我国西部农村地区网络医疗需求分析

目的 了解西部农村地区就诊患者对网络医疗的需求与利用,分析网络医疗在西部农村地区的发展前景。方法 从云南省某县3家县级医疗机构随机抽取400例患者进行问卷调查,对网络医疗需求进行影响因素分析和标准化处理,估算网络医疗潜在市场规模。结果 校正年龄、职业、学历等影响因素后,目前西部农村地区患者对网络医疗的需求比例为28.5%,利用比例为3.1%。云南、贵州、四川三省农村地区的网络医疗潜在市场规模可达1 760万人次,潜在经济规模约4.0亿元。结论 网络医疗的发展对提高我国西部农村地区优质医疗资源可及性有重要意义,目前网络医疗在我国西部农村地区存在较大的市场需求,应重视和鼓励我国西部农村地区网络医疗的建设和发展。     

基于区域协同医疗的检测技术需求分析与解决方案

在分析县级医院及基层医疗机构医疗服务能力基础上,为提出提升基层医疗机构检测水平的方法,探讨通过区域医疗信息化手段建立面向三级医疗机构的区域协同医疗共享平台及系列信息化系统,提升基层医疗机构检测水平,推动多级医疗协同服务模式的实现,提升区域协同医疗业务能力。     

对城市大型医院优质医疗资源下沉若干问题的思考

改革县级公立医院的运行机制,提升县级公立医院服务能力,发挥县级公立医院的区域基本医疗中心的作用,是体现公立医疗机构的公益性,解决基层群众就医需要的关键措施。文章结合我国医疗资源配置的区域失衡,通过对浙江省城市大型医院与县级公立医院通过托管等不同形式建立协作关系的情况和效果进行了总结,对城市大型医院优质医疗资源下沉到县区开展医疗服务的活动进行了评价和分析,并且进一步阐述了从根本上改变区域医疗资源失衡、完善医疗服务体系、促进医疗卫生事业健康发展的策略。     

医疗投诉管理模式的探析

规范医疗投诉管理日益成为医疗机构改善与提高医疗服务质量的目标之一。将对我国现阶段5种较为普遍的医疗投诉管理模式的基本情况、特点以及适应范围进行分析,为各医疗机构建立和完善医疗投诉管理制度提供借鉴。     

我国农村居民医疗服务就诊偏好研究

目的 了解农村居民对门诊与住院及县乡两级医疗机构的就诊偏好,为引导医疗资源下沉与居民合理就医提供依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取12个样本乡镇,收集居民2014年医疗服务利用的数据,运用Microsoft Office Excel 2010筛选处理数据,采用描述性统计以及χ²检验比较就诊偏好的人口学分布及特征。结果 农村居民仅利用门诊、仅利用住院的比例分别为74.83%、15.92%;仅在乡、仅在县就诊的比例分别为44.65%、41.49%;不同地区、性别、年龄的居民对门诊或住院、乡级或县级机构的偏好不同（均P＜0.05）;农村居民在不同级别医疗机构就诊时对门诊或住院的偏好也不同（P＜0.05）,14.51%的居民存在只在县级医院且只住院的偏好。结论 我国各地区农村居民对医疗服务的利用存在偏好,男性和少儿偏向于在乡级医疗机构就诊,女性和老年人偏好住院且以县级医院为主,就诊偏好显示农村居民对医疗服务的利用存在不合理现象。     

“先看病后付费”医疗服务改革效果调查与分析

目的 比较济宁市各级各类医疗机构的医疗服务、质量、效率、费用等关键要素变化,为完善“先看病后付费”诊疗服务模式提供参考依据。方法 选取济宁市266家各级各类医疗机构为调查对象,采用自行设计的“济宁市‘先看病后付费’工作推广效果评估调查表”进行问卷调查,同时分层抽样15家医院进行现场访谈。结果 济宁市享受“先看病后付费”住院患者惠及率达到59.45%,年增加37.29%;全市各级各类医疗机构全面实施了此项制度,二级及以下医疗机构惠及率高于三级医疗机构,分别达到77.18%、63.71%。结论 “先看病后付费”服务模式改革,满足了群众医疗需求,医保（新农合）住院患者总费用得到合理控制,患者自付就医经济负担进一步减轻。为规避风险,提出解决垫付资金和恶意欠费问题解决方案。     

农村高血压患者协调性和连续性服务的利用现状研究

目的 分析高血压患者在农村医疗服务网络接受协调性和连续性服务的提供状况,为改进患者的整合服务利用提供决策参考。方法 根据国内外文献,以自行编制服务协调性和连续性提供的问卷为工具,调查数据采用描述性统计分析。结果 49.6%的患者伴有1种及以上疾病,约73.0%在乡镇卫生院有就医经历,到过2家及以上机构就医的占51.3%;在乡村两级治疗效果不佳的患者,能够获取村医和乡镇医生推荐转诊机构的比重最大,分别为28.4%和68.7%;上级医生能够根据下级机构相关诊疗信息连续诊疗的不到43.0%,下级医生能够根据前期诊疗信息继续诊疗的比例刚超4成;“上转容易、下转难”现象同样存在。 结论 农村慢性病患者的患病特点增加了在农村纵向医疗机构就诊的几率,但该网络提供连续性和协调性服务的程度却不高,应加强农村三级医疗机构间的全面整合。     

医疗服务分档评估指标体系评分标准的制订

医疗服务创造了人类健康价值,是社会繁荣的前提和基础,其价格水平影响基本医疗服务的可及性和公平性。研究在前期以不同等级非营利性医疗机构为研究对象,建立了一套科学、有效、全面、可行的综合反映医疗服务分档的评估指标体系,为医疗服务分档定价提供参考依据。将针对医疗服务分档评估指标体系制定相应的评分标准。     

医疗服务分档评估指标体系的测试

医疗机构医疗服务具有差别性,原有的医疗服务定价方式已不能完全体现不同级别医疗机构医疗服务价值。医疗服务分档定价方式拉开了不同级别医院的差距,体现了医务人员的技术劳务价值,减少医疗资源的浪费,与以往的医疗服务价格定价方式相比,具有明显的优越性。前期课题组初步建立了医疗服务分档评估指标体系,为了解医疗服务分档评估指标体系在非营利性医疗机构中的运用情况,分别选取三级、二级、一级医院共4家非营利性医疗机构进行测试。测试结果与课题前期研究设想基本吻合。     

基于医疗联合体的区域医疗信息平台建设

以医疗联合体为依托,建立区域医疗信息平台。其平台系统集成并共享各医疗机构的诊疗信息,对居民在各医疗机构的诊疗信息进行系统、连贯的有机整合;系统制定规范的分级诊疗流程、上转诊间预约、下转自动推送机制;在区域医疗联合体内部层级医疗机构内,提供远程会诊、在线医学教育、病患健康宣教、区域临床统一知识库、居民电子健康档案、诊疗预约、信息共享服务。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.