长足大竹象生殖系统的形态解剖研究

解剖研究了长足大竹象雌雄虫牛殖系统的构造.该虫的雌性生殖系统包括一对卵巢、一对侧输卵管、中输卵管、交配囊、受精囊、生殖腔、产卵器;雄性生殖系统由一对睾九、一对输精管、一对附腺、射精管和交配器组成.     

泽兰实蝇内生殖器官的结构及其发育状况

【背景】泽兰实蝇属双翅目实蝇科,是杂草紫茎泽兰的重要专性天敌。该蝇幼虫可蛀入紫茎泽兰内部形成虫瘿,有效控制紫茎泽兰的扩散,许多国家都利用泽兰实蝇控制紫茎泽兰的危害。【方法】通过光学显微法观察了泽兰实蝇成虫内生殖器官的结构及其发育动态。【结果】雌性泽兰实蝇的内生殖系统主要由卵巢、输卵管、受精囊、雌性附腺等器官组成,雄性生殖系统由精巢、输精管、雄性附腺、射精管组成。在成虫发育过程中,雌虫卵巢的长度在第4日龄时达最大值,宽度在1日龄时达最大值,与其他日龄相比有显著差异,雌性附腺及受精囊的大小在各日龄间无显著差异;雄虫精巢长度在4日龄时达到最大,宽度在2日龄时达最大,且不同日龄间也有显著差异,而雄性附腺的大小在不同龄期间无显著差异。【结论与意义】本文阐明了泽兰实蝇的内生殖系统结构与发育状况,这有助于为提高泽兰实蝇人工繁殖效率及生物防治效果奠定理论基础。     

粉尘螨生殖系统超微结构的透射电镜观察

本研究主要采用透射电镜观察粉尘螨Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes)生殖系统超微结构。粉尘螨雄性生殖系统是由精巢、 输 精管、 附腺、 射精管、 交配器官及附属交配器官组成。精巢内可同时有精子发育各阶段的细胞。精子无核膜、 核染色质聚集成束、 线 粒体缺乏典型的嵴、 胞质内有平行排列的电子致密薄片等为其特征性结构。雌性生殖系统由交合囊、 交合囊管、 储精囊、 囊导管、 卵 巢、 输卵管、 子宫及产卵管构成。卵巢内可见含多个细胞核的中央细胞, 其周为卵母细胞等生殖细胞。该研究丰富了对粉尘螨生殖系统 结构的认识。     

Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of the copper distribution in Drosophila melanogaster chronically intoxicated with Bordeaux mixture

The fungicides used intensively in agriculture may affect non-target organisms. The concentrations of copper sulfate-based fungicide, Bordeaux mixture, normally used in agriculture, can significantly reduce both the life span and breeding rate of Drosophila melanogaster. The present study examines the distribution of copper in organ sections of fruit flies intoxicated with Bordeaux mixture, by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The organs of most control flies contained no copper. In contrast, copper accumulated in the cytoplasm of all the mesenteron and Malpighian tubule epithelial cells of the treated flies. There were also copper deposits in the fat body and the epithelia of the seminal receptacle and accessory glands of some flies, but there was little or no copper in the ovaries. The mesenteron and Malpighian tubules are generally responsible for detoxification by accumulation of ingested metal salts in insects. The high concentration of Bordeaux mixture used saturated these organs and resulted in excess copper being deposited in other sites, such as the fat body and the reproductive system.     

Morphology of the reproductive system and antennal lobes of gynandromorphic and normal black cutworm moths,agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Sexually dimorphic characteristics of a bilaterally asymmetric gynandromorphic black cutworm moth, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), were compared with those of normal males and females. On one side of the body, the gynandromorphs wings were larger and darker than on the other side, and the antenna was filiform. On the other side of the body, the wings were smaller and lighter in color, and the antenna was pectinate. Females were usually larger and more pigmented than males. Female antenna were filiform and those of males pectinate. At the tip of the abdomen, the gynandromorph had 2 valves, as normal males do, but the one on the female side was smaller. The antennal lobes of the gynandromorphs brain included only ordinary glomeruli on the female side, and ordinary glomeruli plus a partially developed macroglomerular complex (MGC) at the base of the antenna on the male side. Normal female antennal lobes contained only ordinary glomeruli. Normal male antennal lobes contained ordinary glomeruli and a fully developed MGC, consisting of one large and 3 smaller glomeruli. In the gynandromorph, female reproductive organs were partially developed or absent. A portion of the oviduct was missing together with several ovarioles, and no spermatheca or seminal duct were found. The male reproductive track was complete, except for the paired structures, which in the gynandromorph were single. Normal females had paired accessory glands and ovaries, and single oviduct, bursa copulatrix, and spermatheca. Normal males had fused testes, paired accessory glands, and a single ejaculatory duct and aedeagus. The gynandromorph assumed a calling posture and attracted one male, but it did not respond to the pheromone from females.     

Internal reproductive anatomy of the praying mantid Ciulfina klassi (Mantodea: Liturgusidae)

Using light and scanning electron microscopy, the internal male and female reproductive anatomy of the praying mantid Ciulfina klassi is identified and described. This is the first detailed study to investigate the internal reproductive morphology of any Mantodea. The female structures identified were (1) paired ovaries with primitive panoistic type ovarioles, (2) a single blind-ended spermatheca with secretory gland cells and surrounding layer of striated muscle, and (3) female accessory glands associated with the production of the ootheca (the egg casing). The male structures identified were (1) paired multi-tubular testes, in which different stages of spermatogenesis were observed, (2) tubular vasa deferentia, (3) seminal vesicles, (4) male accessory glands and (5) a single muscular ejaculatory duct. Knowledge of basic reproductive morphology can be used to infer function and so provide key information for future research into reproductive behavior and physiology in the Mantodea.     

粉尘螨生殖系统形态学研究

粉尘螨Dermatophagoides farinae是一种重要的医学螨类。本文用光镜和扫描电镜研究了粉尘螨雌雄生殖系统的形态和结构。结果表明：雄性生殖系统由睾丸、输精管、 附腺、射精管、阳茎及附属交配器官组成。睾丸位于血腔末端,不成对,精原细胞、精母细胞和精子依照精子发育的顺序有规则地分布在其内部。雌性生殖系统包括交配孔、囊导管、储精囊、囊导管、卵巢、输卵管、子宫、产卵管及产卵孔,其中卵巢由一个中央营养细胞和围绕其周围的卵母细胞组成。     

Seasonal timing of sperm production in roe deer: interrelationship among changes in ejaculate parameters,morphology and function of testis and accessory glands

Roe deer are seasonal breeders with a short rutting season from mid-July to mid-August. The seasonality of reproductive activity in males is associated with cyclic changes between growth and involution of both testes and the accessory sex glands. This study characterizes morphological and functional parameters of these organs prior to, during and after breeding season in live adult roe deer bucks. Size and morphology of the reproductive tract was monitored monthly by transcutaneous (testes, epididymis) and transrectal (accessory glands) ultrasonography. Semen was collected by electroejaculation. Concentration, motility and morphological integrity of spermatozoa as well as the content of proteins and testosterone in semen plasma were evaluated. Proportions of haploid, diploid and tetraploid cells were estimated by flow cytometry in testicular tissue biopsies. Serum testosterone was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Most parts of the male reproductive tract showed distinct circannual changes in size and texture. These changes were most pronounced in the testes, seminal vesicles, and prostate. All reproductive organs were highly developed during the rut only. The volume of ejaculates, total sperm number and percentages of motile and intact spermatozoa also showed a maximum during this period and corresponded with high proportions of haploid cells in the testis. The highest percentages of tetraploid cells were found in the prerutting period. The production of motile and intact spermatozoa correlated with both the protein content of semen plasma and the concentration of testosterone in semen plasma and blood serum. These results suggest the importance of combined actions of the testes and accessory sex glands and the crucial role of testosterone in facilitating the optimal timing of intensified semen production to ensure sufficient numbers of normal spermatozoa in seasonal breeders.     

Female internal genital organs of the damselfly Pseudagrion rubriceps selys (Zygoptera: Odonata)

The morphology, anatomy and histology of the female internal genital organs of the adult damselfly Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys were studied in detail. The paired, long, panoistic ovaries each lead posteriorly into an oviduct. The oviducts unite to form a short common median oviduct leading into the "eighth complex" localized in the 8th abdominal segment. The "eighth complex" comprises the bursa copulatrix, spermatheca and vagina. A pair of prominent accessory reproductive glands, localized in the 9th segment, open into the vagina.     

Anatomic,Histologic and Certain Enzymatic Studies on the Male Genital Organs of Hemiechinus auritus collaris Gray,the Indian Long Eared Hedgehog

Anatomically the male reproductive organs of Hemiechinus auritus collaris are of considerable interest and present a unique pattern of arrangement of different glands. The testes are inguinal and a true scrotum is absent. A pair of accessory glands, the seminal vesicles, are situated dorsal to the bladder. A pair of obviously lobulated glands, ventral to the bladder, represent the internal prostate and a pair of compact glands situated outside the pelvis in para-anal position the external prostate. The Cowper's gland and the gland of ampulla are absent. The present studies also concern enzymes of the phosphatase group, including both specific and non-specific phosphatases, in the testes and the sex accessory glands during both active and inactive periods in this insectivore.     

Giant spermatozoa and a huge spermatheca: A case of coevolution of male and female reproductive organs in the ground louse Zorotypus impolitus (Insecta,Zoraptera)

The male and female genital apparatus of the recently discovered ground louse Zorotypus impolitus were examined using light and electron microscopy. The rounded testes and a large seminal vesicle are connected with a complex of four accessory glands by a long tapering ejaculatory duct. Two accessory glands have the same whitish coloration, whereas the third one is pale blue, and the elongated and cylindrical fourth one translucent. The sperm are the largest known in Hexapoda, 3 mm long and 3 μm wide, with a volume of ca. 21,000 μm³; the ratio between the diameter of the axoneme and the width of the main body of the sperm ranges between 1:10 and 1:13. The exceptional width of the spermatozoa is due to an extreme enlargement of the mitochondrial derivatives and accessory bodies. A single sperm is contained in a small globular spermatophore (100 μm). The highly unusual external transfer correlates with an atypical mating behavior. The male produces several to many spermatophores during the mating process. As in other zorapterans the ovaries are panoistic and the eggs bear two micropyles. An exceptionally large apical spermathecal receptacle is present; it is connected with the vagina by a long spermathecal duct, which varies structurally along its course. A correlation between the sperm size and the size of the spermatheca is likely. Ultrastructural features of different species support two strikingly different models of male and female reproductive apparatus in the small order Zoraptera. This is in stark contrast to the extreme uniformity of their external morphology. It is likely that sexual selection played a decisive role in the evolution of the reproductive system.     

Ultrastructure of the reproductive system of the house dust mitesDermatophagoides farinae andD. pteronyssinus (Acari,Pyroglyphidae) with remarks on spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Several parts of the reproductive system of both sexes ofDermatophagoides farinae andD. pteronyssinus are investigated and compared by light-, scanning electron-, and transmission electron microscopy. New techniques have been employed for scanning of the internal structures of these mites. The male reproductive system consists of unpaired testis, paired vasa deferentia, an accessory gland, ejaculatory duct, and copulatory organ. The female reproductive system consists of bursa copulatrix, ductus bursae, receptaculum seminis, paired ducti receptaculi, ovaries, oviducts, one chorion gland, ovipositor, and oviporus. Testis as well as ovaries are characterized by syncytia of nutritional function. The specifics of spermatogenesis are discussed in connection with sperm transfer. Similarities between the construction of the ovaries and oogenesis in astigmatic mites and telotrophic meroistic ovaries in insects are discussed.     

A histological study of the accessory reproductive organs of female Loligo forbesi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

In Loligo forbesi Steenstrup, the female reproductive system consists of the ovary and accessory reproductive organs which include the oviducal gland, the nidamental gland, the accessory nidamental gland and seminal receptacle. Histological studies were made on the accessory reproductive organs of female L. forbesi. The various changes observed during maturation are described and the functional significance discussed. The secretions produced by the oviducal gland and nidamental gland apparently form the egg coats. The seminal receptacle serves to store spermatozoa after mating. The function of the accessory nidamental gland is unknown.     

A study of indoles which inhibit pineal antigonadotrophic activity in male hamsters.

Blinding adult male golden hamsters led to involution of the testes and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles and coagulating glands) and to a regression in pituitary prolactin levels within 8 weeks. The subcutaneous implantation of either melatonin or 6-hydroxymelatonin (1 mg/wk in beeswax) prevented the atrophy of the reproductive organs and the decrease in the stores of pituitary prolactin. Two other indoles, N-acetylserotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophol, failed to counteract the reproductive effects of blinding. Both melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin significantly elevated plasma LH titers.     

Photoperiod influences the annual reproductive cycle of the male pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus)

Adult pallids bats collected in April or May, were maintained in short or long photoperiods (10 or 14 h light/day) for 3-6 months. In August, the short-day bats had regressed testes, epididymal spermatozoa and fully developed accessory sex glands, corresponding to the autumnal reproductive condition of field animals; long-day bats had testes undergoing spermatogenesis, few epididymal spermatozoa and undeveloped accessory sex glands (summer reproductive condition). Bats in each photoperiod manifested the expected autumnal reproductive pattern in October. We suggest that photoperiod influences the reproductive physiology of male pallid bats by affecting an endogenous circannual reproductive rhythm.     

The morphology of the phallosome and accessory gland material transfer during copulation in the blowfly,Lucilia cuprina (Insecta,Diptera)

Summary The mechanism of insemination in Lucilia cuprina is described. There are four duct openings on the phallosome. The terminal pore is continuous with the internal reproductive organs. The sub-terminal pore and paired, lateral pores are the openings of ducts formed by cuticular invaginations. The male accessory gland material appears to be re-routed from the terminal pore into the ducts of the lateral barbs once sperm transfer is complete. A novel means of deposition of the male accessory material is described, in which paired barbs on the phallosome tear the cuticle of thick-walled pads in the bursa copulatrix. After mating, accessory material is found within intra-cuticular spaces in the bursa copulatrix, which appear to become sealed at the points of penetration by plugs or scars.     

Mating-induced reduction in accessory reproductive organ size in the stalk-eyed fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni</Emphasis>

Background  

Internal reproductive organ size is an important determinant of male reproductive success. While the response of testis length to variation in the intensity of sperm competition is well documented across many taxa, few studies address the importance of testis size in determining other components of male reproductive success (such as mating frequency) or the significance of size variation in accessory reproductive organs. Accessory gland length, but not testis length, is both phenotypically and genetically correlated with male mating frequency in the stalk-eyed fly Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni. Here we directly manipulate male mating status to investigate the effect of copulation on the size of both the testes and the accessory glands of C. dalmanni.     

JH biosynthesis by reproductive tissues and corpora allata in adult longhorned beetles, Apriona germari

We report on juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis from long‐chain intermediates by specific reproductive tissues and the corpora allata (CA) prepared from adult longhorned beetles, Apriona germari. The testes, male accessory glands (MAGs), ovaries, and CA contained the long‐chain intermediates in the JH biosynthetic pathway, farnesoic acid (FA), methyl farnesoate (MF), and JH III. The testes and ovaries, but not CA, produced radioactive JH III after the addition of ³H‐methionine and, separately, unlabeled methionine, to the incubation medium. We inferred that endogenous FA is methylated to MF in the testes and ovaries. Addition of farnesol led to increased amounts of FA in the testes, MAGs, ovaries, and CA, indicating oxidation of farnesol to FA. Addition of FA to incubation medium yielded increased JH III, again indicating methylation of FA to MF in the testes, MAGs, ovaries, but not CA. Addition of MF to incubation medium also led to JH III, from which we inferred the epoxidation of MF to JH III. JH biosynthesis from farnesol in the testes, MAGs, and ovaries of A. germari proceeds via oxidation to FA, methylation to MF, and epoxidation to JH III. This is a well‐known pathway to JH III, described here for the first time in reproductive tissues of longhorned beetles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

11-ketotestosterone stimulates putative sex pheromone production in the male peacock blenny, Salaria pavo (Risso 1810)

Male peacock blennies (Salaria pavo) release odors from their anal glands and, possibly, from their gonads that attract reproductive females. The current study investigated the effects of 11-ketotestosterone (KT) on development of the anal glands, testes, and accessory testicular organs as well as the subsequent olfactory potency of their secretions. After 3 wk of KT treatment (5 mg/kg in silastic implants), clusters of cells secreting neutral mucins differentiated in the anal gland of all treated males, whereas this occurred in only one control male. Secretions by anal glands from KT-treated males elicited greater olfactory responses, as assessed by electro-olfactography, than those from controls. Treatment with KT stimulated testicular gland growth and sialomucin secretion but had no clear effect on the germinal region of the testis; KT also stimulated enlargement of, and fluid secretion in, the blind pouches (paired evaginations of the spermatic ducts). Secretions by the testes and fluid in blind pouches from KT-treated males elicited greater olfactory responses than those from controls. In conclusion, KT stimulates development of the anal glands and testicular accessory organs and promotes odorant secretion, the putative multicomponent male peacock blenny pheromone.