幼时饮食关系成年后肥胖倾向

近日,加拿大卡尔加里大学人体运动机能学学院的瑞利．拉瑞蒙博士的研究报告指出：幼儿时期的食谱将直接关系到成年后是否会出现肥胖倾向。     

长沙市肥胖小学生血清瘦素水平的变化及其影响因素分析

目的:探讨长沙市肥胖小学生血清瘦素(leptin)水平的变化及其影响因素.方法:长沙市5所小学7～12周岁学龄儿童中随机抽取单纯性肥胖儿童119名和正常体重儿童103名,分别测定腰围(WC),臀围,腰臀比(WHR),双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)测量体脂百分比(%BF),并检测血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)和空腹胰岛素(FINS),计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),ELISA法测血清瘦素(Leptin).结果:肥胖小学生血清瘦素水平显著高于正常儿童(P<0.01),肥胖小学生瘦素水平与BMI、WC、WHR、%BF、TG、LDL-C呈明显正相关,与HDL-C呈明显负相关,多元逐步回归分析表明FINS、HOMA-IR、BMI、TG、LDL-C及%BF是肥胖儿童血清瘦素水平的主要相关因素.结论:长沙市肥胖小学生血清瘦素水平升高且与体脂、胰岛素抵抗和血脂明显相关.     

学龄前儿童肥胖相关饮食行为的干预分析

目的:探讨学龄前儿童肥胖相关饮食行为的干预。方法:选取80例学龄前儿童为研究对象,将其随机分为两组,分别为对照组(40例)和观察组(40例),对照组儿童进行简单的饮食管理,并按照家中平常的饮食管理状态进行,观察组儿童进行相关的饮食干预,对两组儿童的饮食管理持续进行四个月,观察和和比较两组的干预结果。结果:观察组儿童的体型正常的例数明显多于对照组,观察组体型正常的例数为35例,而对照组儿童体型正常的例数为25例,对比差异显著,表明学龄前儿童肥胖进行相关的饮食干预的行为能够为改善儿童肥胖的情况提供帮助。结论:对学龄前儿童进行适当的饮食健康教育,并帮助他们培养健康的饮食习惯,控制学龄前儿童的饮食速度和摄入能量等都能有效控制儿童肥胖的出现,值得临床推广。     

长沙市开福区小学生超重和肥胖现况调查

目的:了解长沙市开福区小学生超重、肥胖情况,为小学生单纯性肥胖的防治工作提供科学依据.方法:随机抽取长沙市开福区7-12周岁小学生4140名,按照体重指数(BMI)法判定出超重和肥胖.结果:长沙市开福区儿童超重及肥胖检出率分别为9.76%和7.39%.其中,男女生超重检出率分别为12.31%和6.84%,肥胖检出率分别为9.37%和5.13%,男生超重和肥胖检出率均显著高于女生.结论:长沙市开福区小学生超重和肥胖的发生率在国内处于高水平,男童肥胖的发展趋势较为突出,提示及早预防和控制儿童肥胖的重要性.     

饮食诱导肥胖及肥胖抵抗与脂肪细胞因子

Levin提出饮食诱导肥胖（DIO）与饮食诱导肥胖抵抗（DIO-R）的概念后,其发生机制受到了广泛关注。现代研究认为脂肪组织除了能调节能量代谢外,还可以分泌多种细胞因子,如瘦素、脂联素、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和抵抗素等。在已发现的脂肪细胞因子中,瘦素、TNF-α和脂联素等与肥胖的发生密切关联。DIO大鼠血清瘦素水平比DIO-R大鼠高,DIO大鼠瘦素敏感性降低,发生了瘦素抵抗。DIO小鼠血浆脂联素水平比DIO-R小鼠低。DIO组TNF-α水平明显高于DIO-R组。     

糖尿病病人的用药、饮食及运动指导

糖尿病是由不同原因引起的胰岛素缺乏或周围组织对胰岛素发生抵抗,致使体内糖、蛋白质、脂肪代谢异常,血糖升高为突出表现的内分泌疾病,如用药、饮食、运动控制不当,可导致多种并发症,我科于2002年1月至2003年12月共收治本病患者46例,由于对患者用药、饮食、运动、卫     

高脂饮食诱导肥胖易感和肥胖抵抗的表型差异

超重与肥胖是许多代谢相关疾病的危险因素,严重威胁人类健康和生命。通常认为肥胖的发生是遗传因素与环境因素相互作用的结果。在构建饮食性肥胖模型过程中,动物常出现两种截然不同的表型,即肥胖易感和肥胖抵抗。既往研究主要基于体重、体成分、物质与能量代谢、行为学（如摄食偏好）等探讨肥胖易感型和肥胖抵抗型表型差异,然而其内部调控机制,仍没有较为明确而系统的阐述。本文在综述表型特征的基础上,从脂质代谢、胃肠道激素水平和肠道炎症、肠道微生物群和肠-脑轴信号通路、下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴、下丘脑弓状核食欲调节系统功能改变以及表观遗传学等方面探讨高脂饮食诱导肥胖表型差异的可能机制。     

饮食和肠道微生物对肥胖的代谢调控作用与机制

肥胖是人体脂肪过度堆积呈现的一种病理状态,成年人和未成年人均可发病。作为名副其实的健康杀手,肥胖可导致人体多个系统发生病变,发病机制与饮食结构和肠道微生物群落改变导致的代谢失衡关系密切。通过调整饮食结构可在生理生化和肠道微生态水平实现肥胖的有效干预和治疗。本文综述了近年来肥胖发生的代谢机制及其治疗策略,重点阐述了饮食调节与肠道微生物群落变化对肥胖发生的影响,并探讨了二者对肥胖治疗调控的内在机制,以期为肥胖预防与治疗提供参考。     

运动与17β-雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠血清17β-雌二醇和后肢骨骨密度的影响

目的：观察跑台运动和17β-雌二醇（E2）对去卵巢大鼠血清E2水平和后肢骨骨密度（BMD）的影响。方法：按体重将120只成年雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术、假手术运动、去卵巢、去卵巢运动、雌激素、雌激素加运动6个组。假手术运动、去卵巢运动和雌激素加运动组每周进行5次60min、18m／min的平坡跑台运动训练,雌激素和雌激素加运动组每周按体重颈部皮下注射3次E2,每次50μg／kg体重。分别在运动和给药正式处理7和14周时,用放射免疫法检测血清E2水平;用双能X线骨密度仪检测右侧胫骨和股骨BMD的变化。结果：运动和给药正式处理7周时,去卵巢组胫骨近端、股骨近端和远端BMD以及血清E2水平均显著低于假手术组;去卵巢运动加E2组股骨近端和远端BMD显著高于去卵巢组,E2组和去卵巢运动加E2组大鼠血清E2水平显著高于去卵巢组。运动和给药正式处理14周时,去卵巢组大鼠胫骨近端、股骨近端和远端BMD以及血清E2水平均显著低于假手术组,假手术运动组股骨近端BMD显著高于假手术组;去卵巢运动组、E2组和去卵巢运动加E2组大鼠血清E2水平显著高于去卵巢组,去卵巢运动组股骨远端BMD显著高于去卵巢组,E2组和去卵巢运动加E2组胫骨近端、股骨近端和远端BMD均显著高于去卵巢组;去卵巢运动组大鼠胫骨近端BMD和血清E2水平显著低于去卵巢运动加E2组,E2组胫骨近端BMD显著高于去卵巢运动加E2组。结论：E2和较高中等强度跑台运动对去卵巢大鼠股骨和胫骨松质骨骨量减缓的效应是独立的。     

耐力运动对饮食性肥胖大鼠体脂影响的研究

耐力运动对饮食性肥胖大鼠体脂影响的研究王从容,谭健,杨锡让（北京体育大学生理学教研室北京１０００８４）本实验利用与人类肥胖相近的高脂饲料诱发肥胖大鼠模型￣［２］,探讨饮食性肥胖大鼠肥胖与血脂、血糖及血胰岛素变化的关系,以及耐力训练对肥胖鼠体脂含量的影...     

Effects of physical training on bone mineral density and bone metabolism

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of long-term walking training and walking and jumping training on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism. Data from 28 healthy premenopausal women was assessed. The subjects were divided into the walking group (WG; 17 women mean+/-SE age 35+/-2 years), and the walking and jumping group (WJG; 11 women mean+/-SE age 39+/-1 years). BMD was measured in the lumbar spine and proximal femur using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). As markers of bone metabolism, this study was to measure bone formation markers, bone-alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP: measured by enzyme immunoassay/EIA) and osteocalcin (BGP: by radioimmunoassay/RI) as well as bone resorption markers, parathyroid hormone (PTH: measured by/RI) and type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides (NTx: by EIA). Despite the significant decrease in body weight (p<0.05), no corresponding decrease in BMD was observed. Moreover, no significant difference in bone markers BGP, PTH, and NTx was observed. B-ALP was significantly increased (p<0.05) after one year, and the rate of this increase was greater in the WJG than in the WG. It is thus concluded that walking training for one year is beneficial for the promotion of bone formation, and that jumping stimulus maintain BMD effectively.     

Alendronate increases bone mineral density in patients with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is often associated with low bone mineral density (BMD). An open-labeled, prospective trial was conducted to determine whether alendronate (ALN), 10 mg daily, maintains or improves BMD in patients with advanced PHPT. All patients had symptomatic PHPT and met surgical guidelines however refused surgery. Nineteen patients was treated with alendronate for 2 years. The primary outcome index, BMD, was measured at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) every 6 months by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Serum calcium, phosphorous and PTH, and urinary calcium excretion were monitored every 3 months. Treatment with alendronate over 2 years was associated with a significant (5.3+/-0.4%; p<0.01) increase in LS BMD in comparison with baseline. FN BMD increased significantly at 24 months with alendronate by 2.5%+/-0.7 (p<0.01) from baseline. Serum calcium, phosphorus and PTH, and urine calcium excretion did not change with alendronate therapy. In PHPT, alendronate significantly increases BMD at the LS and FN at 24 months from baseline values with stable serum calcium and PTH levels. Alendronate may be a useful alternative to parathyroidectomy in symptomatic PHPT among those with low BMD, who are candidates for surgery but either decline or for whom surgery is contraindicated.     

18周体育舞蹈训练对隐性肥胖女大学生体成分及骨密度的影响

目的:探讨体育舞蹈训练对改善隐性肥胖女大学生体成分、提高其骨密度的作用。方法:对平均年龄为(19.17±0.52)岁的37名隐性肥胖女大学生进行18周的体育舞蹈训练,每周3次,时间分别为90 min、60 min和60 min,隔天进行,周末不训练。所有受试者均符合隐性肥胖的确定标准,即18.5 kg/m²≤BMI≤23.9 kg/m²且BF%≥30%。检测受试者试验前后的身体成分和左右前臂骨、第二腰椎、第三腰椎、第四腰椎、左右侧髋骨、股骨、跟骨等的骨密度。结果:与试验前比较,18周体育舞蹈训练后隐性肥胖女大学生的BMI、腰臀比、肥胖度、体脂肪率明显降低(P＜0.05 或P＜0.01),蛋白质百分数和肌肉百分数明显升高(P＜ 0.01);第三腰椎、第四腰椎、髋骨、股骨和跟骨骨密度明显升高(P＜0.05 或P＜0.01),但是前臂骨和第二腰椎骨密度升高不明显(P＞0.05)。结论:体育舞蹈训练能够改善隐性肥胖女大学生的体成分、增加其骨密度,值得在隐性肥胖女大学生群体中推广,对提高隐性肥胖女大学生的体质有一定的意义。     

Past and recent physical activity and bone mineral density in college-aged women

Low bone mineral density (BMD) has been determined as an independent factor of osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to assess physical activity's effect on BMD in college-aged women. Bone density measurements were obtained. A survey was administered to assess past and recent physical activity levels. Logistic regression revealed high school sports participation and lean tissue were significant predictors of femoral BMD, whereas present physical activity and lean tissue were significant predictors of spinal BMD. Women in the present study who did not participate in high school sports were 7 times more likely to have low BMD than were those who participated. This study revealed a protective effect of past and present physical activity on BMD in college-aged women. Children and young adults should be encouraged to participate in physical activity because it helps reduce their risk factors for osteoporosis later in life.     

Phytase supplementation increases bone mineral density,lean body mass and voluntary physical activity in rats fed a low-zinc diet

Phytic acid forms insoluble complexes with nutritionally essential minerals, including zinc (Zn). Animal studies show that addition of microbial phytase (P) to low-Zn diets improves Zn status and bone strength. The present study determined the effects of phytase supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and voluntary running activity of male rats fed a high phytic acid, low-Zn diet. In a factorial design, rats were assigned to ZnLO (5 mg/kg diet), ZnLO+P (ZnLO diet with 1500 U phytase/kg) or ZnAD (30 mg/kg diet) groups and were divided into voluntary exercise (EX) or sedentary (SED) groups, for 9 weeks. SED rats were significantly heavier from the second week, and no catch-up growth occurred in EX rats. Feed intakes were not different between groups throughout the study. ZnLO animals had decreased food efficiency ratios compared to both phytase-supplemented (ZnLO+P) and Zn-adequate (ZnAD) animals (P<.01 compared to ZnLO). The ZnLO+P and ZnAD rats ran 56–75 km more total distance than ZnLO rats (P<.05), with the ZnLO+P rats running more kilometers per week than the ZnLO rats by Week 6. In vivo DEXA analyses indicate that rats fed phytase-supplemented diets had higher lean body mass (LBM) than those fed ZnLO diets; and that rats fed the Zn-adequate diets had the highest LBM. Body fat (%) was significantly lower in EX rats and was both Zn- and phytase insensitive. Rats fed phytase-supplemented diets had higher bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA) and BMD than rats fed ZnLO diets; and in rats fed ZnAD diets these indices were the highest. The dietary effects on BMC, BA and BMD were independent of activity level.We conclude that consuming supplemental dietary phytase or dietary Zn additively enhances Zn status to increase BMD, LBM and voluntary physical activity in rats fed a low-Zn diet. While the findings confirm that bone health is vulnerable to disruption by moderate Zn deficiency in rats, this new data suggests that if dietary Zn is limiting, supplemental phytase may have beneficial effects on LBM and performance activity.     

Soy isoflavones, diet and physical exercise modify serum cytokines in healthy obese postmenopausal women

Objectives

Evaluate the effect of diet, physical exercise, and a daily oral intake of a soy isoflavones extract (Fisiogen^®) contained 200 mg of Glycine max, which corresponded to 80 mg of isoflavone (60.8 mg of genistein, 16 mg of daidzein and 3.2 mg of glicitein) on leptin and other adipokines plasma levels in healthy obese postmenopausal women.

Methods

A multicentric randomized longitudinal prospective cohort study was conducted in a sample of 87 healthy obese postmenopausal women. Patients were randomly assigned to a 1200 kcal diet and exercise group (control group) or a group of 1200 kcal diet, exercise, and daily oral intake of daily oral intake of a soy isoflavones extract (Fisiogen^®) contained 200 mg of Glycine max, which corresponded to 80 mg of isoflavone (60.8 mg of genistein, 16 mg of daidzein and 3.2 mg of glicitein) (soy isoflavones group) along 6 months. Main outcome measures were: anthropometric measures, body composition, leptin, adiponectin, TNF-alpha, homocysteine, C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin, lipid profile and oestradiol serum levels, Kupperman index and Cervantes Scale.

Results

Mean serum leptin and TNF-alpha levels declined after 6 months in both groups of the study, but only women in the soy isoflavones group showed a significant increase of mean serum levels of adiponectin.

Conclusions

Diet, physical exercise and daily oral intake of a soy isoflavones extract (Fisiogen^®) contained 200 mg of Glycine max, which corresponded to 80 mg of isoflavone (60.8 mg of genistein, 16 mg of daidzein and 3.2 mg of glicitein) have a beneficial effect on serum leptin, adiponectin and TNF-α in healthy obese postmenopausal women after 6 months of treatment.     

Vitamin d status and its relationship with bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone in southeast asian adults with low bone density

ObjectiveTo investigate the vitamin D sufficiency status and the relationships among serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients attending an osteoporosis clinic in Singapore.MethodsIn total, 193 adults with or without prevalent fragility fractures and with low BMD at the femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine underwent assessment. Multivariate regression models were used to investigate the relationships among serum 25(OH)D, iPTH, and BMD.ResultsThe mean values (standard deviation) for age of the patients and serum 25(OH)D level were 61 (14) years and 26.05 (7.97) ng/mL, respectively. In 72% of patients, serum 25(OH)D levels were below 30 ng/mL. There was no association between 25(OH)D levels and BMD at the femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine(P = .568, .461, and .312, respectively). Serum iPTH levels were negatively associated with BMD at the total hip(P = .035) and the lumbar spine (P = .019). At levels < 30 ng/mL, 25(OH)D was negatively associated with iPTH (P = .036).ConclusionAmong this Southeast Asian population of patients with low BMD, no direct relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and BMD was observed. A negative correlation existed, however, between iPTH and 25(OH)D at serum 25(OH)D concentrations < 30 ng/mL, and serum iPTH levels showed a significant negative association with BMD at the total hip and lumbar spine. These significant negative associations between iPTH levels and BMD at the total hip and lumbar spine underscore the critical role of this hormone in bone metabolism and health. (Endocr Pract. 2011;17:226-234)     

Geometry and bone mineral density determinants of femoral neck strength changes following exercise

Physical exercise induces spatially heterogeneous adaptation in bone. However, it remains unclear where the changes in BMD and geometry have the greatest impact on femoral neck strength. The aim of this study was to determine the principal BMD-and-geometry changes induced by exercise that have the greatest effect on femoral neck strength. Pre- and post-exercise 3D-DXA images of the proximal femur were collected of male participants from the LIFTMOR-M exercise intervention trial. Meshes with element-by-element correspondence were generated by morphing a template mesh to each bone to calculate changes in BMD and geometry. Finite element (FE) models predicted femoral neck strength changes under single-leg stance and sideways fall load. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed with BMD-only, geometry-only, and BMD-and-geometry changes to determine the principal modes that explained the greatest variation in neck strength changes. The PLSR models explained over 90% of the strength variation with 3 PLS components using BMD-only (R² > 0.92, RMSE < 0.06 N) and 8 PLS components with geometry-only (R² > 0.93, RMSE < 0.06 N). Changes in the superior neck and distal cortex were most important during single-leg stance while the superior neck, medial head, and lateral trochanter were most important during a sideways fall. Local changes in femoral neck and head geometry could differentiate the exercise groups from the control group. Exercise interventions may target BMD changes in the superior neck, inferior neck, and greater trochanter for improved femoral neck strength in single-leg stance and sideways fall.

     

Aerobic exercise maintains regional bone mineral density during weight loss in postmenopausal women

This studyexamines the effects of weight loss by caloric restriction (WL) andaerobic exercise plus weight loss (AEx+WL) on total and regional bonemineral density (BMD) in older women. Healthy,postmenopausal women [age 63 ± 1 (SE) yr] not onhormone-replacement therapy underwent 6 mo of WL(n = 15) consisting of dietarycounseling one time per week with a caloric deficit (250-350kcal/day) or AEx+WL (n = 15)consisting of treadmill exercise three times per week in addition tothe weight loss. Maximal aerobic capacity increased only in the AEx+WLgroup (P < 0.001). Body weight,percent fat, and fat mass decreased similarly in both groups(P < 0.005), with no changesin fat-free mass. Total body BMD (by dual-energy X-rayabsorptiometry) decreased in both groups(P < 0.05). Femoral neck, Ward'striangle, and greater trochanter BMD decreased in the WL group(P  0.05) but were not significantlydifferent after AEx+WL.L₂-L₄BMD did not significantly change in either group. Thus WL andAEx+WL both result in losses of totalbody BMD; however, AEx+WL appears to prevent the loss in regional BMDseen with WL alone in healthy, older women. This suggests that theaddition of exercise to weight-loss programs may reduce the risk forbone loss.

     

Effects of nasal calcitonin on bone mineral density following parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

AIM: To investigate whether nasal salmon calcitonin (CT; 200 U/day) given in addition to calcium helps to restore the bone mass after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). METHODS: Twenty patients with PHPT were enrolled after successful PTX and received 1 g calcium per os daily for 1 year. They were randomly assigned either to nasal CT (CT group) or to no treatment. The bone mass was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at multiple sites. RESULTS: Eight patients in each group completed the study. After 12 months, the bone mass increased significantly at whole-body level and at lumbar spine in both groups, increased at hip and epiphyses of tibia or radius in the CT group only, and did not change at diaphyses of tibia and radius in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Bone mass increases after PTX for PHPT in patients receiving oral calcium. CT may help to restore the bone mass at sites of the appendicular skeleton, where trabecular bone predominates.