诸氏鲻虾虎鱼多态性微卫星标记的开发及评价

目的开发诸氏鲻虾虎鱼(Mugilogobius chulae)多态性微卫星标记,为诸氏鲻虾虎鱼的遗传背景评价提供基础数据。方法采用磁珠富集法,以生物素标记的(AC)15为探针,构建了诸氏鲻虾虎鱼微卫星富集文库。经克隆、筛选、测序后,设计合成微卫星引物,利用野生群体对微卫星引物进行多态性筛选和评价。结果共获得74个含有微卫星重复单元的序列,根据微卫星序列共设计出33对微卫星引物。利用30个野生诸氏鲻虾虎鱼样本对33对引物的微卫星位点进行了评价,其中有12个位点表现出多态性,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)及多态信息含量(PIC)分别为2.9167、2.2311、0.4583、0.5633和0.4474。结论所筛选的微卫星标记将为诸氏鲻虾虎鱼遗传质量控制及监测提供实验依据。     

梅花鹿3个种群遗传多样性的微卫星标记分析

利用16个微卫星标记对黑龙江省部分地区(兴凯湖农场、大庆市银浪牧场、五大连池大庆农场鹿苑)的3个梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)群体进行了遗传多样性检测.统计了3个鹿群的等位基因组成、平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均遗传杂合度(h)和多态信息含量(PIC).结果表明,除5个位点外,其余11个微卫星位点均表现出不同的多态信息含量,其中高度多态位点5个,中度多态位点4个.这说明本研究所选用的微卫星位点可较准确地评估3个梅花鹿群体的遗传多样性,并为今后相关研究筛选出了有价值的引物.3个梅花鹿群体的平均h在0.454～0.636之间变动,其中兴凯湖梅花鹿群体最高,为0.636,具有较大的遗传潜力.     

墨西哥湾扇贝与“中科红”海湾扇贝群体遗传多样性SSR分析

利用微卫星(SSR)分子标记技术,对墨西哥湾扇贝和"中科红"海湾扇贝2个群体共80个个体的遗传结构和遗传多样性进行分析。结果显示:6个微卫星位点共扩增出31个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数为4~8个,平均等位基因数为5.2个;墨西哥湾扇贝与"中科红"海湾扇贝群体平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为2.890、2.753;平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.415、0.353;平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.604、0.479;多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.554、0.444;两群体具有相同的等位基因数(Na)(4.333)。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现,2个群体各有3个位点(50%)偏离平衡(p0.05),且均表现为杂合子缺失。两群体的遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.109 7,遗传距离(Dxy)为0.316 4,遗传相似性系数为0.728 8。研究结果说明:两个群体均保持较高的遗传多样性,但经过多年的定向选育,"中科红"海湾扇贝群体的遗传多样性低于墨西哥湾扇贝群体且两个群体具有中等程度的遗传分化,存在一定的遗传差异。     

马氏珠母贝F8代黑壳色选育系群体与普通养殖群体遗传多样性分析

利用9个SSR分子标记研究马氏珠母贝F_8代黑壳色选育群体与普通养殖群体的遗传多样性。结果显示:9个位点共检测出30个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数(Na)为2～5,平均等位基因数为3.333 3个。F_8代黑壳色选育系群体和普通养殖群体的平均等位基因数(Na)分别为2.777 8、3.222 2;平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为2.162 5、2.031 9;平均多态信息含量PIC值范围为0.129 1～0.730 0,平均期望杂合度(He)范围为0.223 1～0.857 7,平均观测杂合度(Ho)范围为0～0.950 0。F_8代黑壳色选育系群体有3个位点观测杂合度为0,说明这3个位点已被纯化。哈迪-温伯格平衡(HWE)检验发现,F_8代黑壳色选育系群体中有7个位点、普通养殖群体中有5个位点极显著偏离平衡(p0.01)。两群体遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.146 3。各项遗传参数表明,经8代群体继代选育,马氏珠母贝黑壳色选育系群体部分位点已被纯化,遗传多样性较普通养殖群体有所降低,但仍保持在较高水平。     

马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)黑壳色养殖群体SSR遗传多样性分析

本研究利用微卫星分子标记技术,对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)F8代黑壳色普通养殖群体和黑壳色选育群体2个群体共78个个体的遗传多样性进行分析.结果显示,10个SSR位点共扩增出34个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数为2～6个,平均等位基因数为3.4个,黑壳色普通养殖群体和黑壳色选育群体等位基因数(Na)分别为3.3和3.2,有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为1.993 5和1.931 0;香农多样性指数(Ⅰ)为0.801 3和0.746 4;观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.330 0和0.286 7;期望杂合度(He)分别为0.469 8和0.434 3;多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.403和0.377.Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现,2个群体分别有6个、7个位点偏离平衡(P＜0.05),其中在4个相同位点中偏离平衡,且均表现为杂合子缺失(Ho＜He).两群体的遗传分化指数(Fst)、近交系数(Fis)、基因流(Nm)分别为0.0372和0.309 0和6.471 7.研究结果显示:经过连续的继代选育,马氏珠母贝黑壳色选育群体仍然保持适中的遗传多样性,具备作为选育材料的潜力.     

大鸨东方亚种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

为了探索东方亚种数量正在减少的原因和制定科学、有效的保护措施,利用微卫星DNA对大鸨东方亚种(Otistardadybowskii)的遗传多样性进行了研究。应用3个大鸨指名亚种的微卫星位点和13个波斑鸨的微卫星位点扩增了47个个体的基因组DNA,筛选出8个具有多态性的微卫星。其中有3个微卫星的多态性较低,其余5个微卫星的多态性较高。各位点的观察杂合度为0.0435-1.0000,平均杂合度(h)为0.6595;各位点多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0416-0.8520,平均为0.5497;有效等位基因数(E)为1.04-7.46,平均为3.61。4个位点符合HardyWeinberg平衡,4个位点偏离了HardyWeinberg平衡。多方面比较发现,大鸨东方亚种遗传多样性很低,且低于指名亚种,这可能由于其种群较小、历史遗传瓶颈作用、生境破碎化、分布地域紧缩等原因造成的。     

采用高通量技术开发花鲈二碱基重复微卫星标记

花鲈是中国重要的捕捞和养殖对象之一。本研究利用高通量测序法开发花鲈微卫星标记,共获得60632个二至六碱基重复微卫星序列,从52747个二碱基重复序列中随机挑选150个位点进行引物合成及多态性检测,最终开发出27个具有多态性的微卫星标记。群体遗传学检测结果显示,27个微卫星标记的等位基因数为6~22(均值12.667),观测杂合度(Ho)为0.323~1.000(均值0.614),期望杂合度(He)为0.723~0.934(均值0.861),多态信息含量(PIC)为0.665~0.915(均值0.830),各位点PIC值均大于0.500,表明所开发的二碱基重复微卫星标记均具有较高的多态性。哈迪-温伯格平衡(HWE)检测结果显示,14个标记符合HWE,其中LM2-11与LM2-2、LM2-16之间存在连锁不平衡(p<0.050),其他符合HWE的标记间不存在连锁不平衡。Wilcoxon检验结果显示,花鲈群体并未偏离L-shaped分布,表明其经历过近期的遗传瓶颈效应。本研究开发的27个微卫星位点可为花鲈的分子标记辅助育种、增殖放流遗传效应评估、群体遗传学等研究提供有效的分子标记。     

诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群遗传质量评价方法的建立

目的分析诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群和野生群的遗传差异,建立诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群遗传质量评价方法。方法利用20个微卫星标记对诸氏鲻虾虎鱼野生群和封闭群进行STR分型,计算群体间遗传杂合度和遗传分化状况,并分析样本量对遗传参数的影响。结果诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群和野生群在20个微卫星位点的平均无偏期望杂合度(He)分别为0. 6927和0. 7162。封闭群与野生群间遗传分化较小,且当样本量达到30尾以上后,平均等位基因数趋于稳定。结论遗传杂合度是否在0. 5～0. 7之间可较好将诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群与野生群区分,适于作为诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群遗传质量合格与否的判定指标。     

青鱼微卫星标记的开发与特性分析

青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)是中国最为重要的淡水养殖鱼类。开发青鱼的微卫星标记能为青鱼的遗传多样性分析提供更多工具。本研究使用磁珠富集法,利用生物素探针(CA)10和(GACA)6,富集得到青鱼基因组微卫星片段,进一步通过设计微卫星引物检验其在青鱼原种群体中的有效性和多态性水平。结果显示,所构建文库中849个克隆含有微卫星序列,通过利用PCR技术在吴江原种青鱼36个个体中进行多态性筛选,获得了25个多态性微卫星位点。其平均等位基因数(Na)和有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为7.08和3.526,平均观测杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.602和0.619,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.568。其中,Mp23、Mp27和Mp35这3个位点极显著偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(P 0.01)。本研究开发的微卫星标记能为青鱼种质资源的评价和保护等研究提供工具。     

中华绒螯蟹“长荡湖1号”连续3个世代的遗传多样性分析

为了解选育对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)“长荡湖1号”遗传多样性的影响,研究采用20个微卫星位点对“长荡湖1号”A系和B系各连续3个世代进行遗传多样性分析。结果如下:20个微卫星标记在6个群体中共检测到551个等位基因,各位点的平均等位基因数(N_a)和平均有效等位基因数(N_e)分别为27.55和13.61,平均观测杂合度(H_o)和平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.72和0.90,平均香农信息指数(I)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为2.73和0.89。在选育过程中,A系和B系3个世代的PIC均有下降趋势,各群体的H_e和H_o均维持较高水平。A系子一代(G1)和子二代(G2)的有效群体数量(N_e)分别为72.7和111.8,B系G1和G2的有效群体数量分别为67.7和115.8,均维持在较高水平。Hardy-Weinber平衡检验结果显示,有72.5%的数据偏离Hardy-Weinber平衡,表明选育群体的遗传结构处于相...     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。