大别山植物区系及南坡和北坡相关性研究

大别山位于皖、鄂、豫三省交界处,约有维管植物1722种,隶属于199科、697属。大别山植物区系具有下列基本特征:1)植物种类丰富;2)植物区系起源古老;3)大别山特有成分较多;4)地理成分复杂;5)区系过渡性明显。本文通过比较分析方法,从大别山不同区域的五个山头(马宗岭、天堂寨、多枝尖、陀尖、湖北大别山)的气侯、植物地理因素,种子植物的数目和结构、优势科、常绿植物和常绿阔叶林、属种相似性系数等方面着重研究了大别山南、北坡的相互关系。作者认为整个大别山植物区系应归属于华东植物区系,其植被应归入北亚热带落叶—常绿阔叶混交林。在划分中、北亚热带分界线时,大别山必须作为一个整体考虑。     

大白鼠上丘脑片深层部突触传递和LTP的研究

在大白鼠上丘脑片深层部的中层或深层给电刺激、分别在径向对应的深层或中层,记录到诱发的突触后场电位.以100Hz、1秒的强直刺激首次在上丘的深层部引出了长时程突触增强(LTP).N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体的选择性拮抗剂2-氨基-5-磷酸戊酸盐(APV)对LTP的阻断效应表明,NMDA受体不仅对上丘深层部LTP的产生有作用.而且也与LTP的维持有关.突触后场电位的幅度受APV或兴奋性氨基酸受体的非选择性拮抗剂犬尿喹啉酸(KYNA)的作用而减小,受γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)A型受体的选择性拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱(Bicu)的作用而增加,表明谷氨酸能神经递质在上丘深层部的兴奋性突触传递中起着重要作用,并且这些突触传递也受到GABA能抑制性突触的调节.     

THE CENTRAL ROLE OF THE GENITAL DUCT IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF THE GENITAL ORGANS IN THE SEA URCHIN

Formation and regeneration of the genital papilla in the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were studied to find out what factor(s) control expression of the secondary sexual characters in the papilla. Surgical removal of various regions of the genital organ and the blood vessels was performed separately or in various combinations. The proximal part of the genital duct or its rudiment (D2 region) plays an essential role in the formation or regeneration of the papilla, and in the establishment of its sexual characters as well, i.e., if the D2 region is removed, papilla formation or regeneration is completely suppressed; when the D2 region is left uninjured, the papilla develops and displays the sexual characters even in the absence of the gonad, the distal part of the duct, a blood supply to the D2 region or all three of them combined. It can be concluded that the proximal part of the genital duct carries the factor(s) for determination and expression of the secondary sexual characters in the genital papilla. Discussion has been made about what factor(s) can be considered to reside within the cells of the D2 region of the duct.     

THE GENUS TRICOLIA IN THE EASTERN ATLANTIC AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

The genus Tricolia(Phasianellidae) in the Eastern Atlantic andMediterranean is reviewed on the bases of radular morphology,shell characters and polychromatism. The taxa included within the T. pullus (L.) group are not clearlyseparable and are treated as geographical subspecies:T. pulluspullus (L.), T. pullus picta (da Costa), T. pullus azorica (Dautzenberg),T. pullus canarica Nordsieck. The case of T. tenuis (Michaud)is problematic since it is clearly separable from sympatricT. pullus pullus in most parts of the Mediterranean but transitionalto T. pullus picta, towards the Atlantic. Other taxa are considered as having specific status since theyare consistently separable when found in sympatric populations.These include T. speciosa (Muhlfeldt), T. miniata (Monterosato),T. tingitana n.sp., T. petiti (Craven), T. nordsiecki (Talavera)and T. algoidea (Pallary). The last two species are stated forthe first time as belonging to the Phasianellidae. The genusEpheriella Pallary, based on T. algoidea, is synonymized withTricolia. (Received 6 April 1981;     

关于柄杯鹿亚科(Lagomerycinae)的系统位置

柄杯鹿亚科的系统位置争论已久。争论的焦点是它们属于鹿科中的亚科还是麒麟鹿超科。经过对头骨和头后骨骼形态特点的研究和用扫描电镜检查角的结构显出柄杯鹿具有原始的角,而这种原始的角与后期鹿类的角柄同源。因此认为柄杯鹿科是鹿类中独立的一分支。     

不同处理对海甘蓝种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

由于受种子生理休眠作用的影响和硬而厚的种皮所产生的抑制作用,使海甘蓝（ＣｒａｍｂｅｍａｒｉｔｉｍａＬ．）种子发芽慢,发芽率低。为探索加快海甘蓝种子发芽和提高种子发芽率的有效方法,我们先后进行了８种不同的种子预处理试验和６种不同次氯酸钠溶液浸种的发芽试验。结果发现：（１）种子剥皮处理可以很大程度地促进发芽和提高发芽率;（２）用浓度为０．０５％的赤霉酸溶液浸种１８ｈ对海甘蓝种子发芽也有很好的促进作用;（３）用０．２０％的代森锰锌４５Ｍ（Ｄｉｉｔｈａｎｅ４５Ｍ）溶液浸种２０ｍｉｎ的消毒处理对海甘蓝种子发芽产生一定程度的抑制作用,但可减少海甘蓝幼苗死亡率;（４）适宜浓度的次氯酸钠漂白水（法文名１＇ＥａｕｄｅＪａｖｅｌ）的溶液（１０％）浸种５ｍｉｎ对促进海甘蓝种子发芽和减少幼苗死亡均有良好效果;浓度低于１０％时．不足以腐蚀种子硬而厚的种皮而促进种子发芽,也不足以杀死种子携带的病菌而减少幼苗死亡率;浓度大于１０％时,对种子的胚和种子内的酶活性产生不良影响,从而抑制种子发芽和影响幼苗的正常生长。     

幽门螺杆菌耐甲硝唑基因分型与耐药性关系研究

目的：了解幽门螺杆菌（Hp）对甲硝唑的耐药株状况,探讨耐甲硝唑基因分型与耐药性的关系。方法：分离培养Hp,以纸片扩散法检测Hp对甲硝唑的耐药性,再用PCR方法扩增甲硝唑耐药基因,用RFLP方法进行基因分型,最后比较基因型与耐药性的关系。结果：武汉地区人群Hp对甲硝唑耐药率为67％,耐药株基因型与耐药性有相关性。结论：可以以基因型鉴定Hp对甲硝唑的耐药性,此方法,稳定可靠。     

大白鼠上丘脑片深层部突触传递和LTP的研究

在大白鼠上丘脑片深层部的中层或深层给电刺激、分别在径向对应的深层或中层,记录到诱发的突触后场电位.以100Hz、1秒的强直刺激首次在上丘的深层部引出了长时程突触增强(LTP).N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体的选择性拮抗剂2-氨基-5-磷酸戊酸盐(APV)对LTP的阻断效应表明,NMDA受体不仅对上丘深层部LTP的产生有作用.而且也与LTP的维持有关.突触后场电位的幅度受APV或兴奋性氨基酸受体的非选择性拮抗剂犬尿喹啉酸(KYNA)的作用而减小,受γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)A型受体的选择性拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱(Bicu)的作用而增加,表明谷氨酸能神经递质在上丘深层部的兴奋性突触传递中起着重要作用,并且这些突触传递也受到GABA能抑制性突触的调节.     

THE CONTROL OF SEXUAL MORPHOGENESIS IN THE ASCOMYCOTINA

(1) A series of factors controls sexual morphogenesis in the Ascomycotina, a process involving the formation of novel structures such as ascocarps (fruit bodies) and asci (sacs containing spores) during sexual reproduction. (2) Environmental and genetic factors must be correct before Ascomycetes may sexually reproduce. Compatibility in many heterothallic species is under polygenic control, with the mating type loci and also other genetic factors determining the productivity of sexual crosses. (3) Classical genetic studies have shown that sexual morphogenesis involves the expression of a series of developmentally regulated genes, and this has been confirmed by recent molecular studies which have demonstrated changes in patterns of mRNA and protein synthesis during ascocarp formation. (4) Hyphal differentiation leading to the formation of mature fruit bodies occurs in response to a series of signals, which include various physical and chemical factors. (5) Chemical sex factors have been identified which are believed to have important regulatory or nutritional roles in sexual morphogenesis. These include the following. (a) Diffusible sex hormones which may regulate developmental switching between asexual and sexual modes of reproduction, including (i) pheromones involved with the induction of gametangia and gamete attraction, and (ii) sex morphogens involved with triggering particular stages of fruit body formation. (b) Sexual growth substances which are required as nutrients, and may be precursors for the production of sex hormones, or metabolites used in the synthesis of novel sexual structures. Most of these sex factors are lipids. (6) Certain sex morphogens and sexual growth substances have been shown to exhibit activity in a variety of fungal species, suggesting that fungi of related phylogenetic descent may utilize similar metabolites or signalling factors during sexual reproduction. (7) Phenoloxidase enzymes may catalyse hyphal aggregation in developing fruit bodies. (8) Initial stages of ascocarp development may occur independently of the events of the sexual cycle. However, a link(s) with the functional ascogenous hyphae is needed for the formation of morphologically mature ascocarps. (9) Suitable environmental conditions are sufficient to trigger sexual morphogenesis in homothallic Ascomycetes. However, an extra level of control is present in heterothallic species, with a compatible partner required to complete sexual reproduction. This may be partly because novel regulatory products, formed by the combined action of the mating type loci of different partners, are required for further ascocarp development. (10) Further research is required to identify more fungal chemical sex factors and to determine the role of environmental stress in controlling sexual morphogenesis, and how this may be related to temporal patterns in the expression of mating type genes.     

湖北省豆类植物种子硒含量的测定及赋存状态的研究

硒是人类必需的微量元素之一。我们对湖北省豆类植物种子的硒含量进行测定并对硒的赋存状态进行了研究。结果显示:大豆具有较强的富硒能力;大豆硒的赋存形态是含硒蛋白质,主要存在于白蛋白和球蛋白中;高硒地区的大豆含硒量比一般地区高近100倍。     

论山毛榉科植物的系统发育

本文运用分支分类学方法,对山毛榉科植物进行了系统发育的分析。山毛榉科作为单元发生群包括柯属、锥属、粟属、三棱栎属、水青冈属和栎属。桦木科和南山毛榉属被选择作为外类群。对大量的性状进行评估之后,选择了25对性状作为建立数据矩阵的基本资料。性状极化以外类群比较为主,同时也采用了化石证据和通行的形态演化的基本原则。数据矩阵由7个分类群、2个外类群和25个性状组成。采用最大同步法、演化极端结合法和综合分析法对该数据矩阵进行了分析。在得到的3个树状分支图中按照最简约的原则,选出演化长度最短的谱系分支图作为本文讨论山毛榉科属间的系统演化关系的基础。关于山毛榉科植物的系统发育,作者的观点如下：(A)现存的山毛榉科的6个属形成了4条平行进化的分支路线,它们分别被处理作4个亚科,即：栗亚科,三棱栎亚科,水青冈亚科和栎亚科;(B)平行进化是山毛榉科植物系统发育过程中的主要形式。生殖过程中的一些特征,如：果实第二年成熟,胚珠通常败育等,是影响山毛榉科植物属间基因交流的主要原因。在现存的山毛榉科植物中,柯属是最原始的类群。三棱栎属和锥属的起源也较早,而栗属、水青冈属和栎属是特化的类群。     

杨氏鱼(Youngolepis)吻部网状骨质管的研究

本文描述了我国云南曲靖早泥盆世总鳍鱼——杨氏鱼(Youngolepis sp.)吻部网状骨质小管管壁电镜结构、元素成分、整个系统的分支状况以及它与膜质骨、侧线系统的关系,推测其功能是为吻部神经和血管提供通道.文中认为杨氏鱼与肺鱼共同具有 rostral tubuli 这一特征;将杨氏鱼吻部神经分支与骨鳞鱼、孔鳞鱼、肺鱼及两栖类进行了比较,指出杨氏鱼的眼浅支分支进入鼻囊这一特点.     

钙调素对细胞周期的调节

RC3细胞是一种用真核表达载体1~(CaM)转染NIH 3T3细胞建成的可调钙凋素(Calmodulin,CaM)高表达细胞模型。通过分子杂交及蛋白免疫印迹方法证实在地塞米松(Dexamethasome,DXM)作用下,RC3细胞可高表达CaM。CaM的过表达使G_1期细胞减少,S期细胞增加;CaM拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(trifluoperazine,TFP)则使G_1期细胞增加,S期细胞减少。高表达CaM使细胞分裂指数提高,G_2期细胞减少,有丝分裂前期细胞增加,M中期细胞比例下降。而TFP处理则使分裂指数下降,G_2期细胞增加,M前期细胞减少,M中期细胞增加。实验结果表明CaM在G_1/S、G_2/M和M中期/M后期3个位点上对细胞周期进行调控;通过加速G_1至S期,G_2至M期和M中期至M后期的进程,使细胞倍增时间缩短,促进细胞增殖。本工作表明,RC3细胞作为CaM表达可调细胞模型,是研究细胞周期调控的有力工具。     

THE GENETICS OF THE MAMMALIAN GAMETE

1. Study of the association of the somatic and gametic genotypes with the gametic phenotype has been termed the genetics of gametes. The latter is closely associated with problems of fertility and infertility; with the general validity of the postulate of random union of the gametes; with experimental attempts to control sex ratio or other Mendelian segregations; and with the study of chromosomal anomalies. Effects of the post-segregational genotype (after meiosis) are of exceptional interest. 2. The dimensions of mammalian spermatozoa show numerous patterns of genetic behaviour, such as strain and breed differences, additive variation, heterosis, high heritability, maternal effects, and a tentative ‘paternal cytoplasmic effect’. The high degree of additive genetic determination is reflected in the smooth progress of a genetic selection programme that brought into existence strains of mice with either long or short spermatozoan midpieces. The balance sheet of variation in mammalian spermatozoan dimensions is as follows. Apart from the natural variation between individual spermatozoa of a male, the paramount factors are the genetic ones. Variation is extraordinarily independent of other biological sources of variation and of environmental ones. The high heritability of most spermatozoan dimensions suggests that they are not closely associated with reproductive fitness, whereas a measure of fitness (resistance of spermatozoa to eosin staining) shows a low heritability. 3. Post-segregational gene action has been sought but not conclusively demonstrated in attempts to recognize X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa visually, and in attempts to control sex ratio by separating them according to electrophoretic or sedimentation behaviour. 4. Variations in the DNA content of spermatozoa, and gross morphological defects, are associated with infertility and their incidence is often genetically controlled. 5. There is controversy over the balance between specific spermatozoan antigens and ‘coating antigens’ acquired from the seminal fluid. Reports that AB individuals (heterozygous for blood-group antigens) produce phenotypically A and B spermatozoa would indicate post-segregational gene action but are also controversial. Sex ratio has not yet been controlled by subjecting spermatozoa to anti-Y-chromosome antibodies. Genetic (strain) differences exist in spermatozoan antigens. 6. The incidence of non-eosinophil spermatozoa is a measure of semen fertility. Strain and breed differences exist but the heritability is low. An absence of demonstrable genetic variation in spermatozoan motility may be due to a swamping effect of non-genetic factors. 7. Diploid spermatozoa differ genetically and phenotypically from the normal haploid ones. The incidence of diploid spermatozoa is associated with infertility and is controlled genetically. The incidence of polyspermy and of supplementary spermatozoa are also controlled genetically. 8. Heterospermic (mixed) insemination from two or more sires discriminates efficiently between the sires in terms of the relative numbers of offspring produced. One experiment showed a genetic control (strain differences) in heterospermic performance. Heterospermic performance of a sire is constant over periods of time and is a predictor of the relative fertility obtained in ‘ordinary’ fertility tests. Heterospermic insemination per se has no apparent practical value. 9. Species crosses in animals tend to produce diploid oocytes and triploid embryos. ‘Foreign’ mammalian eggs or spermatozoa did not fertilize in the same proportion as native ones. 10. The most recent determination shows a I : I sex ratio in the very early embryo. 11. Mammals are scarcely likely to be exempt from certain unorthodox genetic mechanisms, but positive evidence is only indicative. Micro-organisms have been detected and sometimes have a genetic role in spermatozoa and eggs of animals. There is a theory that mitochondria (and therefore most of the spermatozoan midpiece) are modified bacteria. A tentative ‘paternal cytoplasmic effect’ on mouse spermatozoan dimensions, mediated by mitochondria1 inheritance, has been invoked. Conditions may exist for possible transfer of genetic information from spermatozoa to body cells via leucocytes. There is no confirmation of experiments for transfer of genetic information by injection of DNA of specific genotypes prepared from spermatozoa or other tissues. 12. The behaviour of ‘tailless’ alleles in mice provides a unique example of post-segregational gene action, the t-spermatozoa of heterozygous Tt males yielding more offspring than the T-spermatozoa. This work explains the aberrant transmission of t through the male parent, and also the high frequency of the allele in wild populations. It is the best example of post-segregational gene action in animals, provides an exception to the random union of gametes, and permits a novel way of controlling the transmission of genetic information between generations. There is presumptive post-segregational gene action in other segregations in mouse and man. 13. The study of heteroploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers) provides massive evidence of anomalies in the mammalian egg that are in themselves genetic (e.g. diploidy) and phenotypic (e.g. abnormal numbers of polar bodies or pronuclei); that come into being under genetic control, and that have genetic consequences (e.g. triploidy) and phenotypic ones (e.g. inviability) for the embryo. This is illustrated by suppression of the cytoplasmic second meiotic division of the egg, giving diploid parthenogenetic embryos from unfertilized eggs and triploid ones from fertilized eggs. Triploidy is the dominant form of polyploidy in vertebrates. Triploidy is lethal in the mammalian embryo and is a main cause of the ‘natural’ level of prenatal mortality in man. 14. The groups of cells produced by meiosis in both sexes of animals are virtually syncytial. This has a bearing on post-segregational heterosis and gene effects. 15. The unique and apparently indisputable instance of post-segregational gene action in ‘tailless’ mice is to be contrasted on the one hand with numerous persuasive arguments (especially effective in Drosophila) that such action cannot or does not occur in animals or else is mimicked by another phenomenon, meiotic drive; and on the other hand contrasts with an hypothesis that post-segregational gene action occurs on a gigantic scale in all organisms in which crossing-over takes place. It is concluded for the time being that post-segregational gene action does occur in mammals, but is rare. Because of the rarity, a reasonable first interpretation in all gamete genetics is that gene action is mediated by the somatic genotype, unless there are specific reasons to the contrary. There is urgent need for a technique whereby the biological potential of a given spermatozoon can be recognized by fertilizing a given egg with it. 16. As a series of working hypotheses, it is proposed that the general architecture and course of differentiation of gametes are determined by the genotype of the soma and the same pre-segregational genotype of the germ line, the initial gene action being a synthesis of messenger RNA before meiosis in the germ line or at any time in the soma. These effects of the somatic genotype bring the gamete into existence and are also responsible for most of the widespread variation in its phenotype. The gamete so produced can be varied by a very few genes or sets of genes synthesizing messenger RNA in the germ cells after segregation, or else exerting action in some other way connected with their direct physical and chemical nature or their arrangement. These post segregational effects are more likely to be mediated by whole blocs of genes, especially heterochromatic and nucleolar ones, than by ‘billiard-ball’ single genes in the narrow sense.     

辽宁满族和汉族指纹白线正常值分析

本文研究了1060例 (满族：460,汉族：600;男女各半) 满族和汉族指纹白线。满族和汉族指纹白线出现率分别是7.11％和31.73％。结果表明民族间的指纹白线有他们各自的特征并做了性别和手别间差异的比较分析。     

三蕊草属Sinochasea Keng系统位置的研究

叶片表皮、叶片横切面、花粉和淀粉粒的微观特征,对青藏高原的特有类群三蕊草属Sinochasea Keng的系统位置进行了探讨。结果表明,三蕊草S.trigyna Keng在上述微观性状上与毛蕊草Duthiea brachypodia(P.Candargy) Keng et Keng f.差距最小,与冠毛草Stephanachne pappophorea(Hack.)Keng差距次之,与宝兴野青茅Deyeuxia moupinensis(Franch.) Pilger和拂子茅Calamagrostis epigeios(L.) Roth差距最大;三蕊草属的系统位置应处于毛蕊草所隶的燕麦族Aveneae中;在系统演化上,燕麦族是最原始的类群,它可能直接或间接地派生了针茅族Stipeae和剪股颖族Agrostideae。     

THE MAIN VICISSITUDES OF THE EUROPEAN AVIFAUNA SINCE THE PLIOCENE

.1. Recent knowledge of the Pleistocene and subsequent ecological changes is summarized. Four glaciations are recognized, each with more than one maximum. The interglacials were all at least as warm as the present day.
2. A map shows the vegetation belts of Europe and the probable limits of permanent sea-ice at the height of the Last Glaciation, about 70,000 years ago. There is reason to believe that the main features of the vegetation-map would apply also to the height of the other glaciations.
3. The avian fossil data are discussed and for the most part of necessity rejected for the present purpose.
4. The main inferences drawn of bird distribution at a glacial maximum are that ( a ) a rich avifauna occupied the treeless (grassy) loess-tundra on the southern edge of the ice, ( b ) practically no arboreal birds could live north of the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Black Sea except in a strip across central Russia, ( c ) the birds of deciduous woodland were confined to part of the three Mediterranean peninsulas, ( d ) "Mediterranean" species were practically expelled from Europe.
5. This implies that the populations of coniferous forest must have been reduced to about one-third of their interglacial extent in Europe and those of deciduous woodlands to one-tenth. Most of the sea-bird species probably suffered less severe fluctuations in numbers, but underwent north-and-south changes in breeding range.
6. The post-glacial recovery of the climate has not been uninterrupted, so that in the last 80,000 years there have probably been only about 8000 during which there have been any arboreal birds north of Germany.
7. The implications of the changes on the details of the migration system are discussed.     

THE R?LE OF THE ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT OF THE HYDROGEN ION IN THE HYDROLYSIS OF GELATIN

1. The hydrolysis of gelatin at a constant hydrogen ion concentration follows the course of a monomolecular reaction for about one-third of the reaction. 2. If the hydrogen ion concentration is not kept constant the amount of hydrolysis in certain ranges of acidity is proportional to the square root of the time (Schütz''s rule). 3. The velocity of hydrolysis in strongly acid solution (pH less than 2.0) is directly proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration as determined by the hydrogen electrode i.e., the "activity;" it is not proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration as determined by the conductivity ratio. 4. The addition of neutral salts increases the velocity of hydrolysis and the hydrogen ion concentration (as determined by the hydrogen electrode) to approximately the same extent. 5. The velocity in strongly alkaline solutions (pH greater than 10) is directly proportional to the hydroxyl ion concentration. 6. Between pH 2.0 and pH 10.0 the rate of hydrolysis is approximately constant and very much greater than would be calculated from the hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentration. This may be roughly accounted for by the assumption that the uncombined gelatin hydrolyzes much more rapidly than the gelatin salt.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSILIUM OF THREE FLEA SPECIES

Abstract The result of a study on the internal structures during the development of sensilium and anal segment from first instar larva to adult of Leptopsylla segnis (Schinherr 1811), Monopsyllus anisus (Rothschild 1907) and Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche 1835) is reported and summarized as follows: (1) The development of the sensilium and anal segment of these fleas is essentially the same. (2) The first sensilium rudiment appears in the early third instar larva on the anterior one-second part of the tergite of the tenth abdominal segment, and in prepupa the eleventh abdominal segment which is composed of the dorsal and ventral anal lobes is formed, and in the pupa the sensilium and its frame are fully developed. (3) The differenced of opinions on the terminal segments of the flea are discussed.     

抗癌药物顺铂对DNA结构的影响

本文采用脉冲激光荧光技术及常规的荧光分光光度计详细地研究了顺铂对DNA变性温度的影响,DNA氢键受损的碱基对数随温度变化,DNA的G—C碱基含量对顺铂作用效果以及顺铂浓度的影响,初步探讨了抗癌药物顺铂对DNA的结构影响.