Lymph outflow pathways from the uterus and its regional lymph nodes in the rat at various stages of pregnancy

From the body of the rat uterus, the lymph outflows into the caudal lymph nodes and when the latter are absent--into the iliac lymph nodes. From the medial and middle parts of the uterine horn the lymph out flows into the iliac lymph nodes, and from the lateral part of the uterine horn--into the renal lymph nodes. Some parts of the lymph outflows into corresponding contralateral lymph nodes. If the mass of the caudal lymph nodes in pregnant animals does not significantly differ from those in nonpregnant animals, the mass of the iliac and renal nodes increases with pregnancy. Maximal increase of the iliac and renal lymph nodes mass coincides with completion of the alantoic placenta formation. It is probable that there is a positive correlative dependence between the number of embryos in the uterus and the mass both of the iliac and renal lymph nodes.     

Comparative study of the changes in microanatomical organization of lymph nodes located and functioning in the area of venous congestion

By the morphometric method the microanatomical organization of the popliteal and kidney lymph nodes of the type Vi was studied in venous congestion. In the first experimental series (lymph nodes localize in venous congestion area) the venous congestion in the popliteal lymph nodes was created by the ligature of caudal vena cava. In the second experimental series (lymph nodes, which clean the venous congestion area--the kidney vena was tied up. The small and short time increase of the marginal sinus volume and hypertrophy of the medullary cords, which seemed about medullary substance B-zone stimulation were characteristically for the lymph nodes, localize in the venous congestion area. The sharp increase of the marginal sinus volume during the long experimental time and paracortical T-zone hyperplasia were characteristically for the lymph nodes, which clean the venous congestion area.     

Morphofunctional changes in the lymph nodes and microcirculatory bed of small-intestinal mesentery of dogs in septic peritonitis after endolymphatic administration of ampicillin

With the aim to study effectiveness+ of endolymphatic (EL) administration of ampicillin (AC), using the model of an acute diffuse septic peritonitis in dogs, the morphological and morphometrical investigation has been performed concerning the state of the lymph nodes (LN), which are regional as regards the pathological focus (pelvic) and remote (tracheobronchial, mesenteric) and hemomicrocirculatory bed (HMCB) of the small intestine mesentery. All LN groups studied are involved in the pathological process, that produces certain increasing disturbances in the structure and cell composition in LN. In 6 h the changes are especially manifested in the pelvic LN, and in 18 h--in the animals without application of AC, or at its intramuscular injection LN lose their typical structure. Their dimensions and number of lymphoid nodules++ and medullary cords decrease, a sharp impoverishment of lymphocytes in LN is observed. By this time critical disturbances in the HMCB structure develop; they are characterized as presence of great amount of avascular areas in the mesentery, extended capillary loops, plasmatic saturation of interstitium. When AC is injected endolymphatically, simultaneously with peritonitis modelling T- and B-dependent zones in LN are preserved, a high volumetric part of lymphocytes is kept in all groups of LN, structure and function of HMCB are normalized. The pronounced delay in development and decreasing manifestation of infective-toxic disorder in LN and HMCB depend on effective concentrations of the antibiotic, produces in the lymphatic system.     

Hemo- and lymphomicrocirculatory bed of the broad ligament of the uterus in the presence of collateral circulation

Structural adaptation of the vascular bed in the broad ligament of the dog uterus has been studied at various time of the experimental phlebohypertension. Restitution of the circulation after the posterior vena cava occulsion occurs phasically. The venous collateralies are not formed at one time and it is connected with the venous pressure level in the inferiocaval system and with some changes in the construction of the microcirculatory bed. Basing on the morphometry data, a general equation has been derived which reflects dynamics of the microangiological parameters and demonstrates unidirectionness of the adaptive reactions in the vascular bed at the disturbed venous circulation. Using principles of the system-structural analysis and the mathematical graph theory, we consider the microcirculatory system of the broad ligament of the uterus as a graph-system and study the reorganization of the microcirculatory network at a venous congestion. Realization of the compensatory possibilities is reached in the microcirculatory bed by a changed relationships in the number of the intervascular connections. The latter are estimated according to the graph-schemes of the microvascular bed. Morphokinetics of the connections between the vessels is characterized by widening or narrowing the borders of the "adaptive norm" and by changing the microangioarchitectonics. At the same time, there is noted formation of specialized microhemoangioconstructions. Morphofunctional state of the lymphatic system is connected with reorganization of the angioarchitectonics. This is certain manifestation of the law of the lymphatic and blood beds "synergism". Thus, the structural changes of the vascular bed are aimed to support a certain hemodynamic level.     

Morpho-functional changes in the lymph nodes during fever reaction]

Lymph nodes (mesenteric, popliteal, cervical) of rabbits in fever reaction of different duration have been studied in our work. As a whole morpho-functional changes in lymph nodes in fever reaction indicate the increase of their functional activity: hyperplasia of lymphatic substance with the growth of lymphocytes number and slightly differentiated lymphoid cells in follicles and paracortical zone, hyperplasia of pulposus bands, the signs of macrophagal reaction and plasmatization of lymph nodes are to be observed and all these create prerequisites for the increase of tensity of cellular and humoral immunity. Simultaneously the signs of destruction of cellular elements--lymphocytolysis in the porta tract and the growth of number of PAS-positive cells in the parenchyma of the nodes take place.     

Structure of the arterial bed in human lymph nodes

Blood vessels, that bring blood to various areas of the human superficial inguinal lymph nodes are predominantly arterioles and precapillaries. They are often arranged radially from the hilus to the capsule and from the capsule towards the portal thickening. The arteries and arterioles of the portal and capsular trabeculae reach the paracortical zone, occupying an intermediate position between the medullary cords and the cortex of the lymph node. The arterioles of the paracortical zone, passing between the cortex and the medullary cords, acquire an arcuate appearance. In both directions from them (into central and peripheral areas of the node) precapillaries branch off at a right angle. The cortex is supplied with blood by the arteriolar branches of the paracortical zone and the capsule of the node. The cortical precapillaries branch into capillaries either within the lymphoid nodules, or along their periphery. In the medullary cords those arterioles branch, that get from the portal thickening, portal trabeculae and paracortical zone.     

Flow and composition of lymph from the ovary and uterus of cows during pregnancy

Ovarian or uterine lymph was collected continuously for periods of up to 25 days from 16 cows cannulated at stages of pregnancy ranging from 96 to 278 days post coitum. Blood samples were taken acutely from the ovarian and uterine veins during surgery and periodically from the jugular vein during the course of lymph collection. The flow rate and cell content of lymph was measured and blood and lymph plasma samples were analysed for progesterone, pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulphate, androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone, oestrone sulphate, oestradiol-17 beta, prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha, total protein and albumin. There was a high flow rate of protein-rich lymph from luteal ovaries with rates up to 101.7 ml/h occurring in individual lymphatics over short periods. Peripheral ovarian and uterine lymph contained a low concentration of cells (mean less than 10(5) cells/ml) comprising about 82-87% lymphocytes, 11-14% macrophages and monocytes and 2-4% other cells. At all stages of pregnancy, the concentration of progestagens and androgens was higher in ovarian lymph than in uterine lymph or blood plasma. The differences were greatest for progesterone and androstenedione which occurred at 200-fold and 60-fold greater concentration respectively in ovarian lymph than in jugular plasma. When serial 10 min samples were collected over a 12-h period, the concentration and output of progesterone in ovarian lymph varied in a phasic manner, ranging from 3.5 to 7.6 microM and from 31.7 to 293.1 nmol/h respectively. There was a positive correlation between the output of progesterone in lymph and the progesterone concentration in jugular blood samples taken every 20 min. During most of pregnancy there was little difference between the concentration of oestrogens in ovarian lymph, ovarian venous plasma and jugular plasma but, during the 3-5 days before calving, these hormones occurred at slightly higher concentration in ovarian lymph. Apart from pregnenolone and androstenedione, all steroids occurred at lower concentrations in uterine lymph than in jugular plasma. Shortly before parturition there was an abrupt increase in the concentration of PGF-2 alpha in uterine lymph. Lymph reflects more accurately the milieu of tissue cells than efferent blood and further analysis of differences in the concentration of substances in lymph relative to the output in the ovarian and uterine arterial and venous blood may lead to the identification of factors important in local regulatory mechanisms in the reproductive tract.     

Morphofunctional changes in the kidneys in venous stasis during early period and during recovery of blood outflow from the organ

Short-term (3 days) 50% constriction of the left renal vein with the following recovery of outflow from the kidneys (30 days) was carried out on (180-210 g) white mongrel adult rats of both sexes. By means of light optical, electronmicroscopic and radioisotopic methods it was established that venous haemostasis in early period leads to the slowing-down of regional renal circulation and the development of dystrophic changes both in the wall of intrarenal veins and in the edge and cubical cells of proximal and distal departments of nephron. With the recovery of renal circulation from kidneys canal-vascular formation acquire normal morphological structure. Compensatory-adaptive processes in the separate parts are noted.     

Morphofunctional characteristics of the venous bed of the myocardium in response to acute hypoxia

Anatomical redistribution of blood outflow between the superficial and deep pathways is motivated, changes in microvessels under a circular hypoxia are presented. General peculiarities in structure of the sources for both pathways are ascertained, as well as specific differences stipulated by the physiological role of the cardiac venous sinusis.     

Morphofunctional characteristics of the myocardium and regional lymph nodes of the heart in experimental myocardial ischemia under the effect of radon water on the body

A positive effect of radon baths (health resort "Belokurikha") has been stated on the course of restorative processes in the myocardium and regional lymph nodes of the heart at ischemic disease. An enhanced drainage activity of the lymph nodes revealed facilitates to a quick outflow of toxic lymph from the ischemic zone and, accordingly, to its biological treatment in the lymph nodes and contributes to a more complete restoration of the structure in the ischemia-damaged area of the myocardium.     

Morphofunctional changes in the microcirculatory bed of the synovial membrane in antigen-induced arthritis

Ultrastructural changes of synovial capillary and venule wall have been investigated in rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis, with the permeability of microcirculatory bed determined using 99mTc pertechnetate. The correlation between the incidence of ultrastructural microvascular damages in exudative phase of arthritis and the increased permeability has been established. Ultrastructural changes occurring in proliferative phase of arthritis are considered as adaptive to conditions of increased permeability.     

Pathomorphologic characteristics of the regional lymph nodes in hydronephrosis]

The dependence of pathomorphological changes in the regional lymphatic ganglia of the dog's kidney upon the duration of experimental hydronephrosis is shown. The development of necrosis in some of them points out indirectly to the participation of the renal lymphatic system in carrying off the urine saturated with toxic products persisting in it for a long period. Increased dilatation of intermediate and medullary sinuses is connected with continuous inflow of the lymph that contributes to its congestion and then leads to the retrograde flow. A mechanical obstraction appears on the way of lymph and this fact aggravates mechanical insufficiency of the lymph circulation. At the same time this particular case is lymphogenic sclerosis, which is induced by acumulation of disturbed metabolism products in the intermediate tissue brought by the lymph.     

Reorganization of the lymphomicrocirculatory bed of human myocardium in ontogenesis

By means of Gerota mass and silver nitrate solution, injected into the myocardium and its vessels, as well as using the scanning electron microscopy technique for corrosive casts, links of the human myocardial lymphomicrocirculatory bed have been studied, beginning from 6-9-month-old fetuses up to elderly and old age persons. Changes in form, dimensions and amount per a volumetric unit have been stated in myocardial capillaries and postcapillaries. These signs demonstrate that the myocardial lymphatic system has different importance for each stage of individual development of the human heart.     

Morphofunctional features of lymph nodes, thyroid gland and testis of rats during adaptation reactions to stress and activation

The morphofunctional state of lymphatic nodes, thyroid gland and testis have been studied with morphometric, cell photometric and biochemical methods in experiments on adult white rats under the influence of nonspecific adaptation stress and activation reactions caused by small doses of adrenaline (125 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg). The research showed that the changes in the structure and function of the lymphatic organs under stress and activation were markedly different. If stress results in depression of functional state of these organs, the activation reaction, on the contrary, stimulates it.     

Listeria infection inhibits IgE production in regional lymph nodes by suppressing chemotaxis of basophils to lymph nodes

Infection with Listeria induces a dominant shift to the Th1 immune response and inhibits the Th2 response. Papain is frequently utilized in animal models of allergies. Papain administration induces chemotaxis of basophils to regional lymph nodes (LNs) and production of interleukin (IL)‐4 by basophils, resulting in a Th2‐dominant status and increased IgE production in LNs. In this model, production of immunoglobulin (Ig) E by LN cells is primarily controlled by IL‐4 produced by basophils. Based on this model, it was postulated that Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection suppresses IgE production by LN cells. Therefore, the effects of Lm infection on a papain‐induced mouse model of allergies were investigated. Following s.c. injection of papain, basophils transiently migrated to draining LNs because of the effects of chemokine (C–C) motif ligand (CCL) 24 and secreted IL‐4, inducing a Th2 response. Lm infection blocked recruitment of basophils into the popliteal LNs by inhibiting CCL24 production. Papain‐induced class switch recombination (CSR) to IgE is inhibited by Lm infection, whereas CSR to IgG1 is not affected by the same treatment. Therefore, the CSR of IgG1 to IgE is basophil‐dependent, whereas the CSR of IgM to IgG1 is basophil‐independent. Hence, Lm infection suppresses CSR to IgE without affecting CSR to IgG1.     

Extra-organic lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the kidneys in dogs

An anatomical investigation of extraorganic lymphatic vessels and regional renal lymph nodes has been performed in 70 dogs. The regional lymph nodes in the right kidney are stated to be quantitatively constant, as well as cranial and caudal lateroaortal lymph nodes in the left kidney in regard to the middle left lateroaortal nodes, that get lymph from the left kidney parenchyma. One middle left lateroaortal lymph node is found in 47 animals examined, two lymph nodes--in 17 animals. In 6 cases a lymphatic vessel, that gets lymph from the renal parenchyma and independently runs into the cistern of the thoracic duct is found for the first time. The variant revealed is an exception from the rule known in lymphology: lymph in its way from periphery to the central collector runs, at least, through one lymph node.