共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
2.
Takeshi Fujimoto 《Economic botany》2009,63(2):152-166
Taro
(Colocasia esculenta
[L.] Schott) Cultivation in Vertical Wet-Dry Environments: Farmers’ Techniques and Cultivar Diversity in Southwestern Ethiopia. Taro (Colocasia esculenta [L.] Schott) is a food crop that was domesticated in Asia and the Pacific region and is now grown in the humid tropics. Following
its arrival in Africa in ancient times, it may have adapted to the drier environments. In this ethnographic study, I present
a particular case of taro cultivation and uses by a group of farmers in the mountains of southwestern Ethiopia. There are
36 named cultivars of taro for which diversity is maintained through different cultivation techniques and culinary practices
in wet and dry environments that vary in elevation. Because taro in dry lowland environments has recently been replaced by
the introduction of new crops, it is possible that the drought-tolerant eddoe-type cultivars, which are traditionally dominant
in Africa, are now in danger of disappearing. 相似文献
3.
Oxalis tuberosa is an important crop cultivated in the highest Andean zones. A germplasm collection is maintained ex situ by CIP, which has
developed a morphological markers system to classify the accessions into morphotypes, i.e. groups of morphologically identical
accessions. However, their genetic uniformity is currently unknown. The ISSR technique was used in two experiments to determine
the relationships between both morphological and molecular markers systems. The intra-morphotype genetic diversity, the spatial
structures of the diversity and the congruence between both markers systems were determined. In the first experience, 44 accessions
representing five morphotypes, clearly distinct from each other, were analyzed. At the molecular level, the accessions exactly
clustered according to their morphotypes. However, a genetic variability was observed inside each morphotype. In the second
experiment, 34 accessions gradually differing from each other on morphological base were analyzed. The morphological clustering
showed no geographical structure. On the opposite, the molecular analysis showed that the genetic structure was slightly related
to the collection site. The correlation between both markers systems was weak but significant. The lack of perfect congruence
between morphological and molecular data suggests that the morphological system may be useful for the morphotypes management
but is not appropriate to study the genetic structure of the oca. The spatial structure of the genetic diversity can be related
to the evolution of the species and the discordance between the morphological and molecular structures may result from similar
selection pressures at different places leading to similar forms with a different genetic background. 相似文献
4.
用5种同工酶分析云南芋种质资源的遗传多样性 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
用5种同工酶(酯酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、多酚氧化酶、细胞色素氧化酶)分析云南48份芋材料遗传多样性,并将5种同工酶的酶带检测结果进行聚类分析.结果表明:48份材料的5种同工酶的酶带数分别在11~19条之间,除超氧化物歧化酶仅有3种酶谱类型外,其余4种同工酶的酶谱数均超过检测试材的半数.将聚类结果与试材的植物学性状相比较,发现以来源、用途、生态位和叶柄、叶心颜色等能对聚类结果进行初步分类,并给予合理解释.因此从试材的植物学性状观察、野生和半野生种的存在以及蛋白质表达水平的同工酶分析结果来看,云南省的芋种质资源呈现丰富的遗传多样性.这为芋遗传变异的进一步深入研究以及对正面临巨大威胁的云南芋资源进行原生境保存的可能性提供了依据. 相似文献
5.
E. V. Artyukova M. M. Kozyrenko G. D. Reunova T. I. Muzarok Yu. N. Zhuravlev 《Molecular Biology》2000,34(2):297-302
Genome variability of 23 ginseng plants (Panax ginseng) grown in culture in Primorskii Krai was studied by RAPD method. Eleven arbitrary chosen primers were used to analyze 138
loci of DNA samples, 17 of which appeared to be polymorphic. The OPD-11-1000 fragment was found to be a RAPD marker allowing
plants to be differentiated according to their morphotype. Using five primers, it was demonstrated that the genetic polymorphism
of the cultivated plants is lower than that in nature (7.6% and 10.6%, respectively). Dendrograms of genetic relatedness are
in accord with genetic differences between individuals of plantedP. ginseng belonging to different morphotypes, and demonstrate close relatedness of one of the morphotypes to wild plants. This morphotype
could be recommended for reintroduction into natural habitats. 相似文献
6.
Ian K. Dawson Peter M. Hollingsworth Jeff J. Doyle Steve Kresovich John C. Weber Carmen Sotelo Montes Terrence D. Pennington R. Toby Pennington 《Conservation Genetics》2008,9(2):361-372
Hundreds of native tree species are currently found in extensive agroforestry ecosystems in the Peruvian Amazon, forming an
important reservoir of biodiversity. To further promote conservation, farmers are encouraged to supplement intra-specific
genetic diversity in these populations with seed collected from local forests. For some tree species, however, this approach
may be inappropriate, as stands of these taxa already found on-farm may not be of local origin. Despite this issue being of
importance for conservation, little information is available on the history of cultivated trees in the region, a situation
that we here rectify for the important fruit tree Inga edulis. Based on nuclear SSR and chloroplast DHPLC analyses of closely geographically matched natural and planted stands at five
sites, it appears that cultivated material of I. edulis is primarily of non-local origin, indicating that conservation based on new wide-scale infusions from local wild stands into
farms may be inappropriate in the region. Although nuclear and chloroplast diversity were both lower in planted stands, values
were still relatively high (∼80 and 70% of natural stands, respectively), indicating that when farmers plant trees, good collection
practice of seed from already cultivated I. edulis should be an effective means for ensuring long-term conservation on farms. 相似文献
7.
K.S. Powell 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2001,99(1):71-78
Taro Colocasia esculenta (L. Schott) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) form a major part of the staple diet of pacific islanders. Pest constraints hamper the sustainability of taro and rice production in the Pacific region. Insect feeding trials were conducted in vitro to determine the effects of plant lectins against planthopper pests of taro and rice. Lectins were incorporated into artificial diet at 0.1% (w/v) level. The lectins Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and concanavalin A (Con A) showed significant antimetabolic effects towards third instar nymphs of taro planthopper (Tarophagous proserpina Kirkaldy) whilst Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA) showed no significant effects toward the insect. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus agglutinin (PTA) showed significant antimetabolic effects towards third instar nymphs of rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål). PTA also reduced honeydew excretion levels of rice brown planthopper, over a 24-hour period, demonstrating antifeedant properties of the protein. 相似文献
8.
Genetic diversity of taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, in Southeast Asia and the Pacific 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kreike CM Van Eck HJ Lebot V 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2004,109(4):761-768
The genetic diversity of 255 taro (Colocasia esculenta) accessions from Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu was studied using AFLPs. Three AFLP primer combinations generated a total of 465 scorable amplification products. The 255 accessions were grouped according to their country of origin, to their ploidy level (diploid or triploid) and to their habitat—cultivated or wild. Gene diversity within these groups and the genetic distance between these groups were computed. Dendrograms were constructed using UPGMA cluster analysis. In each country, the gene diversity within the groups of wild genotypes was the highest compared to the diploid and triploid cultivars groups. The highest gene diversity was observed for the wild group from Thailand (0.19), the lowest for the diploid cultivars group from Thailand (0.007). In Malaysia there was hardly any difference between the gene diversity of the cultivars and wild groups, 0.07 and 0.08, respectively. The genetic distances between the diploid cultivars groups ranges from 0.02 to 0.10, with the distance between the diploid accessions from Thailand and Malaysia being the highest. The genetic distances between the wild groups range from 0.05 to 0.07. First, a dendrogram was constructed with only the diploids cultivars from all countries. The accessions formed clusters largely according to the country from which they originated. Two major groups of clusters were revealed, one group assembling accessions from Asian countries and the other assembling accessions from the Pacific. Surprisingly, the group of diploid cultivars from Thailand clustered among the Pacific countries. Secondly, a dendrogram was constructed with diploid cultivated, triploid cultivated and wild accessions. Again the division of the accessions into an Asian and a Pacific gene pool is obvious. The presence of two gene pools for cultivated diploid taro has major implications for the breeding and conservation of germplasm. 相似文献
9.
Barnaud A Deu M Garine E Chantereau J Bolteu J Koïda EO McKey D Joly HI 《American journal of botany》2009,96(10):1869-1879
Despite the major ecological and economic impacts of gene flow between domesticated plants and their wild relatives, many aspects of the process, particularly the relative roles of natural and human selection in facilitating or constraining gene flow, are still poorly understood. We developed a multidisciplinary approach, involving both biologists and social scientists, to investigate the dynamics of genetic diversity of a sorghum weed-crop complex in a village of Duupa farmers in northern Cameroon. Farmers distinguish a gradient from weedy morphotypes (naa baa see, haariya, and genkiya) to domesticated morphotypes; haariya and genkiya have intermediate morphological traits. We investigated the pattern of diversity in this complex using both morphological and genetic data. Our biological results are interpreted in the light of data on farmers' taxonomy and practices such as spatial pattern of planting and plant selection. Both morphological and genetic data are congruent with farmers' taxonomy and confirm the introgressed status of intermediate weedy morphotypes. Farmers actively select against weedy morphotypes, but several practices unconsciously favor gene flow. Furthermore, haariya and genkiya may facilitate introgression between naa baa see and domesticated morphotypes by virtue of their intermediate flowering period and their mode of management by farmers. 相似文献
10.
Germplasm characterization and evolutionary process in viable populations are important links between the conservation and
utilization of plant genetic resources. Here, an investigation is made, based on molecular and biochemical techniques for
assessing and exploiting the genetic variability in germplasm characterization of taro, which would be useful in plant breeding
and ex situ conservation of taro plant genetic resources. Geographical differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of Indian
taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isozyme of seven enzyme systems with specific reference
to the Muktakeshi accession, which has been to be proved resistant to taro leaf blight caused by P. colocasiae. The significant differentiations in Indian taro cultivars were clearly demonstrated by RAPD and isozyme analysis. RAPD markers
showed higher values for genetic differentiation among taro cultivars and lower coefficient of variation than those obtained
from isozymes. Genetic differentiation was evident in the taro accessions collected from different regions of India. It appears
that when taro cultivation was introduced to a new area, only a small fraction of genetic variability in heterogeneous taro
populations was transferred, possibly causing random differentiation among locally adapted taro populations. The selected
primers will be useful for future genetic analysis and provide taro breeders with a genetic basis for selection of parents
for crop improvement. Polymorphic markers identified in the DNA fingerprinting study will be useful for screening a segregating
population, which is being generated in our laboratory aimed at developing a taro genetic linkage map. 相似文献
11.
12.
Jianmei Yin Lu Jiang Li Wang Xiaoyong Han Wenqi Guo Chunhong Li Yi Zhou Matthew Denton Peitong Zhang 《Molecular ecology resources》2021,21(1):68-77
Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.), Schott), from the Araceae family, is one of the oldest crops with important edible, medicinal, nutritional and economic value. Taro is a highly polymorphic species including diverse genotypes adapted to a broad range of environments, but the taro genome has rarely been investigated. Here, a high‐quality chromosome‐level genome of C. esculenta was assembled using data sequenced by Illumina, PacBio and Nanopore platforms. The assembled genome size was 2,405 Mb with a contig N50 of 400.0 kb and a scaffold N50 of 159.4 Mb. In total, 2,311 Mb (96.09%) of the contig sequences was anchored onto 14 chromosomes to form pseudomolecules, and 2,126 Mb (88.43%) was annotated as repetitive sequences. Of the 28,695 predicted protein‐coding genes, 26,215 genes (91.4%) could be functionally annotated. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis using 769 genes, C. esculenta and Spirodela polyrhiza were placed on one branch of the tree that diverged approximately 73.23 million years ago. The synteny analyses showed that there have been two whole‐genome duplication events in C. esculenta separated by a relatively short gap. According to comparative genome analysis, a larger number (1,189) of distinct gene families and long terminal repeats were enriched in C. esculenta. Our high‐quality taro genome will provide valuable resources for further genetic, ecological and evolutionary analyses of taro or other species in the Araceae. 相似文献
13.
Magnolia officinalis subsp. biloba, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, experienced severe declines in the number of populations and the number of individuals
in the late 20th century due to the widespread harvest of the subspecies. A large-scale cultivation program was initiated
and cultivated populations rapidly recovered the loss in individual plant numbers, but wild populations remained small as
a consequence of cutting. In this study, the levels of genetic variation and genetic structure of seven wild populations and
five domestic populations of M. officinalis subsp. biloba were estimated employing an AFLP methodology. The plant exhibited a relatively high level of intra-population genetic diversity
(h = 0.208 and H
j = 0.268). The cultivated populations maintained approximately 95% of the variation exhibited in wild populations, indicating
a slight genetic bottleneck in the cultivated populations. The analysis of genetic differentiation revealed that most of the
AFLP diversity resided within populations both for the wild group (78.22%) and the cultivated group (85.92%). Genetic differentiation
among populations in the wild group was significant (F
ST = 0.1092, P < 0.005), suggesting wild population level genetic structure. Principal coordinates analysis (PCO) did not discern among
wild and cultivated populations, indicating that alleles from the wild population were maintained in the cultivated gene pool.
Results from the present study provide important baseline data for effectively conserving the genetic resources of this medicinal
subspecies. 相似文献
14.
Ibrar Ahmed Peter J. Lockhart Esperanza M. G. Agoo Kyaw W. Naing Dzu V. Nguyen Dilip K. Medhi Peter J. Matthews 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(23):13530
As an ancient clonal root and leaf crop, taro (Colocasia esculenta, Araceae) is highly polymorphic with uncertain genetic and geographic origins. We explored chloroplast DNA diversity in cultivated and wild taros, and closely related wild taxa, and found cultivated taro to be polyphyletic, with tropical and temperate clades that appear to originate in Southeast Asia sensu lato. A third clade was found exclusively in wild populations from Southeast Asia to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of taro domestication in Papua New Guinea, despite archaeological evidence for early use or cultivation there, and the presence of apparently natural wild populations in the region (Australia and Papua New Guinea). 相似文献
15.
Zhao J Wang X Deng B Lou P Wu J Sun R Xu Z Vromans J Koornneef M Bonnema G 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2005,110(7):1301-1314
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were employed to assess the genetic diversity amongst two large collections of Brassica rapa accessions. Collection A consisted of 161 B. rapa accessions representing different morphotypes among the cultivated B. rapa, including traditional and modern cultivars and breeding materials from geographical locations from all over the world and two Brassica napus accessions. Collection B consisted of 96 accessions, representing mainly leafy vegetable types cultivated in China. On the basis of the AFLP data obtained, we constructed phenetic trees using mega 2.1 software. The level of polymorphism was very high, and it was evident that the amount of genetic variation present within the groups was often comparable to the variation between the different cultivar groups. Cluster analysis revealed groups, often with low bootstrap values, which coincided with cultivar groups. The most interesting information revealed by the phenetic trees was that different morphotypes are often more related to other morphotypes from the same region (East Asia vs. Europe) than to similar morphotypes from different regions, suggesting either an independent origin and or a long and separate domestication and breeding history in both regions. 相似文献
16.
The Dioscorea cayenensis - Dioscorea rotundata species complex is the most widely cultivated yam in West Africa. This species complex has been described as deriving from wild yams belonging to the Enanthiophyllum section through domestication by African farmers. To study patterns of yam evolution and to establish phylogenetic relationships existing between wild and cultivated species sampled in Benin, we investigated changes in chloroplast DNA simple sequence repeats (cpSSR) in 148 yam accessions selected to cover the wider possible genetic diversity existing in the country. Dioscorea cayenensis and D. rotundata share the same haplotype. The morphotype "abyssinica" appeared to be subdivided into 2 haplotypes. One of these haplotypes shares the same haplotype with the Dioscorea cayenensis - Dioscorea rotundata species complex and with morphotypes praehensilis, suggesting that they might belong to the same species. Relationships among sections Lasiophyton, Macrocapaea, Opsophyton, and Enanthiophyllum were clarified, and some taxonomic changes within the Enanthiophyllum section were suggested. Dioscorea minutiflora, D. smilacifolia, and D. burkilliana might be considered as 1 single genetic group, and they are suspected of belonging to the same species. 相似文献
17.
通过云南秋海棠属植物属下5个系统分类组的种类及外来园艺品种共109个组合的有性杂交试验,以系统分类组合、园艺分类组合(不同茎的形态类型组合)分别进行方差分析。结果表明:云南秋海棠属植物属下等级的系统分类组内、组间的有性杂交,以及不同茎的形态类型的有性杂交均无显著差异,亲和力较强而可育性高,可在云南秋海棠属植物属内进行广泛地远缘杂交; 云南产秋海棠属植物原种与外来园艺品种间的有性杂交亲和性弱而可育性低,需选择花粉粒和胚囊正常发育的外来园艺品种大量杂交,并采用切实可行的技术措施克服远缘杂交不育,以期培育新颖奇特的秋海棠属植物新品种。 相似文献
18.
Microsatellite genetic variation in the Chinese endemic Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiaceae): implications for conservation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jinju Zhang Chong Xing Hua Tian Xiaohong Yao 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2013,173(4):775-785
Eucommia ulmoides, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, is endangered as a consequence of long‐term and widespread harvest in the late 20th century. It has been widely cultivated as a source of herbal medicine and for use in the organic chemical industry in China. In this study, eight microsatellite markers were applied to investigate genetic diversity in E. ulmoides. Three hundred individuals from one semi‐wild population and nine cultivated populations across its main production area were collected. A high level of genetic diversity at population levels (HE = 0.716) was observed. The highly outcrossed mating system, high longevity of E. ulmoides and seed admixture may be responsible for high genetic variation within populations. A genetic bottleneck was observed in one population. Populations were only slightly differentiated from one another (FST = 0.063); this was also supported by AMOVA, which revealed that 94.05% of the total variation resided within populations. This is probably attributable to long‐distance gene flow mediated by the exchange of seeds by local farmers. Implications of these results for the conservation of genetic resources of E. ulmoides are discussed. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 173 , 775–785. 相似文献
19.
A set of 30 accessions of five Curcuma species-C. latifolia, C. malabarica, C. manga and C. raktakanta and 13 morphotypes (identified on the basis of morphological markers) of C. longa conserved in the In Vitro Genebank at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, were subjected to RAPD analysis. Of the 200 RAPD primers
screened, 21 polymorphic primers were selected for further study. Mean genetic similarities based on Jaccard’s similarity
coefficient ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 in accessions of cultivated species, i.e., C. longa and from 0.25 to 0.86 in wild species. The dendrogram derived from the RAPD data corroborated the morphological classification
of the morphotypes. The efficiency of individual RAPD primers was also compared; primers OPC-20, OPO-06, OPC-01 and OPL-03
were adjudged highly informative in discriminating the germplasm of Curcuma. 相似文献
20.
Mathew Rees Linda E. Neaves Gwilym P. Lewis Haroldo C. de Lima Edeline Gagnon 《American journal of botany》2023,110(11):e16241