渫水流域森林和降水量的变化对径流及泥沙影响分析和GM模型

通过对亚流域内森林蓄积量和降水量的变化,分析其对年输沙模数、年平均含沙量、年最大含沙量、年平均流量、年最大流量、年最小流量、年平均水位、年最高水位、年最低水位的影响,而且也就森林蓄积量的变化对逐月的平均流量、最小流量、平均水位影响进行了分析,并建立引起以上各种水文要素时间变化的灰色系统GM(1,N)动态模型,还建立了各种林种(杉木、马尾松、阔叶林)蓄积量、不同龄组(幼林、中龄林、成过熟林)蓄积量、降水量对各种水文要素影响的GM模型,并对时间变化进行了分析.     

不同森林群落类型溪流水化学特征的季节动态

以小兴安岭凉水自然保护区内的阔叶红松林、云冷杉林和落叶松人工林为研究对象, 于2006年3—10月, 分析了其溪流水化学特征的动态变化. 结果表明: 不同月份3种森林群落溪流水的主要阳离子含量均表现为 Ca²⁺>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺, 主要阴离子含量均为HCO₃^->SO₄^2->NO₃^->Cl^-;不同群落类型的主要离子含量影响显著, 3种森林群落溪流水中Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺平均含量为云冷杉林>落叶松人工林>阔叶红松林, 而K⁺为落叶松人工林>云冷杉林>阔叶红松林; 主要阴离子平均含量均以落叶松人工林溪流水中为最高.     

灰色模型应用于估测落叶松林分生长量的研究

本文用灰色GM（1,1）模型对林分平均生长过程进行模拟,给出落叶松人工林林分在树高、胸径、材积3个指标上平均总生长量的灰色模型,经过检验,估测效果好．     

GM(1,1)模型残差修正的探讨

近年来,灰色系统理论在农业病虫害预测中已得到广泛应用,其中最易为人接受的GM（1,1）模型已经在实践中取得可喜的成就。但是灰色系统理论作为一门新兴学科,在实际应用中,还有不少理论问题有待于研究。本文就GM（l,呈）预测模型建模过程中出现的有关残差修正问题作了如下有益的探讨。1GM（1,1）预测模型现以“褐稻虱灰色灾变长期预测初探”（吕雨土,昆虫知识26（5）：257～260）一文为例,加以说明。文章采用浙江街县1974～1986年晚稻田间揭稻虱发生量的历史资料,对原始资料规定加权平均最高时百丛虫量达2000只为灾年,不到刘如…     

林分特征和土壤养分对林下草本物种多样性的影响

林下草本植物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持森林群落演替和发展具有重要的生态功能。该研究以青海省互助北山林场青海云杉纯林(Ⅰ)、红桦纯林(Ⅱ)、青杨纯林(Ⅲ)、阔叶混交林(Ⅳ)和针阔叶混交林(Ⅴ)5种典型林分为研究对象,采用典型取样法在各林分选择4个20 m×20 m的样地,对样地内所有树木进行每木检尺,每个样地设置5个1 m×1 m的草本小样方,调查记录林下草本植物,并分层钻取5个小样方的土样进行分析;采用灰色关联法分析林下草本多样性与林分特征、土壤养分特征之间的关系,以明确影响林下草本物种多样性的主导因子,为该区人工林地的改造与经营提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)5种林分林下共发现草本植物86种,分属 30科 74属,其中林分Ⅴ的植物科、属、种数量均最多(25科42属49种),林分Ⅰ均最少(17科26属27种);林分Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ中草本层均以野草莓的重要值最大(分别为 44.42%、20.29%、23.05%),林分Ⅱ、Ⅴ分别以山尖子、野草莓、黑麦草为优势种,其重要值分别为 20.97%、13.95%、13.68%和8.34%、16.83%、27.82%。(2)5种林分的林下草本物种丰富度(S)、Shannon Wiener多样性指数(D)、Simpson多样性指数(H)均差异显著(P<0.05),而Pielou均匀度指数(J)差异不显著,但S、D、H、J均表现为阔叶纯林(Ⅱ和Ⅲ)、混交林(Ⅳ和Ⅴ)高于针叶纯林(Ⅰ)。(3)不同林分间的林分密度 (SD)、平均胸径(DBH)、平均树高(H)、平均冠幅(CW)均无显著差异,但平均胸径、平均树高、平均冠幅在整体上表现为针阔混交林>阔叶混交林>阔叶纯林>针叶纯林。(4)土壤碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、有机质(SOC)含量及酸碱度(pH)均表现为混交林和阔叶纯林高于针叶纯林,且土壤AN、AP、AK、SOC含量均随土层深度增加而降低,土壤pH值随土层深度增加而增加。(5)研究认为,森林生态系统中林下草本物种多样性对林分特征和土壤养分特征均有显著响应,林分平均胸径是影响草本多样性最主要的林分因子,碱解氮是最主要的土壤养分特征。因此,在未来林分改造中,积极改善人工林建设模式,优化林分特征,提升土壤肥力,以提高林下草本植物的多样性,维持林分的稳定和可持续发展。     

三种预测林木生长量方法的比较

本研究选择了三种方法灰色GM(1,1)模型法、回归法、灰色线性回归组合模型法,经过数据的加载,灰色GM(1,1)为Ⅱ级合格模型,发展系数|a|＜0.3可用于中长期预测;在回归法中选用5个模型进行拟合,以Richards方程的复相关系高,残差平方和最小,被选中;灰色线性回组合模型达到Ⅲ级勉强可用模型.用三个模型分别对32、34龄阶的生长量进行预测,其平均相对精度分别为94.64%、80.68%、92.41%.     

基于年轮分析的不同恢复途径下森林乔木层生物量和蓄积量的动态变化

基于树木年轮学与标准地调查法, 研究了川西亚高山林区3种恢复森林类型生物量、蓄积量及生产力动态变化特征, 旨在尝试年轮学在森林生长过程反演中的运用, 并探索不同恢复模式下森林生物量和蓄积量的动态变化。结果表明, 不同恢复类型发育至20年以后, 均进入生长加速期, 平均胸径间差异逐渐显著, 人工云杉(Picea asperata)林胸径增长最快, 明显高于天然恢复的次生桦木(Betula spp.)林和次生针阔混交林。在恢复过程中, 次生针阔混交林一直保持最高的林分平均地上生物量与林分蓄积量, 其地上平均生物量一直显著高于人工云杉林(p < 0.05), 在20年以后显著高于次生桦木林(p < 0.05)。与人工云杉林相比, 次生桦木林在25年前具有相对较高的生物量, 而在25年之后则低于人工云杉林。在0-20年桦木林林分蓄积量略高于云杉林, 而20年以后, 云杉林蓄积量则超过桦木林。不同恢复类型的生产力大小对比显示, 30年之前, 次生针阔混交林>次生桦木林>人工云杉林, 30年之后, 针阔混交林生产力仍然最高, 而人工云杉林则超过次生桦木林。川西林区次生针阔混交林恢复模式在生物量和蓄积量积累方面均具有显著优势。     

祁连山东部森林林分结构和环境因素对草本物种多样性的影响

林下草本物种多样性在维持西北干旱与半干旱地区的生态系统服务功能方面起着重要作用,探究其相关影响因素,可为祁连山东部地区的人工生态公益林的可持续经营提供理论基础。选取位于祁连山东部地区的针叶纯林、阔叶纯林、针叶混交林、针阔混交林(人工林)为研究对象,在相关性分析的基础上构建草本物种多样性的多因素参数预测模型和结构方程非参效应模型,探究多重因素(林分空间结构、林分非空间结构、环境因子)间的关系以及对林下草本物种多样性的影响程度。结果表明:(1)针阔混交林中林下草本的科、属、种数量最多。(2)平均胸径、平均树高、角尺度、混交度、大小比、坡度与草本物种多样性呈显著性相关(P<0.05)。(3)平均胸径是影响林下草本Simpson多样性指数的关键因子;坡度是影响林下草本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的关键因子;角尺度、混交度是影响Pielou均匀性指数的关键因子;平均胸径、平均树高是影响物种丰富度的关键因子。(4)结构方程非参效应模型显示林分结构是影响草本物种多样性的关键因子(P<0.001),环境因子是影响草本物种多样性的重要因子(P<0.05)。因此,在后续森林植被恢复措施中,应当着重考虑林分的空间结构,形成随机分布的异龄复层混交林,以增加光合利用效率并遵循生态位互补理论,从而提高草本多样性。     

冰雪灾害对森林的影响

冰雪灾害是一种常见的自然灾害,往往对森林造成很大破坏。随着冰在树冠上不断积累,产生的压力逐渐增大,最后超过该部位最大弯曲力矩时林木会受到伤害。受害程度与林分的多种特征,如树种组成和林分密度及林木的多种特征,如胸径、树高、树干尖削度、叶片表面积、树冠对称性、根系、林龄等有密切关系。影响冰雪灾害的外部因素有地形因子和土壤因子,包括海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位和土壤类型、土壤厚度、土壤水分含量。冰雪灾害对林下光照、土壤、凋落物、真菌和森林动物产生影响。冰雪灾害后的林下光照对树种更新、森林动态和恢复具有重要意义。研究冰雪灾害对天然林的影响,长期监测冰雪灾害后的森林动态、林下植物的光环境、森林的养分循环、土壤以及森林动物,特别是土壤微生物的变化,加强森林的防灾管理是今后该领域的研究方向。     

长江上游森林影响流域水文过程模拟分析

用森林流域水文模型(FCHM)模拟分析长江上游森林植被变化下的平通河流域和刘家河流域森林水文过程。可知随着两个流域森林覆盖率(FR)的提高,林冠截留量的增加和土壤入渗能力的改善,使得径流成分比例也随之发生变化,地表径流Rf逐渐减少,快速流转换为慢速流,因此延迟了流域降水汇流时间,洪峰流量得以削减。以平通河为例,当该流域全部被森林覆盖以后,则流域百年一遇的设计洪水标准可由非森林地时的4520m3/s降到3380m3/s,因此森林的存在可大大提高流域的防洪能力;而两个流域又由于区域结构等条件的不同,使得流域径流成分所占比例不同。其中平通河流域径流成分主要以浅层径流Rs和深层径流Rp为主,而刘家河流域径流成分主要以壤中流Ri为主,且都随森林覆盖的增加而有所增加。不同的径流成分为流域蒸散发带来了不同的水分条件,因此流域蒸散发量随着森林覆盖率的增加各有不同的变化趋势。其中平通河流域随着森林覆盖率的增加,流域蒸散发总量将由非森林地时候的373.3mm减少至289.3mm,根据水量平衡原理,该流域径流总量则会增加,呈流域径流正效应(23.7%);而后者流域则相反,随着森林覆盖率的增加,流域蒸散发总量反而会逐步增加,则流域径流总量会随之减少,呈流域径流负效应(-8.6%)。     

人工抚育措施对油松林生长及结构特征的影响

研究了人工抚育年后油松林的生长状况、群落组织和结构.结果表明,不同人工抚育措施的油松林平均胸径、树高、冠幅均有极显著差异(P＜0.01),采取抚育措施的两个样地间的油松胸径和冠幅差异均达到显著水平,其中既打枝又间伐的油松林的胸径(7.8±0.29cm)、树高(5.5±0.09m)和平均冠幅(249±7.24cm)最大,未打枝和间伐的油松林最大;随着人工抚育措施加强,单株油松的平均新叶、老叶和枝的生物量逐渐增加,达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);在不同抚育措施下,既打枝又间伐的油松林地上生物量最大(44.0t·hm^-2)、未打枝和间伐油松林地上生物量最大(14.9t·hm^-2);油松新叶和老叶长度的差异性显著;油松的比叶面积在生长初期(5月和月)和末期(9月)差异性显著;人工抚育措施增加了林下植被的种类数量和盖度.     

Effect of periphyton biomass on hydraulic characteristics and nutrient cycling in streams

The effect of periphyton biomass on hydraulic characteristics and nutrient cycling was studied in laboratory streams with and without snail herbivores. Hydraulic characteristics, such as average water velocity, dispersion coefficients, and relative volume of transient storage zones (zones of stationary water), were quantified by performing short-term injections of a conservative tracer and fitting an advection-dispersion model to the conservative tracer concentration profile downstream from the injection site. Nutrient cycling was quantified by measuring two indices: (1) uptake rate of phosphorus from stream water normalized to gross primary production (GPP), a surrogate measure of total P demand, and (2) turnover rate of phosphorus in the periphyton matrix. These measures indicate the importance of internal cycling (within the periphyton matrix) in meeting the P demands of periphyton. Dense growths of filamentous diatoms and blue-green algae accumulated in the streams with no snails (high-biomass streams), whereas the periphyton communities in streams with snails consisted almost entirely of a thin layer of basal cells of Stigeoclonium sp. (low-biomass streams). Dispersion coefficients were significantly greater and transient storage zones were significantly larger in the high-biomass streams compared to the low-biomass streams. Rates of GPP-normalized P uptake from water and rates of P turnover in periphyton were significantly lower in high biomass than in low biomass periphyton communities, suggesting that a greater fraction of the P demand was met by recycling in the high biomass communities. Increases in streamwater P concentration significantly increased GPP-normalized P uptake in high biomass communities, suggesting diffusion limitation of nutrient transfer from stream water to algal cells in these communities. Our results demonstrate that accumulations of periphyton biomass can alter the hydraulic characteristics of streams, particularly by increasing transient storage zones, and can increase internal nutrient cycling. They suggest a close coupling of hydraulic characteristics and nutrient cycling processes in stream ecosystems.     

Nitrate assimilation in coexisting vascular plants in mire and swamp forest habitats in Central Sweden

Summary In order to monitor the nitrate assimilation capability of mire plants, in vivo current and maximally induced nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were investigated in 14 species of vascular plants from four different sites in a central Swedish mire. One of the sites was a swamp forest. The plants studied included species with both wide and restricted ecological ranges, and the mire sites selected covered a wide range of plant productivity. At the most productive site, current NRA differed among coexisting species. This differentiation in the use of nitrate as a source of nitrogen suggested the possibility of resource partitioning with regard to nitrogen acquisition. Maximally induced NRA, measured 3 days after an addition of nitrate, was highest at the most productive sites and differed among coexisting species. Plant species characteristic of rich fens had the highest maximally induced NRA. In all species, there was a positive correlation between the ability to assimilate peaks of available nitrate and total leaf nitrogen concentration.     

气候变化对森林演替的影响

森林演替是森林生态动力源驱动下森林再生的生态学过程,自20世纪初建立群落演替理论以来,演替研究成为生态学研究中的热点．客观准确地认识森林演替规律,研究森林演替动力学机理及其模型,是科学管理森林生态系统的需要;对于天然林保护工程与森林植被的恢复重建,具有重要的理论与实际意义．干扰是森林循环的驱动力,导致森林生态系统时空异质性,是更新格局和生态学过程的主要影响因素．它可改变资源的有效性,干扰导致的林隙是森林循环的起点．回顾了目前演替研究的几种方法,即马尔科夫模型、林窗模型(GAP)、陆地生物圈模型(BIOME)和非线性演替模式．介绍了气候变化对森林演替的影响;并在已有成果的基础上,提出了目前研究存在的问题及未来的发展方向．     

Tree species composition and environmental relationships in a Neotropical swamp forest in Southeastern Brazil

We examined the relationships between topography, soil properties and tree species composition in a Neotropical swamp forest in southeastern Brazil. Plots were sampled in the forest, encompassing three different soil ground water regimes along the topographical declivity. All non-climbing plant individuals with trunk height >1.3 m were sampled. A canonical correspondence analysis—CCA—of the species–environmental relationships grouped tree species according to drainage and chemical soil conditions. A total of 86 species were found, being 77 species in the inferior, 40 species in the intermediate and 35 species in the superior topographic section. Some species were among the 10 most abundant ones, both in the overall sampled area and in each topographical section, with alternation events occurring only with their abundance position. However, substantial differences in floristic composition between sections were detected in a fine spatial scale, due to higher number of species, diversity index (H′) and species unique (exclusives) in the inferior topographic section. These higher values can be attributed to its higher spatial heterogeneity that included better drained and seasonally waterlogged soils, higher soil fertility and lower acidity. The increase of the soil water saturation and the uniform conditions derived from the superficial water layer has led to a lower number of species and an increase on the palm trees abundance in the intermediate and superior sections. Our results showed that at a small spatial scale niche differentiation must be an important factor related to the increase of the local diversity. The wide distribution of the most abundant species in the studied area and the increase of local diversity corroborate the pattern of distribution of species in larger scales of swamp forests, in which the most abundant species repeat themselves in high densities in different remnants. However, the floristic composition of each remnant is strongly variable, contributing to the increase of regional diversity.     

顺德"青山工程"森林植被改造的群落学特征

以比较样地法对佛山市顺德区“青山工程”森林植被改造前后的群落学特征进行了研究,结果表明：该市以湿地松、隆缘桉、台湾相思、尾叶桉等人工林分为多,种类较单一,优势种明显,各群落种群重要值多集中于少数几个物种,导致生物多样性指数偏低,同时林分的胸径和树高结构大都不合理,影响了森林的生态效益和群落更新。通过林分改造,优化了群落结构,提高了多样性指数。在改造中不宜将上层乔木全伐,以保留郁闭度0．3为佳。     

甘肃白龙江林区森林资源可持续发展力的评价

在森林资源可持续发展理论指导下,构建了森林资源可持续发展力综合评价指标的体系．以白龙江林区为例,通过对所选择的5个策略层(中间层,B层),20个措施层(最低层,C层)指标值的计算和纠正,建立森林资源可持续发展力评价的协调度模型：DH=∑BiPi．1996年的DH=0．5320,2000年的DH=0．6100,虽然均小于其理论值0．7000,判定该林区处于非可持续发展状态。但同时表明该林区正向可持续发展目标前进．     

Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of swamp eel Monopterus albus in China

Swamp eel has become one of the most economically important fish in China. However, the wild swamp eel is facing the serious challenge of declining population and germplasm degeneration because most of farming swamp eel fingerlings was collected by fishing wild individuals. In this study, the genetic variation of Monopterus albus in six dominant farming regions was investigated based on the mitochondrial DNA D-Loop of 1008 bp in length. 180 individuals from 6 populations were examined and 74 haplotypes were observed. The overall genetic diversity was abundant and which its SD population was highest but CQ population was lowest. There was obvious genetic differentiation among investigated populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these individuals were divided into four distinct genetic clades, clade A, B, C, and D. Clade A should be the most common ancestor clade. AH and CQ populations might originate from one single ancestor in maternal clade A. Clade C should be a native important clade in China. Though the genetic diversity did not suffered obvious decreasing, it is still imperative to take effective conservation measurements and establish an efficient selective breeding program.