几种可能影响耐力素质的潜在基因

个体间运动能力的差异受多种因素影响,其中环境(运动训练、营养与技术方法)和遗传因素在很大程度上起决定作用。迄今已进行了大量与运动能力有关的基因多态研究,但近年来有关新基因、新位点的探索却渐入瓶颈,限制了优秀运动员分子选材研究的发展。文章着重叙述了几个可能影响耐力素质的潜在基因的运动相关功能和多态研究的结果,以期为研究者提供新的思路和研究的可行性依据。     

rmlA 基因缺失影响禽致病性大肠杆菌的生物被膜形成

【目的】构建禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)rmlA基因缺失株,研究该缺失株的生物学特性。【方法】利用Red重组系统构建rmlA缺失株;比较野生株与缺失株在生长特性、运动性和生物被膜形成能力等方面的差异;运用Real-time PCR技术,比较野生株与rmlA缺失株对APEC部分毒力基因转录的影响。【结果】rmlA缺失株,不影响APEC的生长和运动特性,但生物被膜形成能力显著增强,且使luxS、irp2基因转录水平分别上调2倍、1.8倍,iucD、fyuA则下调25倍。【结论】APEC的rmlA基因可以影响禽致病性大肠杆菌的生物被膜形成能力及部分毒力基因的转录水平;而对APEC的生长、运动特性没有影响。     

PPFP基因促进人正常甲状腺细胞Nthy-ori 3-1增殖和迁徙运动能力的体外实验研究

目的:研究PPFP基因对人正常甲状腺细胞Nthy-ori 3-1生物学特性的影响,以明确PPFP是否具有致瘤作用。方法以我们前期实验构建的PPFP基因慢病毒载体稳定转染细胞株Nthy-ori 3-1PPFP、空白慢病毒载体稳定转染细胞株Nthy-ori 3-1Vector和未转染细胞株Nthy-ori 3-1为研究对象,以MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,平板克隆形成实验检测克隆形成数,软琼脂集落形成实验检测集落形成率,划痕愈合实验观察各组细胞体外迁徙运动能力,流式细胞仪检测各组细胞凋亡和细胞周期。结果以Nthy-ori 3-1Vector组和Nthy-ori 3-1组细胞为对照组,Nthy-ori 3-1PPFP组细胞较对照组在细胞增殖能力、平板克隆形成数、软琼脂集落形成率、体外迁徙运动能力均明显提高或增强,而细胞凋亡率明显下降,G0/G1期细胞明显减少,S期及G2/M期细胞则显著增加。结论PPFP基因可显著促进人正常甲状腺细胞Nthyori 3-1的增殖能力,并显著抑制其凋亡和促进其迁徙运动能力,提示该基因可能在滤泡状甲状腺癌恶性增殖和侵袭转移过程中起关键性作用。     

核因子E2相关因子2基因在低氧运动下的表达及其对机体抗氧化能力的调节作用

核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2 related factor 2,Nrf2)基因可调节多种抗氧化酶活性并间接影响抗疲劳和抗氧化能力,而低氧环境有助于运动能力的提升。为了考察低氧运动对Nrf2基因敲除小鼠的抗疲劳和抗氧化能力的影响,本研究将敲除Nrf2基因的小鼠置于模拟海拔3 000 m和5 000 m (氧浓度约为14.4%和11.1%)的环境中进行4周的低氧训练。研究发现,模拟海拔3 000 m的低氧运动显著提高了小鼠的力竭跑台运动时间,并减弱了骨骼肌损伤。而模拟海拔5 000 m的低氧运动未出现上述效果。低氧运动显著上调了Nrf2 mRNA表达以及HIF-1α、SOD1、SOD2、GR、GSH-PX、NQO-1和HO-1蛋白表达。模拟海拔3 000 m的低氧运动降低了机体ROS和MDA水平,而模拟海拔5 000 m的低氧运动提高了机体ROS和MDA水平。本研究表明敲除Nrf2抑制了小鼠体内抗氧化酶活性,并降低了小鼠的身体机能。而适当的低氧运动则可通过上调Nrf2和HIF-1α的表达来间接提高抗氧化酶活性,改善机体的氧化-还原状态,从而提高抗疲劳和抗氧化能力。然而,氧浓度过低则会产生相反的效果。     

NGX6基因抑制高转移鼻咽癌细胞的侵袭运动能力

 NGX6 基因是我室利用定位候选克隆策略,在鼻咽癌的高频杂合性缺失区9p21-22克隆的新基因.前期研究结果提示,它与鼻咽癌细胞的侵袭转移密切相关.为了进一步阐明其作用的结构基础,本研究成功构建了含NGX6基因及突变体的pCMV-myc瞬时和pcDNA3.1-his-myc(-)B稳定表达载体.通过脂质体转染技术,构建了NGX6及突变体的稳定表达细胞系5-8F.用免疫荧光试验和免疫电镜观察了NGX6在5-8F细胞中的亚细胞定位主要位于胞膜、核膜以及胞浆中的膜质结构,缺失突变的功能域对其定位没有明显的影响.基质胶侵袭试验和划痕试验研究了NGX6及突变体对细胞运动的影响.NGX6能抑制高转移潜能的鼻咽癌细胞5-8F的运动和侵袭能力,缺失胞内区（CYTO）后NGX6不能抑制5-8F细胞的运动和侵袭,提示CYTO可能是其发挥作用的重要功能域.     

抗旱相关基因在烟草中的应用研究进展

干旱是影响烟草正常生长、发育、产量和烟叶品质的一个重要逆境因子。在干旱胁迫下,植物体内会通过激发一些抗旱基因的表达来增强植物的抗旱能力。目前,很多抗旱相关的功能蛋白基因和调控蛋白基因已被克隆并在烟草中实现了遗传转化,外源抗旱基因的表达提高了转基因烟草的抗旱能力。抗旱基因的克隆为烟草抗旱新品种的培育奠定了良好的分子基础,系统深入地研究抗旱相关基因在干旱胁迫条件下的表达与调控,可为通过基因工程手段提高烟草的抗旱能力开辟新途径,同时也能为其他农作物的抗旱分子育种和品种改良提供基因资源。     

生物节律基因period3的研究进展

昼夜节律是所有真核生物和部分原核生物的基本特征,一组节律表达的生物钟基因形成24 h周期振荡的自主调节转录-翻译反馈回路。period（per）基因家族是生物钟反馈回路中重要组成成分,per3基因是period基因家族成员之一。人类的per3基因定位于染色体1p36,其编码区第18外显子中含有一个灵长类特有的串联重复序列（variable number tandem repeat,VNTR）。该VNTR包含一簇理论上的磷酸化位点,能影响PER3蛋白的磷酸化降解,影响PER3蛋白的功能。近年研究发现,per3基因多态性与睡眠结构、睡眠紊乱发病年龄、睡眠剥夺后次日清晨执行能力等密切相关。     

信号分子AI-2合成关键基因luxS对副溶血性弧菌生物学特性的影响

[背景]副溶血性弧菌是全球范围重要的食源性病原菌,能引起急性肠胃炎。群体感应系统LuxS/AI-2影响细菌的生物学特性,为研究副溶血性弧菌的传播机制和控制技术提供了新的途径。[目的]探讨群体感应信号分子AI-2合成关键基因luxS对海产品中分离的副溶血性弧菌Vp2009027生物学特性的影响。[方法]利用自杀质粒同源重组技术敲除信号分子AI-2合成关键基因luxS,构建副溶血性弧菌Vp2009027的luxS基因缺失株,通过比较野生株与luxS基因缺失株的生长曲线、AI-2活性、运动能力、生物膜形成能力和耐药性,分析LuxS/AI-2系统对副溶血性弧菌生物学特性的影响。[结果]构建了副溶血性弧菌Vp2009027的luxS基因缺失株,野生株和luxS基因缺失株的生长无明显差异,luxS基因的缺失导致AI-2合成受阻、运动能力和生物膜形成能力增强、四环素耐药性降低。[结论]luxS基因对副溶血性弧菌的生物学特性具有重要的调控作用,为进一步研究副溶血性弧菌的传播机制和研发控制技术提供基础。     

枯草杆菌Ki—2—132株中degUS基因的遗传效应

利用基因同源重组和基因割裂的方法,研究了枯草杆菌ｋｉ－２－１３２中ｄｅｇＵＳ基因的作用。发现此基因对菌株的蛋白酶产生、感受态的形成、细胞运动、葡萄糖对产酶的抑制等系列表型都有影响,是一个多效基因。通过对此基因的割裂分析,发现单纯ｄｅｇＵＳ阅读框对菌生长时的细胞形态及表达载体上ａｐｒＥ的表达有明显的影响,而对其他表型的影响不明显     

高原训练对竞走运动员肺通气功能的影响

高原训练对竞走运动员肺通气功能的影响＊陈俊民（青海师范大学生物系，西宁８１０００８）高原训练可提高运动员生理机能和运动能力已被多数人所接受。本文通过对中国１０名世居高原和日本１０名居平原竞走运动员４周高原不同海拔地区交替训练，以及中方队员３周平原训练...     

GENES IN SPORT AND DOPING

Genes control biological processes such as muscle production of energy, mitochondria biogenesis, bone formation, erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, vasodilation, neurogenesis, etc. DNA profiling for athletes reveals genetic variations that may be associated with endurance ability, muscle performance and power exercise, tendon susceptibility to injuries and psychological aptitude. Already, over 200 genes relating to physical performance have been identified by several research groups. Athletes’ genotyping is developing as a tool for the formulation of personalized training and nutritional programmes to optimize sport training as well as for the prediction of exercise-related injuries. On the other hand, development of molecular technology and gene therapy creates a risk of non-therapeutic use of cells, genes and genetic elements to improve athletic performance. Therefore, the World Anti-Doping Agency decided to include prohibition of gene doping within their World Anti-Doping Code in 2003. In this review article, we will provide a current overview of genes for use in athletes’ genotyping and gene doping possibilities, including their development and detection techniques.     

Phylogeny vs genome reshuffling: horizontal gene transfer

The evolutionary events in organisms can be tracked to the transfer of genetic material. The inheritance of genetic material among closely related organisms is a slow evolutionary process. On the other hand, the movement of genes among distantly related species can account for rapid evolution. The later process has been quite evident in the appearance of antibiotic resistance genes among human and animal pathogens. Phylogenetic trees based on such genes and those involved in metabolic activities reflect the incongruencies in comparison to the 16S rDNA gene, generally used for taxonomic relationships. Such discrepancies in gene inheritance have been termed as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. In the post-genomic era, the explosion of known sequences through large-scale sequencing projects has unraveled the weakness of traditional 16S rDNA gene tree based evolutionary model. Various methods to scrutinize HGT events include atypical composition, abnormal sequence similarity, anomalous phylogenetic distribution, unusual phyletic patterns, etc. Since HGT generates greater genetic diversity, it is likely to increase resource use and ecosystem resilience.     

GENE DOPING IN SPORT – PERSPECTIVES AND RISKS

In the past few years considerable progress regarding the knowledge of the human genome map has been achieved. As a result, attempts to use gene therapy in patients’ management are more and more often undertaken. The aim of gene therapy is to replace defective genes in vivo and/or to promote the long-term endogenous synthesis of deficient protein. In vitro studies improve the production of human recombinant proteins, such as insulin (INS), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and erythropoietin (EPO), which could have therapeutic application. Unfortunately, genetic methods developed for therapeutic purposes are increasingly being used in competitive sports. Some new substances (e.g., antibodies against myostatin or myostatin blockers) might be used in gene doping in athletes. The use of these substances may cause an increase of body weight and muscle mass and a significant improvement of muscle strength. Although it is proven that uncontrolled manipulation of genetic material and/or the introduction of recombinant proteins may be associated with health risks, athletes are increasingly turning to banned gene doping. At the same time, anti-doping research is undertaken in many laboratories around the world to try to develop and refine ever newer techniques for gene doping detection in sport. Thanks to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and other sports organizations there is a hope for real protection of athletes from adverse health effects of gene doping, which at the same time gives a chance to sustain the idea of fair play in sport.     

基因兴奋剂

人类基因组计划的完成为基因治疗提供了依据,同时也给基因兴奋剂的产生创造了条件。本文通过综述基因兴奋剂的概念、产生的分子机制,讨论了可能被用作基因兴奋剂的基因,并从基因、转录和蛋白质三个水平探讨了基因兴奋剂的检测策略。     

用EST-SSR检测不同年代小麦育成品种基因多样性的变化趋势

EST—SSRs是一种基于基因表达序列有关基因功能的“真质”标记,其多态性直接反映了基因的多样性。本研究采用37对小麦EST—SSRs引物检测了42份我国不同年代小麦选育品种相关基因位点多样性的变化趋势。结果表明：基于表达序列设计的小麦EST—SSRs引物具有较好的扩增效果,其中37对引物共检测到134个位点,绝大多数引物有2～5个等位变异;在相似系数为0.9的水平上这些引物可将除燕大1817和旱选3号外的40份材料区分开来;供试的42份小麦选育品种的基因多样性从20世纪60年代以前到90年代呈递增趋势,但不同年代的增幅不同：20世纪60～80年代增长最快,80年代至90年代增长十分缓慢;同时,材料间相似系数变化呈下降趋势,60年代以前的选育品种相似性最高,70年代最低,70年代以后至90年代略有增加,但远低于60年代以前,这与引人大量的外来品种的育种策略有关。     

Population structure of Moroccan water frogs: genetic cohesion despite a fragmented distribution

This study analyses the allozymic variation of 20 presumptive loci in eight populations of Rana saharica from Morocco. Populations were collected from the very different climatic zones of this country: the Rif area, the Atlas mountains and the desert. Moroccan water-frog populations are genetically well differentiated from the geographically closed Algerian populations. Thus, to check if such a differentiation process is taking place within Moroccan water frogs, we attempted to analyse the genetic structure and patterns of gene flow of Moroccan populations, by means of estimates of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, F-statistics and indirect measures of gene flow. F_st(0.250) and F_is(0.254) values were similar, which means that both intra and interpopulation differentiation contribute equally to the amount of genetic divergence revealed. F_is values indicated some degree of structure within ponds, which is possibly related to the homing behaviour of some amphibians. On the other hand, F_st and genetic distances between populations were not very high. Despite the low levels of gene flow estimated, together with the homing behaviour revealed and the spatially discontinuous distribution, it was found that genetic differentiation among populations was not as high as expected. The likelihood of genetic homogeneity being the consequence of continuous population extinction and recolonization events is discussed.     

Proceedings of the SMBE Tri-National Young Investigators' Workshop 2005. Molecular genetics of natural populations

Significant progress in evolutionary genetics has been made by studying, on the one hand, patterns of DNA sequence polymorphism and, on the other, genetic architecture of complex adaptive traits. However, connections between nucleotide variants under selection and adaptively relevant phenotypes are missing. Such connections can be established using precise gene replacement. We review the recent successful introduction of this technique to the analysis of two evolutionarily interesting loci--Odysseus and desaturase2. Both genes have subtle phenotypes that nevertheless could be identified using gene replacement, demonstrating that effects of naturally occurring alleles can be measured in the laboratory. This is an important first step in connecting statistical signatures of selection with adaptation in nature. More candidate genes involved in adaptation, for example, through cloning of genes responsible for reproductive isolation, now need to be identified. Molecular genetic manipulation, DNA polymorphism analysis, and field studies then have to be integrated to provide fresh insights into the mechanisms of evolutionary change.     

Targeted gene expression by the Gal4-UAS system in zebrafish

Targeted gene expression by the Gal4-UAS system is a powerful methodology for analyzing function of genes and cells in vivo and has been extensively used in genetic studies in Drosophila . On the other hand, the Gal4-UAS system had not been applied effectively to vertebrate systems for a long time mainly due to the lack of an efficient transgenesis method. Recently, a highly efficient transgenesis method using the medaka fish Tol2 transposable element was developed in zebrafish. Taking advantage of the Tol2 transposon system, we and other groups developed the Gal4 gene trap and enhancer trap methods and established various transgenic fish expressing Gal4 in specific cells. By crossing such Gal4 lines with transgenic fish lines harboring various reporter genes and effector genes downstream of UAS (upstream activating sequence), specific cells can be visualized and manipulated in vivo by targeted gene expression. Thus, the Gal4 gene trap and enhancer trap approaches together with various UAS lines should be important tools for investigating roles of genes and cells in vertebrates.     

Higher duplicability of less important genes in yeast genomes

Gene duplication plays an important role in evolution because it is the primary source of new genes. Many recent studies showed that gene duplicability varies considerably among genes. Several considerations led us to hypothesize that less important genes have higher rates of successful duplications, where gene importance is measured by the fitness reduction caused by the deletion of the gene. Here, we test this hypothesis by comparing the importance of two groups of singleton genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce). Group S genes did not duplicate in four other yeast species examined, whereas group D experienced duplication in these species. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found group D genes to be less important than group S genes. Specifically, 17% of group D genes are essential in Sce, compared to 28% for group S. Furthermore, deleting a group D gene in Sce reduces the fitness by 24% on average, compared to 38% for group S. Our subsequent analysis showed that less important genes have more cis-regulatory motifs, which could lead to a higher chance of subfunctionalization of duplicate genes and result in an enhanced rate of gene retention. Less important genes may also have weaker dosage imbalance effects and cause fewer genetic perturbations when duplicated. Regardless of the cause, our observation indicates that the previous finding of a less severe fitness consequence of deleting a duplicate gene than deleting a singleton gene is at least in part due to the fact that duplicate genes are intrinsically less important than singleton genes and suggests that the contribution of duplicate genes to genetic robustness has been overestimated.