中国石榴科花粉形态的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对我国石榴科的花粉形态进行了研究。观察结果表明,石榴科的种及变种间的花粉形态存在显著差异。并据此讨论了石榴的种下分类问题。     

桦木科植物的花粉形态研究

对桦木科植物(包括6属36种)的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察;系统地描 述了各属的花粉形态,划分了三种花粉类型,即桦木型、榛型、鹅耳枥型,并澄清了前人在带状加厚、孔盖和颗粒层等概念上的模糊认识。根据花粉的形态,作者不支持Hutchinson(1973)和Dahlgren(1983)把桦木科分成两个科,即榛科(包括榛属、虎榛子属、鹅耳枥属和铁木属)和桦科(包括桤木属和桦木属);而同意Abbe(1974)将桦木科作为三个族来处理,并且认为虎榛子属应该从榛族分出,置于鹅耳枥族;尽管作者不支持Kuprianova(1963)将桦木科划分为三个科,但本文所提出的三个族与Kuprianova的三个科只是分类等级上的差异。     

槭树科花粉形态的研究

用光学显微镜及扫描电子显微对槭树科２属１０种１亚种４变种的花粉形态进行了研究。结果表明,金钱属的花粉为３孔沟,槭树属的花粉分为３沟和３孔沟两大类型。研究结果澄清了前人一些片面的看法,并从花粉形态特征探讨了该科各属及类型间的亲缘关系。     

四种番荔枝科植物花粉形态

利用扫描和透射电子显微镜,观察了番荔枝科(Annonaceae)4属4种植物的花粉形态与结构.刺果番荔枝(Annona muricata)和金钩花(Pseuduvaria trimera)为四合花粉,有四角形、偏菱形、T-型、十字形和四面体形.前者花粉表面具小穿孔,后者为皱波状纹饰.蕉木(Oncodostigma hainanense)和那大紫玉盘(Uvaria macclurei)为单花粉,前者表面为皱波状纹饰,后者为粗褶皱状纹饰.透射电子显微镜下,蕉木和那大紫玉盘覆盖层较厚、连续.蕉木覆盖下层较薄,偶尔可见颗粒状物质或不规则小柱,为过渡型覆盖下层;那大紫玉盘覆盖下层颗粒状.基层分为内外两层,外层较厚,平或呈波浪状,内层具有2～4片层结构.在不同属或同属不同种之间,花粉特征差异较大,多样性非常丰富.金钩花具有四合花粉、覆盖下层小柱状等进化特征,同时又具有花粉粒小、覆盖层无穿孔等较原始特征.     

3种番荔枝科植物花粉形态观察

利用扫描电子显微镜对番荔枝科2属3种植物的干花粉形态进行了观察,旨在为番荔枝科植物花粉多样性及其演化关系提供形态学证据。观察结果显示,Asimina longifolia var.spatulata Kral、Asimina reticulate Shuttlew.ex Chapm.和Disepalum plagioneurum（Diels）D.M.Johnson 3种植物的花粉多为四合体,在Asimina reticulata内偶见二合体、三合体,Disepalum plagioneurum偶见多合体;四合体类型大多为偏菱形,A.reticulata和D.plagioneurum中偶见四角形;3种植物花粉表面纹饰分别为皱波状（rugulate）、微网状（microreticulate）和网状（reticulate）。花粉通过形成外壁短链接（short exine connections）或花粉联丝（pollen-connecting threads）的方式将四合体凝集成花粉块（pollinium）,提高了单一传粉过程中卵细胞的受精几率。Asimina和Disepalum两属植物花粉在表面纹饰、四合体类型等方面都十分相似,支持两者在系统发育中亲缘关系较近的观点。     

水雍科植物的花粉形态研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对世界水雍科6种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。水雍科植物花粉为舟形或船形,具远极单沟萌发孔类型,外壁纹饰通常为浅网状至网状,稀为小刺状纹饰,外壁外层由覆盖层、柱状层和基层组成,覆盖层厚。水雍科植物花粉外壁纹饰表现了从小刺状向网状的过渡。该科花粉为远极单沟,覆盖层厚,具小刺等特征反映了其与水鳖科和泽泻目花蔺科的密切联系,而该科花粉外壁纹饰多为网状则与茨藻目植物接近。这一结果支持将水雍科从茨藻目中分出作为一个独立的目处理的观点。此外,水雍科植物的花粉大小、纹饰类型、网眼大小与深浅等方面的差异对种级分类有一定意义。     

中国天南星科花粉形态的研究

利用扫描电镜对天南星科Araceae22属28种(除Arum maculatum产自德国外,其余均产自中国) 及菖蒲科Acoraceae 1属2种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。结果显示天南星科花粉形态在科内变异很 大。花粉粒形状从球形、近球形、椭球形到扁球形和橄榄形;萌发孔类型有散孔型、具薄壁区型、环沟型 或无萌发孔;外壁纹饰为小穴状、网状、肋条状、条纹状、疣状、具刺或光滑。主要依据花粉形态方面的证 据探讨了崖角藤属Rhaphidophora、麒麟叶属Epipremnam 、龟背竹属Monstera 3属的属间关系以及犁头尖属Typhonium属下分类中存在的一些问题。     

水鳖科9属15种植物花粉形态的研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对水鳖科Hydrocharitaceae 9属15种植物的花粉形态进行 了观察。水鳖科植物花粉为圆球形至近椭球形,无萌发孔或偶为单沟萌发孔,外壁纹饰通常为小刺状纹 饰,刺密集或稀疏,花粉表面具瘤状、疣状、颗粒状、皱波状突起或光滑。外壁由覆盖层、柱状层和基层组 成。覆盖层厚或较薄,柱状层小柱发育不明显,基层薄。水鳖科植物在花粉大小、纹饰类型、刺的长短、 密度、形态、萌发孔的有无以及花粉壁的结构等方面表现出了较为明显的差异,这些特征对探讨类群间 关系具有较重要意义。由于黑藻属Hydrilla和Stratiotes属花粉较为特殊,支持将它们各自作为一个独立 的族处理。水鳖科植物花粉外壁纹饰和结构特点表明该科与水雍科Aponogetonaceae、泽泻科Alismataceae 和花蔺科Butomaceae等近缘,而该科植物花粉大多无萌发孔等则反应了该科与茨藻目Najadales植物有密切联系。     

胡椒科的花粉形态及其分类学意义

胡椒科的某些属之间,花粉形态表现出一定的差异。齐头绒属花粉粒表面粒为平滑,但有小穿孔,略显粗糙。胡椒属的花粉粒表面有不规则的瘤状纹饰,纹饰较为平滑。Ｌｅｐｉａｎｔｈｅｓ（Ｐｏｔｈｏｍｏｒｐｈｅ）的花粉粒表面瘤状纹饰不显著。     

天麻抗真菌蛋白对木霉菌丝的作用位点

天麻抗真菌蛋白(Gastrodia Antifungal Protein,GAFP)能强烈抑制腐生真菌菌丝的生长,在天麻限制和防止蜜环菌［Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.)Karst.］侵染球茎的防卫机制中起重要作用。本文报告GAFP抗菌机理研究的部分内容——GAFP对木霉菌丝的作用位点。用荧光试剂异硫氰酸荧光素(Fluorescein isothiocyanate,FITC)标记GAFP,试验表明,标记后的GAFP与未标记的GAFP对木霉菌丝生长均有抑制作用。在荧光显微镜下观察GAFP在木霉菌丝上的作用位点,发现被“标记GAFP”作用后的菌丝边缘有荧光,并主要集中在木霉菌丝的顶端和菌丝横隔处,表明GAFP对木霉的作用位点在菌丝的细胞壁上。     

五种木兰属植物的花粉形态

对木兰属(Magnolia)5种花粉进行了光学显微镜观察,形态相似。扫描电镜下观察,花粉外壁均为小穴状纹饰,荷花玉兰(M．grandiflora)略为粗糙。透射电镜下观察,5种花粉外壁均可分为覆盖层、柱状层和基层。覆盖层不连续,有小穿孔。在远极面萌发沟区域,外壁逐渐减薄,最后覆盖层和柱状层消失,仅残留基层。柱状层内部空隙较小,多由颗粒构成,处于小柱发育的初级阶段。荷花玉兰和玉兰萌发沟区域下有明显的外壁-2。木兰属花粉属于原始类型的代表。     

木莲属(木兰科)5种植物的花粉形态

光学显微镜下观察的木莲属(Manglietia)5种植物的花粉形态相似。长赤道轴大于45μm,属于大的花粉。扫描电镜下观察,花粉外壁均为小穴状雕纹,但毛桃木莲(Manglietia moto)和厚叶木莲(M．pachyphylla)略为粗糙。透射电镜下观察,5种植物花粉外壁均可分为覆盖层、柱状层和基层。覆盖层不连续,有小穿孔。在远极面萌发沟区域,外壁逐渐减薄,最后覆盖层和柱状层消失,仅残留基层。柱状层内空间较密实,内部空隙小,多由颗粒构成,处于小柱发育的初级阶段。孢粉学资料证明木莲属是木兰科最原始的类群。     

Pollen Morphology of the Betulaceae

Pollen grains of 6 genera, including 36 species, of the Betulaceae, were examined under LM, SEM and TEM.Their morphological characters are described and three types of pollen are distinguished here. The evidence from pollen morphological characters does not support Hutchinson's (1973)and Dahlgren's (1983)treatments which divided the Betulaceae into two families: Corylaceae ( including Corylus, Ostryopsis, Carpinus and Ostrya) and Betulaceae (including Alnus and Betula). The author agrees with Abbe's (1974)division of the Betulaceae into three tribes with one modification that Ostryopsis is transferred from the tribe Coryleae to the tribe Carpineae. The limits of the three tribes presented here are the same as Kuprianova's (1963) treatment in which she divided the Betulaceae into three families. It is more reasonable to treat Kuprianova's families as tribes. Pollen morphological characters of the three tribes of the Betulaceae are described as follows: 1. Tribe Betuleae (including Alnus and Betula): Pollen grains are triporate or stephanoporate and oblate, suboblate or spheroidal. Sometimes the exine has arci and the ektexine thickens in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under scanning electron microscope (SEM) ; the exine structure is four-layered: tectum, columellae, footlayer and endexine. The columellae are columellate, the endexine thickens in the apertural region and sometimes it is separated from the footlayer to form vestibulum. 2. Tribe Coryleae (only Corylus): Pollen grains are triporate and suboblate. The exine has no arci and the ektexine does not thicken in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under SEM; the exine structure is five-layered: granular layer, tectum, columellae, footlayer and endexine. The tectum is vovered with a granular layer, the columellae granular and the endexine thickens but is not separated from the footlayer in the apertural region. 3. Tribe Carpineae (including Ostryopsis, Carpinus and Ostrya): Pollen grains are mostly triporate and suboblate. The exine has no arci and the ektexine does not thicken in the apertural region; the sculpture of exine is slightly rugulate under SEM; the exine structure is five-layered which is the same as those of the Coryleae. The tectum is covered with a granular layer, the columellae are columellate and the endexine is neither thickened nor separated from the footlayer in the apertural region. The operculum exists on the top of aperturemembrane. Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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Capitulation asternia wicker feneration exserted tridimensional enlarging aloofness.     

几种党参属植物及其近缘种花粉形态的比较

对6种桔梗科（党参属Codonopsis4个种以及桔梗属Platycodon和风铃草属Campanula各1种）花粉进行了光镜及扫描电镜的观察比较,发现党参属不同种花粉的形态特征很不相同,易于区别,如党参花粉极面观多为7裂圆形,外壁形面具乳突状的短刺,川党参花粉极面观圆形,刺在沟的两旁排成两列,小花党参花粉极面观近圆形至7裂圆形,外壁表面的刺比其它种的都大,鸡蛋参花粉外壁表面的刺柔软而稍为弯曲,其长度为上述各种刺的数倍,桔梗属和风铃草属花粉与党参属花粉的差异更大,桔梗属花粉粒扁球形,极面观五角形,少数四或六角形,风铃草属花粉粒更为特殊,极面观近圆三角形,具3孔,花粉外壁的刺不仅锐利而且很粗,花粉形态在党参属不同种间以及党参属与桔梗属和风铃草属之间的差异为其分类学提供了进一步的孢粉学资料。     

羊蹄甲属中国特有种的花粉形态学

对羊蹄甲属植物11种中国特有种的花粉形态进行了研究。结果表明,花粉萌发孔类型均为三孔沟,少数还有合沟;花粉均具半覆盖层,表面纹饰有皱波状、皱波状-穿孔、疣状、孔穴-穿孔、穿孔-网状。依据Larsen(1975)的划分,这11种植物的花粉隶属于Integrifolia型、Glauca型和Curtisii型,我们根据花粉纹饰的差异在Integrifolia型下进一步划分了Auma亚型和Paucinervata亚型。     

中国钩藤属9种植物的花粉形态

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国钩藤属(Uncaria Schreb)9种植物的花粉形态进行了观察.结果表明,钩藤属植物的花粉为单粒,小型,辐射对称,赤道面观圆球形至近长球形,极面观3-裂圆形,具3孔沟,萌发沟裂缝状,长达两极.萌发沟中央有"内壁加厚突出"结构.外壁具条纹至细网纹饰,表面光滑无附属物.钩藤属花粉大小、形状、萌发沟和纹饰类型都较接近,属于单一型花粉.钩藤属植物的花粉形态特征是茜草科(Rubiaceae)中较为原始的类型.     

中国紫葳科花粉形态的研究

对紫葳科18属27种花粉进行了光镜和扫描电镜的观察,其中有些种是第一次观察或报道。紫葳科花粉明显地属多型花粉,萌发孔类型和纹饰特征多种多样。萌发孔基本上可分为3（－4）沟,3（－4）孔沟,3孔,多沟及散沟等类型;纹饰则可分为皱波状饰,穴状纹饰,穴－网状纹饰,网状纹饰,刺状纹饰以及表面光滑等。值得注意的是在菜豆树属Rademoachera Zoll.et Moritzi中,菜豆树R．sinica和滇菜豆树R.yunnanensis虽为同一个属,但其萌发孔类型和纹饰特征截然不同,菜豆树花粉为3孔,具网状纹饰;而滇菜豆树花粉为3孔沟,具穴状纹饰。就花粉形态学而言,紫葳科也许是多元发生的。