人类性别决定和性别分化研究进展

SRY基因在人类性别分化中起着关键作用,目前研究认为SRY仅是涉及性别决定过程的基因之一,其他基因和SRY相关基因SOX9,抗副中肾激素基因AMH,编码缁类因子的基因SF1,X－连锁的DAX基因,wilm‘s肿瘤抑制基因WT1等基因都参与了人类性腺分化和发育,本文拟就人类性别决定基因的研究进展及其与人类性别分化的关系作一综述。     

雄性学研究(2)

Y染色体为男性特有,因此其与男性特有的遗传性密切相关。根据Y染色体特性和功能特点,可将Y染色体分区,为基因的定位打下了基础。其中位于Y染色体短臂上的性别决定基因(Sex region of Y chromosome,人类以SRY、小鼠以Sty表示)的研究进展是近几年来人类在性别决定、性别分化研究中获得的最大的突破性成果。20世纪50年代以前还象谜团一般有关性别决定、性别分化的问题,随着细胞、分子生物学技术迅速发展,被逐步剥去层层神秘色彩,在染色体、DNA水平上得以阐明。     

哺乳动物的性别决定相关基因的作用机理

哺乳动物的性别决定是以Sry基因为主导,其它多个基因参与的级联调控的机制。近年来的研究表明,Sry、Sox9、Wt1、Sf1、Amh、Dax1、Dmrt1、Wnt4等基因都参与性别决定的级联过程。哺育动物性别决定相关基因的研究,对性分化与生殖发育过程的了解具有十分重要的意义。主要论述了参与哺乳动物性别决定与调控的相关基因、可能作用机制及其研究进展等。     

SRY基因及其性别决定

对近十年来关于脊椎动物尤其是哺乳动物的SRY基因及其性别决定机制的研究进展作了简要的综述。扼要阐述了哺乳动物的SRY基因的结构、转录、表达及其在性别决定中的作用模式及相关的基因家族。     

SOX、DMRT性别决定基因家族及其应用研究进展

SOX基因家族是在动物中发现的一类新的编码转录因子的基因家族,其产物具有一个HMG基序保守区,参与诸如性别决定等多种早期胚胎发育过程。到目前为止,在XXXY染色体性别决定系统中,只发现了两个性别决定基因:一个是SRY,它主要在哺乳动物性别决定中起作用;一个是DMY,它是在青鳉(Oryziaslatipes)中发现的。SRY属于SOX基因家族,而DMY则属于另一个普遍参与脊椎动物性别决定过程的DMTR基因家族。本文综述了这两大性别决定基因的研究进展,并探讨了它们在水产养殖动物性别决定基因研究中的意义和价值。     

siRNA介导Sry基因沉默对小鼠胚胎性别决定基因表达的影响

为研究Sry基因的调控网络, 采用siRNA表达载体介导的RNAi技术, 特异性地抑制睾丸决定因子Sry在小鼠胚胎中的表达, 并观察Sry基因沉默后对在两性性腺分化中起重要作用的Wt1, Sf1, Dax1, Gata4, Sox9及Amh基因表达的影响。利用本课题组先前构建的siRNA重组表达载体(pSilencer4.1/Sry217及pSilencer4.1/Sry565), 通过尾静脉注射法导入妊娠9.5天(9.5 dpc)的母鼠体内, 在11.5 dpc时取胚胎, 对性别鉴定为雄性的胚胎以RT-PCR法和Western-blot检测Sry基因的表达抑制效果, 并同时用定量PCR法检测Wt1等上述性别决定相关基因表达变化情况。结果表明, 注射干扰质粒后48 h Sry基因的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均降低, 其中siRNA表达质粒pSilencer 4.1/Sry 565的抑制效果显著, 可达到80%的抑制率。Sry基因沉默后, Wt1基因表达量显著升高; Sf1, Dax1, Gata4, Sox9基因表达水平没有明显变化; Amh基因无表达。试验结果表明, Sry基因表达抑制会导致Wt1基因表达升高; 另外, Sry基因激活Sox9基因的表达可能需要其他的辅助因子协同作用。     

棕色田鼠性别决定研究进展

哺乳动物性别决定方式属于雄性异配型性别决定, 依赖于Y染色体, SRY基因是性别决定中最重要的基因。文章报道了棕色田鼠指名亚种有Y染色体, 但是Y染色体上没有SRY基因, 性别决定不依赖于SRY基因, 排除了R-spondin 1基因是性别决定基因, 同时讨论了棕色田鼠指名亚种SRY基因缺失后可能的性别决定 机制。     

小麂Sry基因的克隆和测序

应用人的性别决定基因SRY(Sex-determining Region Y gene,SRY)中HMG框内的一对引物,对小麂细胞株的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,得到雄性小麂细胞的220bp扩增产物,而在雌性小麂细胞中未发现扩增产物。将雄性小麂细胞的220bp扩增产物通过T-A互补法克隆到质粒pGEM-T 载体中,筛选阳性克隆进行DNA测序。测序结果表明小麂Sry基因保守序列与人的SRY基因保守区相同碱基的比值为152/184,达到82.6%。提示小麂Sry基因与人的SRY基因存在着较高的同源性,说明SRY基因在进化过程中高度保守。 Abstract:Using the primers from SRY gene——HMG Box for PCR amplification in genomic DNA of Muntiacus reevesi cell strains,a 220bp fragment was obtained in the male but not in the female.The 220bp fragment was cloned into the pGEM-T vector using T/A clone method.The identified positive clone was sequenced.The result shows that 82.6% nucleotides(152bp/184bp) are homologous between Muntiacus Sry and human SRY gene.It suggests that SRY is highly conserved during evolution.     

性别决定基因SRY的研究进展

SRY基因是哺乳动物性别决定过程中的主宰基因,其表达产物SRY蛋白是一种DNA结合蛋白,该蛋白含有一个HMG盒,能够以序列特异性结合到DNA双螺旋链的一侧,起到转录因子的作用。调节或协同下游基因如SOX9、AMH等基因的表达,使胚胎发育向雄性方向发展。     

哺乳动物性别决定及其机制的研究

哺乳动物的性别决定与性别分化是在以SRY基因为主,SOX基因、DAX-1等众多基因的参与下实现的。哺乳动物性别决定的研究涉及到三个方面的内容:性别决定机制、性别决定进化和物种间性别决定差异。性别决定的进化和物种间性别决定的差异对性别决定机制的研究提供了重要的线索。     

HUMAN CHROMOSOME Y AND SRY

The precise location of the SRY gene on the human Y chromosome has been revealed through studies of sex reversal cases involving deletion, cross-linking and mutations of the SRY gene. Its DNA sequence and mechanism of action are being understood. Similarity of SRY with Sry of mice and its interaction with other genes in male sex determination are discussed.     

Related function of mouse SOX3, SOX9, and SRY HMG domains assayed by male sex determination

Sox genes encode proteins related to each other, and to the sex determining gene Sry, by the presence of a DNA binding motif known as the HMG domain. Although HMG domains can bind to related DNA sequences, Sox gene products may achieve target gene specificity by binding to preferred target sequences or by interacting with specific partner proteins. To assess their functional similarities, we replaced the HMG box of Sry with the HMG box of Sox3 or Sox9 and tested whether these constructs caused sex reversal in XX mice. Our results indicate that such chimeric transgenes can functionally replace Sry and elicit development of testis cords, male patterns of gene expression, and elaboration of male secondary sexual characteristics. This implies that chimeric SRY proteins with SOX HMG domains can bind to and regulate SRY target genes and that potential SRY partner factor interactions are not disrupted by HMG domain substitutions. genesis 28:111-124, 2000.     

Cloning and mutational analysis of SRY.

A candidate for the male sex-determining gene has recently been isolated. This sex-determining gene (SRY) has been found to be mutated in some individuals with failed testis development, and, in mouse transgenesis, the SRY murine homologue (Sry) causes female-to-male sex reversal. The cloning of SRY should facilitate the characterisation of other genes in the testis-determining pathway and provide information on the mechanism of mammalian developmental decisions.     

SRY directly regulates the neurotrophin 3 promoter during male sex determination and testis development in rats

Neurotrophin 3 (Ntf3) is expressed in Sertoli cells and acts as a chemo-attractant for cell migration from the mesonephros into the developing testis, a process critical to the early morphological events of testis cord formation. The male sex-determining gene Sry initiates the process of testicular development. Sox9 is a key regulator of male sex determination and is directly regulated by SRY. Information on other downstream target genes of SRY is limited. The current study demonstrates an interaction of SRY with the Ntf3 promoter both in vitro and in vivo. The Ntf3 promoter in both rat and mouse contains at least one putative SRY binding site in the -0.6 kb promoter region. In a luciferase reporter assay system, both SRY and SOX9 stimulated the Ntf3 promoter in vitro through an interaction with this SRY-binding motif. In an immunoprecipitation-based pull-down assay, recombinant SRY protein bound the Ntf3 promoter fragment containing an intact SRY binding site, whereas the same protein did not interact with the fragment containing a mutated SRY motif. Specific antibodies against SRY were used in a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay of embryonic testis and were found to precipitate the Ntf3 promoter region. The SRY ChIP assay confirmed the direct interaction between SRY and the Ntf3 promoter in vivo during male sex determination. Observations suggest that SRY physically interacts with the Ntf3 promoter during male sex determination to coordinate cell migration in the testis to form testis cords.     

SRY和SRY盒基因比较树

性别决定区Ｙ（ＳＲＹ）基因是人类和哺乳动物睾丸决定因子（ＴＤＦ）的最佳候选基因。本文基于ＳＲＹ／Ｓｒｙ和ＳＲＹ盒基因保守区氨基酸序列相似性,采用聚类分析方法,将该基因家族聚类为四个亚族,即ＳＯＸＳ１,ＳＯＸＳ２,ＳＯＸＳ３和ＳＯＸＳ４,各亚族间同源性小于６０％。所有哺乳动物和人类ＳＲＹ／Ｓｒｙ都聚在ＳＯＸＳ１亚族内。该亚族由ＳＯＸＳ１１和ＳＯＸＳ１２两组组成,真兽亚纲哺乳动物和人类ＳＲＹ／Ｓｒｙ基因都集中在ＳＯＸＳ１２组内。