好氧反硝化菌

<正>养殖水体氮素污染问题是目前困扰我国水产养殖业可持续发展的一大难题。生物脱氮技术被认为是目前最具发展前景的水体脱氮技术,其效果的优劣与所采用菌株的特性密切相关。传统反硝化细菌仅能在厌氧及低氧条件下发挥脱氮作用,与养殖水体的高溶氧环境矛盾,而好氧反硝化细菌则可在高溶氧环境中发挥脱氮作用,显著提高生物脱氮技术在养殖水体中的应用效果,实现养殖水体的绿色、零污染脱氮。因而,对好氧反硝化细菌开展高效选育方法的研究,找到可适应养殖水体水环境的微生物菌株具有重要的理论价值和经济价值。     

一株好氧反硝化菌的分离及特性研究

从土壤中分离得到一株好氧反硝化细菌CY1, 该菌株在厌氧和好氧条件下均具有反硝化能力。硝酸盐氮初始浓度为137.25 mg/L, 30 h内硝酸盐氮去除率分别为99.98%(厌氧)和60.16%(好氧)。通过形态学特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA同源性比较对菌株CY1进行鉴定, 初步判断CY1为泛养副球菌(Paracoccus pantotrophus)。     

北京典型景观水体好氧反硝化菌组成特征

好氧反硝化菌对环境水体氮素的循环起到非常重要的作用。对北京市6个典型景观水体中好氧反硝化菌进行富集培养和分离,并开展菌株的16S rRNA基因测序和组成特征分析。结果表明,从6个水体中共富集分离得到80株好氧反硝化菌,均为变形菌门 (Proteobacteria),聚类于其3个纲(α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria),分属于9个属,31个物种。其中90%左右的菌株具有良好的好氧反硝化能力,是水体进行生物脱氮修复的重要微生物基础。在不同景观水体中,好氧反硝化菌表现出较为明显的分布差异性和性能差异性,除了普遍存在的假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）外,每个水体基本都有属于自己的特异菌属,其中重要的特异菌属包括Alishewanella、Delftia、Hydrogenophaga和Rheinheimera,这对水体修复具有指导意义。     

关于好氧反硝化菌筛选方法的研究

采用污泥驯化手段富集好氧反硝化细菌,将得到的驯化污泥分离纯化,共得到105株菌。用测TN的方法对所筛菌株进行初筛,得到25株对TN去除率达到50％以上的菌株。用氮元素轨迹跟踪测定法复筛,证实这25株菌都可以在好氧条件下进行硝酸盐呼吸,其中24株菌的反硝化过程为：NO3^-N→NO2^-N→N2,研究中还发现在反硝化过程中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐不存在明显竞争被利用的作用。同时还提出了可能实现短程同步硝化反硝化以及在反馈作用的调节下,加快硝化反应速度的观点。     

细菌好氧反硝化研究进展

阐述了好氧反硝化细菌的种类及有关性质 ,并从电子理论、氧的浓度、反硝化酶系等方面对细菌好氧反硝化的作用机制进行了探讨 ,对细菌好氧反硝化的研究概况、进展及其研究意义和目前存在的问题作了较为详细的介绍。     

SBR和MBR反应器中好氧反硝化菌的筛选与分析

好氧反硝化菌是土壤、沉积物、活性污泥等介质中广泛存在的一类微生物。研究以相同种泥扩大培养的SBR(序批式活性污泥反应器)和MBR(膜生物反应器)中活性污泥为研究对象,采用平板分离法分别从运行6个月的SBR和MBR反应器中分离得到9株和11株好氧反硝化菌。经好氧反硝化性能测定发现,20株细菌中有16株总氮去除率在50%以上,且NO_2~--N累积量均在0.5 mg/L以下。经系统进化分析表明,在门分类级别中,采用同一种泥的2个反应器中好氧反硝化菌表现出极大的一致性,20株好氧反硝化菌全部属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。但是,进一步分析发现不同反应器中好氧反硝化菌表现出较大的属、种间的差异。其中,SBR反应器9株好氧反硝化菌分属于4个属,6个物种;而从MBR反应器获得的11株细菌分属于2个属,6个物种;仅1个物种(Pseudomonas toyotomiensis)在2个反应器均有发现。     

一株海洋好氧反硝化细菌的鉴定及其好氧反硝化特性

【目的】从处理海洋养殖循环水的生物滤器生物膜中分离到1株具有好氧反硝化活性的细菌(菌株2-8),并进一步研究了该菌的分类地位及反硝化特性。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行初步鉴定,采用好氧培养技术,探讨了碳源种类、起始pH、NaCl浓度、C/N、温度和摇床转速对菌株2-8好氧反硝化活性的影响。【结果】该菌株的16S rRNA基因序列与Pseudomonas segetis FR1439T(AY770691)的相似性最高,达到99.9%,因此初步鉴定菌株2-8属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.2-8)。碳源类型和C/N对其好氧反硝化作用的影响最为显著,以柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源,C/N为15时脱氮效率最高,低C/N导致亚硝酸盐的积累;其好氧反硝化的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5;菌株2-8在摇床转速为160r/min下脱氮效果最好;NaCl浓度对其反硝化活性的影响不明显。【结论】在初始硝酸氮浓度为140mg/L,以柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源、C/N为15、pH为7.5、NaCl浓度为30g/L,30℃以及160r/min摇床培养的条件下,菌株2-8在48h内脱氮率可达92%且无亚硝酸盐积累。     

好氧反硝化菌脱氮特性研究进展

好氧反硝化菌的发现,是对传统反硝化理论的丰富与突破. 由于其在脱氮方面的独特优势,已成为目前废水生物脱氮领域研究的热点. 好氧反硝化菌能够在有氧条件下,利用有机碳源生长的同时将含氮化合物反硝化生成N2等气态氮化物,多数还能同时进行异养硝化作用,将铵态氮直接转化为含氮气体. 本文从电子理论、反硝化酶系等方面对目前已分离出的一些好氧反硝化菌的脱氮特性及其脱氮机理进行探讨,分析了溶解氧、碳源类型及C/N等环境条件对其脱氮作用的影响,介绍了好氧反硝化菌的筛选方法及应用现状,对其应用前景和发展方向进行了展望.     

海洋环境异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的研究进展

异养硝化-好氧反硝化（heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrification,HN-AD）菌的发现打破了传统的脱氮理论,可以在有氧条件下同时进行硝化和反硝化,成为近年来的研究热点。HN-AD细菌在海洋氮循环中发挥着重要作用。本文对海洋环境中HN-AD菌的多样性和部分已知氮代谢途径及相关酶系进行了介绍,分析了盐度、碳氮比、溶解氧、pH等环境因素对HN-AD菌脱氮效果的影响,对其工艺和技术应用、前景和发展方向进行了综述和展望。     

好氧反硝化菌的选育及其初步应用

采用间歇曝气、极限稀释和酸碱指示剂培养基相结合的办法,从池塘底泥中成功分离到好氧反硝化菌株H2,经生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,初步判断为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.).在室内模拟养殖水体中,菌株H2在15 d中对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的最高降解速率分别达到0.885 mg/L·d和0.46 mg/L·d,试验结束时,总氮去除率达到45.2%.结果表明,菌株H2具有应用于养殖水体生物脱氮领域的巨大潜力.     

Storage and growth of denitrifiers in aerobic granules: part II. model calibration and verification

A mathematical model to describe the simultaneous storage and growth activities of denitrifiers in aerobic granules under anoxic conditions has been developed in an accompanying article. The sensitivity of the nitrate uptake rate (NUR) toward the stoichiometric and kinetic coefficients is analyzed in this article. The model parameter values are estimated by minimizing the sum of squares of the deviations between the measured and model-predicted values. The model is successfully calibrated and a set of stoichiometric and kinetic parameters for the anoxic storage and growth of the denitrifiers are obtained. Thereafter, the model established is verified with three set of experimental data. The comparison between the model established with the ASM1 model and ASM3 shows that the present model is appropriate to simulate and predict the performance of a granule-based denitrification system.     

Storage and growth of denitrifiers in aerobic granules: part I. model development

A mathematical model, based on the Activated Sludge Model No.3 (ASM3), is developed to describe the storage and growth activities of denitrifiers in aerobic granules under anoxic conditions. In this model, mass transfer, hydrolysis, simultaneous anoxic storage and growth, anoxic maintenance, and endogenous decay are all taken into account. The model established is implemented in the well-established AQUASIM simulation software. A combination of completely mixed reactor and biofilm reactor compartments provided by AQUASIM is used to simulate the mass transport and conversion processes occurring in both bulk liquid and granules. The modeling results explicitly show that the external substrate is immediately utilized for storage and growth at feast phase. More external substrates are diverted to storage process than the primary biomass production process. The model simulation indicates that the nitrate utilization rate (NUR) of granules-based denitrification process includes four linear phases of nitrate reduction. Furthermore, the methodology for determining the most important parameter in this model, that is, anoxic reduction factor, is established.     

Role of heterotrophic aerobic denitrifying bacteria in nitrate removal from wastewater

With the increase in industrial and agricultural activities, a large amount of nitrogenous compounds are released into the environment, leading to nitrate pollution. The perilous effects of nitrate present in the environment pose a major threat to human and animal health. Bioremediation provides a cost-effective and environmental friendly method to deal with this problem. The process of aerobic denitrification can reduce nitrate compounds to harmless dinitrogen gas. This review provides a brief view of the exhaustive role played by aerobic denitrifiers for tackling nitrate pollution under different ecological niches and their dependency on various environmental parameters. It also provides an understanding of the enzymes involved in aerobic denitrification. The role of aerobic denitrification to solve the issues faced by the conventional method (aerobic nitrification–anaerobic denitrification) in treating nitrogen-polluted wastewaters is elaborated.     

植物螯合肽及其在抗重金属胁迫中的作用

植物螯合肽(PCs)广泛存在于植物体中,与植物抗重金属胁迫关系密切。植物螯合肽及其复合物是一类富含半胱氨酸的低分子量化合物。现有研究证明,PCS由谷胱甘肽(GSH)为底物的酶促反应合成,其合成受相关基因的调控,从模式植物拟南芥的突变体中已分离到与PCS合成有关的几个基因。植物螯合肽首先与重金属离子结合形成低分子量(LMW)复合物,以此形态经由细胞质进入液泡后,再与一个分子的植物螯合肽结合,形成对植物组织毒性较小的高分子量(HMW)复合物,从而达到缓解重金属对植物的危害作用。就植物螯合肽及其复合物的结构、生物合成、基因调控及重金属解毒机理等进行了综述,并对今后的研究方向提出了一些看法。     

黔西北铅锌矿区植物群落分布及其对重金属的迁移特征

重金属耐性植物和超富集植物的筛选、鉴定和驯化是植物修复技术研究与发展的关键。以黔西北4个不同恢复年限的铅锌矿为研究对象,通过群落生态调查利用聚类分析方法筛选出研究区域中重金属耐性植物优势种,并分析其对重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的迁移富集能力。结果表明:4个矿区共发现高等植物22种,分属13科21属,筛选出9种重金属耐性植物优势种,其中转运系数大于1的植物有:黄花蒿(Cu)、珠光香青(Zn)、大叶醉鱼草(Zn/Pb/Cd)、野艾蒿(Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd);没有富集系数大于1的植物。其中大叶醉鱼草具有耐贫瘠、耐旱、生物量大等优势,可将其作为典型的重金属耐性先锋植物,用于矿区废弃地的植物修复。     

Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences

Even in the current era of growing technology, the concentration of heavy metals present in drinking water is still not within the recommended limits as set by the regulatory authorities in different countries of the world. Drinking water contaminated with heavy metals namely; arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium, zinc, and lead is becoming a major health concern for public and health care professionals. Occupational exposure to heavy metals is known to occur by the utilization of these metals in various industrial processes and/or contents including color pigments and alloys. However, the predominant source resulting in measurable human exposure to heavy metals is the consumption of contaminated drinking water and the resulting health issues may include cardiovascular disorders, neuronal damage, renal injuries, and risk of cancer and diabetes. The general mechanism involved in heavy metal‐induced toxicity is recognized to be the production of reactive oxygen species resulting oxidative damage and health related adverse effects. Thus utilization of heavy metal‐contaminated water is resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates all over the world. Thereby, feeling the need to raise the concerns about contribution of different heavy metals in various health related issues, this article has discussed the global contamination of drinking water with heavy metals to assess the health hazards associated with consumption of heavy metal‐contaminated water. A relationship between exposure limits and ultimate responses produced as well as the major organs affected have been reviewed. Acute and chronic poisoning symptoms and mechanisms responsible for such toxicities have also been discussed.     

Levels of heavy metals and their binding protein metallothionein in type 2 diabetics with kidney disease

Hyperglycemia, a major metabolic disturbance present in diabetes, promotes oxidative stress. Activation of antioxidant defense is an important mechanism to prevent cell damage. Levels of heavy metals and their binding proteins can contribute to oxidative stress. Antiradical capacity and levels of metallothionein (MT), metals (zinc and copper), and selected antioxidants (bilirubin, cysteine, and glutathione) were determined in 70 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects and 80 healthy subjects of Caucasian origin. Single nucleotide polymorphism (rs28366003) in MT gene was detected. Antiradical capacity, conjugated bilirubin, and copper were significantly increased in diabetics, whereas MT and glutathione were decreased. Genotype AA of rs28366003 was associated with higher zinc levels in the diabetic group. The studied parameters were not influenced by renal function. This is the first study comprehensively investigating differences in MT and metals relevant to oxidative stress in T2DM. Ascertained differences indicate increased oxidative stress in T2DM accompanied by abnormalities in non‐enzymatic antioxidant defense systems.     

牡蛎对重金属生物富集动力学特性研究

应用半静态双箱模型室内模拟了牡蛎对四种重金属 (As、Hg、Cd、Pb)的生物富集实验 ,通过非线性拟合得到了牡蛎富集重金属的吸收速率常数 k1 、排出速率常数 k2 、生物富集因子 BCF、生物学半衰期 B1 /2 等动力学参数。结果表明 :吸收速率常数 k1及生物富集因子 BCF均随着外部水体浓度的增大而减小而平衡状态下生物体内金属含量 CAmax随着外部水体浓度的增大而增大 ,且成显著正相关 ,这说明牡蛎比较理想的重金属 Hg、Cd、Pb污染的指示生物。     

典型重金属对氯苯类有机物生物转化影响及分子机制研究进展

重金属和有机物相互作用,形成共污染,是当今面临的重要环境问题之一。明晰重金属作用下氯苯类化合物（chlorobenzenes,CBs）的转化特性以及典型重金属对CBs生物降解的影响机制,对有效修复重金属-有机物共污染有重要意义。本文首先对CBs生物降解的研究现状进行了总结,明晰了当前CBs降解的主要功能菌属类型,包括伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia）,假单胞菌（Pseudomonas）,脱卤球菌（Dehalobium）和脱卤拟球菌（Dehalococcoides）等;而后概述了重金属与CBs的共污染现状,发现绝大多数污染中存在重金属与CBs共污染现象;随后系统综述了典型重金属对CBs生物转化的影响,表明好氧或厌氧条件下大多数重金属离子对CBs生物转化存在抑制作用,受金属离子种类、浓度、价态及pH影响显著;另外,对重金属影响下的CBs转化机制进行了分析,基于3方面影响构建了分子机制模型。最后对目前还存在的问题与局限性进行了分析,并对未来发展方向进行了展望,以期为重金属-有机物共污染的修复提供支撑。