results are thus consistent with the hypothesis that
ants may negatively affect plant fitness by reduced intensity of pollinator visits and that ants are repelled from flowers
of many tropical plant species, although this repellence is clearly not ubiquitous. 相似文献
17.
Background
Insects are known to rely on terrestrial landmarks for navigation. Landmarks are used to chart a route or pinpoint a goal. The distant panorama, however, is often thought not to guide navigation directly during a familiar journey, but to act as a contextual cue that primes the correct memory of the landmarks.Results
We provided Melophorus bagoti ants with a huge artificial landmark located right near the nest entrance to find out whether navigating ants focus on such a prominent visual landmark for homing guidance. When the landmark was displaced by small or large distances, ant routes were affected differently. Certain behaviours appeared inconsistent with the hypothesis that guidance was based on the landmark only. Instead, comparisons of panoramic images recorded on the field, encompassing both landmark and distal panorama, could explain most aspects of the ant behaviours.Conclusion
Ants navigating along a familiar route do not focus on obvious landmarks or filter out distal panoramic cues, but appear to be guided by cues covering a large area of their panoramic visual field, including both landmarks and distal panorama. Using panoramic views seems an appropriate strategy to cope with the complexity of natural scenes and the poor resolution of insects' eyes. The ability to isolate landmarks from the rest of a scene may be beyond the capacity of animals that do not possess a dedicated object-perception visual stream like primates. 相似文献18.
The Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti shows remarkable visual navigational skills relying on visual rather than on chemical cues during their foraging trips. M. bagoti ants travel individually through a visually cluttered environment guided by landmarks as well as by path integration. An examination of their visual system is hence of special interest and we address this here. Workers exhibit distinct size polymorphism and their eye and ocelli size increases with head size. The ants possess typical apposition eyes with about 420-590 ommatidia per eye, a horizontal visual field of approximately 150° and facet lens diameters between 8 and 19?μm, depending on body size, with frontal facets being largest. The average interommatidial angle Δ? is 3.7°, the average acceptance angle of the rhabdom Δρ(rh) is 2.9°, with average rhabdom diameter of 1.6?μm and the average lens blur at half-width Δρ(l) is 2.3°. With a Δρ(rh)/Δ? ratio of much less than 2, the eyes undersample the visual scene but provide high contrast, and surprising detail of the landmark panorama that has been shown to be used for navigation. 相似文献
19.
Tobias Merkle Rüdiger Wehner 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2008,194(4):395-403
Desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis rely on path integration vectors to return to the nest (inbound runs) and back to frequently visited feeding sites (outbound
runs). If disturbed, e.g., experimentally displaced on their inbound runs, they continue to run off their home-bound vector,
but if disturbed in the same way on their outbound runs, they do not continue their feeder-based vector, but immediately switch
on the home-bound state of their path integration vector and return to the nest. Here we show that familiar landmarks encountered
by the ants during their run towards the feeder can change the ants’ motivational state insofar that the ants even if disturbed
continue to run in the nest-to-feeder direction rather than reverse their courses, as they do in landmark-free situations.
Hence, landmark cues can cause the ants to change their motivational state from homing to foraging. 相似文献
20.
We investigated how the formicine ant Gigantiops destructor can use vector information to navigate within the cluttered environment of the rain forest. Displaced foragers use skylight information to move in the theoretical feeder-to-nest direction, whether they are prevented from updating their path-integrator during foraging or captured at the departure from their nest, i.e. with a current accumulator state very close to zero. Only ants that have collected food are able to download a long-term stored reference vector pointing in the nest direction, irrespective of the current accumulator state of their path-integrator stored in a working memory and independent of familiar landmarks. Depending on the release sites, ants that became lost at a maximum distance of 50 cm could still hit and recognize their familiar route, or they engaged in a systematic search for it centered on the release sites. In contrast to Cataglyphis desert ants, Gigantiops ants do not rely primarily on the current accumulator state of their egocentric path integrator. Such a long-term vector-based navigation primed by food capture is well adapted for a tropical ant foraging during periods spanning several hours. This could prevent the numerous cumulative errors in the evaluation of the angles steered that might result from a continuously running path-integrator operating during complex foraging patterns performed at ground or arboreal levels and during passive displacement in response to heavy rain. 相似文献