Parallel motor pathways from thoracic interneurons of the ventral giant interneurons system of the cockroach,Periplaneta americana

The data described here complete the principal components of the cockroach wind-mediated escape circuit form cercal afferents to leg motor neurons. It was previously known that the cercal afferents excite ventral giant interneurons which then conduct information on wind stimuli to thoracic ganglia. The ventral giant interneurons connect to a large population of interneurons in the thoracic ganglia which, in turn, are capable of exciting motor neurons that control leg movements. Thoracic interneurons that receive constant short latency inputs from ventral giant interneurons have been referred to as type A thoracic interneurons (TI_As). In this paper, we demonstrate that the motor response of TI_As occurs in adjacent ganglia as well as in the ganglion of origin for the TI_A. We then describe the pathway from TI_As to motor neurons in both ganglia. Our observations reveal complex interactions between thoracic interneurons and leg motor neurons. Two parallel pathways exist. TI_As excite leg motor neurons directly and via local interneurons. Latency and amplitude of post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) in motor neurons and local interneurons either in the ganglion of origin or in adjacent ganglia are all similar. However, the sign of the responses recorded in local interneurons (LI) and motor neurons varies according to the TI_A subpopulation based on the location of their cell bodies. One group, the dorsal posterior group, (DPGs) has dorsal cell bodies, whereas the other group, the ventral median cells, (VMC) has ventral cell bodies. All DPG interneurons either excited postsynaptic cells or failed to show any connection at all. In contrast, all VMC interneurons either inhibited postsynaptic cells or failed to show any connection. It appears that the TI_As utilize directional wind information from the ventral giant interneurons to make a decision on the optimal direction of escape. The output connections, which project not only to cells within the ganglion of origin but also to adjacent ganglia and perhaps beyond, could allow this decision to be made throughout the thoracic ganglia as a single unit. However, nothing in these connections indicates a mechanism for making appropriate coordinated leg movements. Because each pair of legs plays a unique role in the turn, this coordination should be controlled by circuits didicated to each leg. We suggest that this is accomplished by local interneurons between TI_As and leg motor neurons.     

Active dendritic conductances dynamically regulate GABA release from thalamic interneurons

Inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) process visual information by precisely controlling spike timing and by refining the receptive fields of thalamocortical (TC) neurons. Previous studies indicate that dLGN interneurons inhibit TC neurons by releasing GABA from both axons and dendrites. However, the mechanisms controlling GABA release are poorly understood. Here, using simultaneous whole-cell recordings from interneurons and TC neurons and two-photon calcium imaging, we find that synchronous activation of multiple retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) triggers sodium spikes that propagate throughout interneuron axons and dendrites, and calcium spikes that invade dendrites but not axons. These distinct modes of interneuron firing can trigger both a rapid and a sustained component of inhibition onto TC neurons. Our studies suggest that active conductances make LGN interneurons flexible circuit-elements that can shift their spatial and temporal properties of GABA release in response to coincident activation of functionally related subsets of RGCs.     

Local interneurons in the swimmeret system of the crayfish

Summary We describe the structures and physiological properties of thirteen kinds of local interneurons in the swimmeret system of the crayfish,Pacifastacus leniusculus. Eight are unilateral, with processes confined to one side of the midline (Figs. 1, 2); five are bilateral, with processes on both sides of the ganglion (Fig. 6). All have most of their branches in the lateral neuropils. All of the unilateral local interneurons were nonspiking; two of the bilateral interneurons generate action potentials. Three kinds of unilateral interneurons could reset the bursting rhythm or could initiate bursting in quiescent nerve cords. Four others drove tonic firing of motor neurons. Four kinds of bilateral interneurons were premotor, and could affect the period and phase of both pattern generators in their ganglion. One unilateral and one bilateral interneuron were sensory interneurons. At least one bilateral interneuron received input from both pattern generators.Different premotor local interneurons function either in pattern generation, or in hemisegmental coordination of groups of motor neurons, or in bilateral synchronization of the ganglionic pairs of local pattern-generators for the swimmerets.Abbreviations G1. ganglion 1. - LN lateral neuropil - MT miniscule tract     

Sensitivity of ocellar interneurons of the honeybee to constant and temporally modulated light

Sinusoidally modulated and discrete light pulses, the parameters of which approximated natural light conditions, were used to determine the response characteristics of ocellar first-order interneurons of the worker honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica). Large ocellar interneurons which terminate within the brain (LB neurons) were recorded from intracellularly and were identified visually after dye injection. Absolute sensitivity of LB neurons to light flashes ranges from 4 X 10(9) quanta/cm2s (Q) for MOC1,7 neurons to 1 X 10(12) Q for MOC3,4. The slope of the response-intensity (R/I) functions, which were calculated for intensities between 2 X 10(9) and 4 X 10(13) Q, varies in different types of LB neurons. The strongest response is given by one group of median ocellar neurons. With constant light around 10(13) Q, most LB neurons exhibit oscillatory hyperpolarizations which, upon increasing the stimulus to even higher intensities (10(14)-10(15) Q), gradually evolve to a hyperpolarized plateau. The frequency of these oscillatory voltage fluctuations increases with the rate of modulation of the stimulating light and reaches maximum values at 5-15 Hz modulation frequency. Two groups of MOC neurons follow sinusoidally modulated light up to 32 +/- 8 Hz (n = 5) and 29 +/- 6 Hz (n = 3), respectively, whereas lateral ocellar neurons cut off at 17 +/- 5 Hz (n = 4). The possible role of LB neurons is discussed. They may be inactivated when the bee is flying in bright sunlight.     

Neuroblast ablation in Drosophila P[GAL4] lines reveals origins of olfactory interneurons

Hydroxyurea (HU) treatment of early first instar larvae in Drosophila was previously shown to ablate a single dividing lateral neuroblast (LNb) in the brain. Early larval HU application to P[GAL4] strains that label specific neuron types enabled us to identify the origins of the two major classes of interneurons in the olfactory system. HU treatment resulted in the loss of antennal lobe local interneurons and of a subset of relay interneurons (RI), elements usually projecting to the calyx and the lateral protocerebrum (LPR). Other RI were resistant to HU and still projected to the LPR. However, they formed no collaterals in the calyx region (which was also ablated), suggesting that their survival does not depend on targets in the calyx. Hence, the ablated interneurons were derived from the LNb, whereas the HU-resistant elements originated from neuroblasts which begin to divide later in larval life. Developmental GAL4 expression patterns suggested that differentiated RI are present at the larval stage already and may be retained through metamorphosis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 32: 443–456, 1997     

Synaptic processes in spinal cord interneurons under rubrospinal effects

Synaptic processes of the spinal cord interneurons under rubrospinal effects have been investigated. A recording was made of 156 interneurons from the different parts of the gray matter, 111 of the interneurons were activated by descending effects from the red nucleus and 47 were not activated. Sixty nine interneurons of the first group responded only to rubrospinal impulsation and 42 neurons were also activated by afferent volleys. Interneurons activated only by the rubrospinal tract were located in the most lateral part of the VII Rexed's gray matter layer; the majority of interneurons activated by both rubrospinal and peripheral afferent volleys were located in the nucleus propius of the dorsal horn and the Cajal intermediate nucleus. The mean latencies of EPSP's and action potentials in interneurons activated only by a rubrospinal tract were 64±0.2 and 9.5±0.62 msec, respectively. The mean latency of EPSP's in motoneurons of flexor muscles was 10.3±0.62 msec and of IPSP's in motoneurons of extensor muscles, it was 11.5±1.28 msec. It is assumed that rubrospinal impulsation evokes excitatory PSP's in the motoneurons via the disynaptic pathway with the participation of special interneurons located in the lateral part of the VII layer. Inhibitory and late excitatory responses are, apparently, evoked via additional interneurons.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 158–166, September–October, 1969.     

Reticulofugal influences of interneurons in the lateral region of gray matter of the cat spinal cord

Responses of lumbar interneurons located in the most lateral regions of Rexed's laminae IV–VII to stimulation of the medial longitudinal bundle and gigantocellular reticular nucleus of medullary pyramids, red nucleus, and peripheral nerves were investigated in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Stimulation of the reticulospinal fibers evoked monosynaptic excitation of many interneurons specialized for transmitting activity of the lateral descending systems, but not of peripheral afferents. Convergence of excitatory influences of all three descending systems (cortico-, rubro-, and reticulospinal) was observed on some cells of this group. In addition, monosynaptic "reticular" E PSPs appeared in interneurons transmitting activity of group Ia muscle fibers and in some interneurons of the flexor reflex afferent system. Stimulation of reticulospinal fibers evoked IPSPs in some neurons of this last group. Neurons not exposed to reticulofugal influences (both specialized neurons and interneurons of segmental reflex arcs) were located chiefly in the dorsal zones of the region studied. Recordings were also obtained from single fibers of the lateral reticulospinal tracts (conduction velocity from 26 to 81 m/sec).A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 525–536, September–October, 1973.     

Frequency-intensity characteristics of cricket cercal interneurons: units with high-pass functions

Interneurons in the cercal sensory system of crickets respond in a cell-specific manner if the cercal hair sensilla are stimulated by air-particle oscillations at frequencies below about 2000 Hz. We investigated the filter properties of several of these interneurons, and tested the effect of stimulus intensity (typically 0.3–50 mm s⁻¹ peak-to-peak air-particle velocity) on the frequency response in the range 5–600 Hz. We focus on three interneurons (the lateral and medial giant interneurons and interneuron 9-3a) of Acheta domesticus which are characterized by a relatively high sensitivity above ca. 50–200 Hz. The responses of the medial giant interneuron usually increase monotonically with frequency and intensity. Interneuron 9-3a and the lateral giant interneuron exhibit saturation or response decrement at high frequencies and intensities. The lateral giant interneuron has an additional peak of sensitivity below about 40 Hz. Small individual variations in the relative locations of the two response areas of this interneuron within the frequency-intensity field are responsible for a large variability obtained if frequency-response curves are determined for particular intensities. Stimulus frequency does not affect the principal directional preferences of the three interneurons. Nevertheless, if tested individually, the lateral giant interneuron and interneuron 9-3a exhibit small changes of directional tuning. Accepted: 12 November 1997     

Parallel motor pathways from thoracic interneurons of the ventral giant interneuron system of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

The data described here complete the principal components of the cockroach wind-mediated escape circuit from cercal afferents to leg motor neurons. It was previously known that the cercal afferents excite ventral giant interneurons which then conduct information on wind stimuli to thoracic ganglia. The ventral giant interneurons connect to a large population of interneurons in the thoracic ganglia which, in turn, are capable of exciting motor neurons that control leg movements. Thoracic interneurons that receive constant short latency inputs from ventral giant interneurons have been referred to as type A thoracic interneurons (TIAs). In this paper, we demonstrate that the motor response of TIAs occurs in adjacent ganglia as well as in the ganglion of origin for the TIA. We then describe the pathway from TIAs to motor neurons in both ganglia. Our observations reveal complex interactions between thoracic interneurons and leg motor neurons. Two parallel pathways exist. TIAs excite leg motor neurons directly and via local interneurons. Latency and amplitude of post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) in motor neurons and local interneurons either in the ganglion of origin or in adjacent ganglia are all similar. However, the sign of the responses recorded in local interneurons (LI) and motor neurons varies according to the TIA subpopulation based on the location of their cell bodies. One group, the dorsal posterior group, (DPGs) has dorsal cell bodies, whereas the other group, the ventral median cells, (VMC) has ventral cell bodies. All DPG interneurons either excited postsynaptic cells or failed to show any connection at all. In contrast, all VMC interneurons either inhibited postsynaptic cells or failed to show any connection. It appears that the TIAs utilize directional wind information from the ventral giant interneurons to make a decision on the optimal direction of escape. The output connections, which project not only to cells within the ganglion of origin but also to adjacent ganglia and perhaps beyond, could allow this decision to be made throughout the thoracic ganglia as a single unit. However, nothing in these connections indicates a mechanism for making appropriate coordinated leg movements. Because each pair of legs plays a unique role in the turn, this coordination should be controlled by circuits dedicated to each leg. We suggest that this is accomplished by local interneurons between TIAs and leg motor neurons.     

Cell migration from the ganglionic eminences is required for the development of hippocampal GABAergic interneurons

GABAergic interneurons have major roles in hippocampal function and dysfunction. Here we provide evidence that, in mice, virtually all of these cells originate from progenitors in the basal telencephalon. Immature interneurons tangentially migrate from the basal telencephalon through the neocortex to take up their final positions in the hippocampus. Disrupting differentiation in the embryonic basal telencephalon (lateral and medial ganglionic eminences) through loss of Dlx1/2 homeobox function blocks the migration of virtually all GABAergic interneurons to the hippocampus. On the other hand, disrupting specification of the medial ganglionic eminence through loss of Nkx2.1 homeobox function depletes the hippocampus of a distinct subset of hippocampal interneurons. Loss of hippocampal interneurons does not appear to have major effects on the early development of hippocampal projection neurons nor on the pathfinding of afferrent tracts.     

Position and time specify the migration of a pioneering population of olfactory bulb interneurons

We defined the cellular mechanisms for genesis, migration, and differentiation of the initial population of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons. This cohort of early generated cells, many of which become postmitotic on embryonic day (E) 14.5, differentiates into a wide range of mature OB interneurons by postnatal day (P) 21, and a substantial number remains in the OB at P60. Their precursors autonomously acquire a distinct identity defined by their position in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE). The progeny migrate selectively to the OB rudiment in a pathway that presages the rostral migratory stream. After arriving in the OB rudiment, these early generated cells acquire cellular and molecular hallmarks of OB interneurons. Other precursors--including those from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and OB--fail to generate neuroblasts with similar migratory capacity when transplanted to the LGE. The positional identity and migratory specificity of the LGE precursors is rigidly established between E12.5 and E14.5. Thus, the pioneering population of OB interneurons is generated from spatially and temporally determined LGE precursors whose progeny uniquely recognize a distinct migratory trajectory.     

Activation of DUM cell interneurons by ventral giant interneurons in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Dorsal unpaired median (DUM) cells in orthopteran insects are known to contain the neuromodulatory substance octopamine, and DUM cells with peripheral axons augment synaptic activity at neuromuscular junctions. One of the most studied systems in the cockroach is the giant interneuron (GI) system which controls the initial movements of a wind-mediated escape response. Our data demonstrate that DUM cells that are restricted to the central nervous system (DUM interneurons) receive inputs from ventral giant interneurons (vGIs) but not from dorsal giant interneurons (dGIs). In contrast, DUM cells that have peripheral axons consistently fail to be excited by any giant interneurons. The DUM interneurons are excited by vGIs on both sides of the CNS and, when the vGIs are excited in pairs, summation occurs. Wind fields that have been generated for two of the DUM interneurons are omnidirectional. These data, taken along with the known association of DUM cells with the neuromodulatory substance octopamine, suggest that the DUM interneurons may act to modulate central synapses.     

Excitatory influence of wind-sensitive local interneurons on an ascending interneuron in the cricket cercal sensory system

This study examined the effects of a set of identified wind-sensitive local interneurons (9DL interneurons) on the wind-evoked spike output and directional sensitivity of an ascending interneuron (10-3) in the cricket (Acheta domesticus) cercal sensory system. Comparison of the directional sensitivities of the 9DL interneurons and 10-3 revealed that 3 of the 9DL interneurons have a large degree of overlap in their excitatory receptive fields with that of 10-3. Photoinactivation of any one of these 3 9DL interneurons resulted in a significant decrease in the spike output of 10-3 at its optimal excitatory wind stimulus positions. However, the overall directional sensitivity of 10-3 remained essentially unchanged. Photoinactivation of the one 9DL interneuron which had no overlap in its excitatory receptive field with 10-3 did not affect 10-3's responsiveness to wind stimuli. Results from simultaneous intracellular recordings of 10-3 and one of the 9DL interneurons which had an excitatory influence on 10-3 showed that depolarization of the local interneuron produced an epsp in 10-3, and could elicit several action potentials. Comparison of the morphologies of the 9DL interneurons and 10-3 revealed that the 3 9DL interneurons which had an excitatory influence on 10-3 all had regions of dendritic overlap with this ascending interneuron.Abbreviations ANOVA analysis of variance - Contra contralateral - epsp excitatory post-synaptic potential - Ipsi ipsilateral - LGI lateral giant interneuron - MGI medial giant interneuron     

Synaptic activation of thoracic interneurons by reticulospinal fibers of the lateral funiculus

Synaptic responses of different functional groups of interneurons in segments T10 and T11 to stimulation of the ipsilateral and contralateral medullary reticular formation were investigated in anesthetized cats with only the ipsilateral lateral funiculus remaining intact. Activation of reticulospinal fibers of the lateral funiculus with conduction velocities of 30–100 m/sec was shown to induce short-latency and, in particular, monosynptic EPSPs in all types of cells tested: in interneurons excited by group Ia muscle afferents, in cells activated only by high-threshold cutaneous and muscle afferents (afferents of the flexor reflex), in cells activated mainly by descending systems, and, to a lesser degree, in neurons connected with low-threshold cutaneous afferents. These cell populations are located mainly in the central and lateral parts of Rexed's lamina VII. Most neurons in laminae I–V of the dorsal horn, except six cells located in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn, received no reticulofugal influences. The functional organization of connections of the lateral reticulospinal tract with spinal neurons is discussed and compared with the analogous organization of the medial reticulospinal tract, and also of the "lateral" (cortico- and rubrospinal) descending systems.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 150–161, March–April, 1978.     

Physiological and morphological characterization of olfactory descending interneurons of the male silkworm moth, Bombyx mori

In order to understand the neural mechanisms of pheromone-oriented walking in male silkworm moths, Bombyxmori, we have characterized olfactory responses and three-dimensional structure of two clusters (Group-I, Group-II) of descending interneurons in the brain by intracellular recording and staining with lucifer yellow. Neurons were imaged with laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Group-I and Group-II descending interneurons were classified into three morphological types, respectively. In response to the sex pheromone, bombykol, Type-A Group-I descending interneurons showed characteristic flipflopping activity. The Group-I descending interneurons had dendritic arborizations in the lateral accessory lobe and varicose profiles in the posterior-lateral part of the suboesophageal ganglion where the dendritic arborizations of a neck motor neuron (i.e., cv1 NMN) reside. Other types of Group-I descending interneurons exhibited long-lasting suppression of firing. The pheromonal responses of Group-II descending interneurons fell into two classes: brief excitation and brief inhibition. Type-A Group-II descending interneurons showing brief excitation had blebby processes in the posterior-lateral part of the suboesophageal ganglion. Type-B and Type-C Group-II descending interneurons did not have varicose profiles there. Therefore, the neck motor neuron regulating head turning, which accompanies the pheromone-oriented walking, may be controlled by these two types, flipflop and phasic excitation, of descending activity patterns. Accepted: 2 November 1998     

Excitatory local interneurons enhance tuning of sensory information

Neurons in the insect antennal lobe represent odors as spatiotemporal patterns of activity that unfold over multiple time scales. As these patterns unspool they decrease the overlap between odor representations and thereby increase the ability of the olfactory system to discriminate odors. Using a realistic model of the insect antennal lobe we examined two competing components of this process -lateral excitation from local excitatory interneurons, and slow inhibition from local inhibitory interneurons. We found that lateral excitation amplified differences between representations of similar odors by recruiting projection neurons that did not receive direct input from olfactory receptors. However, this increased sensitivity also amplified noisy variations in input and compromised the ability of the system to respond reliably to multiple presentations of the same odor. Slow inhibition curtailed the spread of projection neuron activity and increased response reliability. These competing influences must be finely balanced in order to decorrelate odor representations.     

Wind-activated thoracic interneurons of the cockroach: II. Patterns of connection from ventral giant interneurons

A number of thoracic interneurons (TIs) have been found to receive inputs from ventral giant interneurons (vGIs). Each of these cells responds to wind with short latency depolarizations. The previous paper described response properties of several TIs to wind stimuli, including those excited by vGIs. The data showed a correlation between the shape of the TI's wind fields and its morphology. The presence of ventral branches located near the midline of the ganglion predicts a strong response to wind on that side. These ventral median (VM) branches are in the proper location to permit overlap with processes from vGIs. Here we describe the patterns of connections between individual vGIs and 13 of the thoracic interneurons located in the meso- and metathoracic ganglia. A correlation was found between the presence of VM branches and excitation by vGIs. TIs were only excited by vGIs on the side(s) on which VM branches exist. However, presence of a VM branch does not imply that all vGIs on that side make connections with the TI. Summation was found between various vGIs that excited each individual thoracic interneuron. In unilateral thoracic interneurons, no sign of inhibition was found from vGIs on the sides opposite that which contained excitatory vGI axons. Neither was there any evidence of inhibition from dorsal giant interneurons. In addition preliminary evidence indicated that left-right homologues do not inhibit one another. Thus, the data suggest that directional wind fields are primarily the result of selective connection from specific vGIs.     

Structure predicts synaptic function of two classes of interneurons in the thoracic ganglia of Locusta migratoria

Summary The relationship between synaptic function and structure was examined for 32 spiking interneurons (13 inhibitory and 19 excitatory) in the meso- and metathoracic ganglia of the locust, Locusta migratoria. In no instance was the structure of an excitatory interneuron similar to that of an inhibitory interneuron. However, 12 of the 13 inhibitory interneurons shared a number of structural features, namely a ventromedially located soma, axon(s) projecting into contralateral connective(s), and a laterally bowed primary neurite. Structurally the excitatory interneurons formed a more heterogeneous group. Even so, 12 of the 19 had a combination of structural features in common, namely laterally located somata and axon(s) projecting into contralateral connective(s). The clear differences in structure of the two main groups of inhibitory and excitatory interneurons suggest that other neurons with structures similar to members of these two groups can be classified as inhibitory and excitatory, respectively. Thus we propose that structure predicts synaptic function for two distinct groups of interneurons in the thoracic ganglia of locusts. Present address: Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Qubeck, Canada     

Striatal interneurons in dissociated cell culture

In addition to the well-characterized direct and indirect projection neurons there are four major interneuron types in the striatum. Three contain GABA and either parvalbumin, calretinin or NOS/NPY/somatostatin. The fourth is cholinergic. It might be assumed that dissociated cell cultures of striatum (typically from embryonic day E18.5 in rat and E14.5 for mouse) contain each of these neuronal types. However, in dissociated rat striatal (caudate/putamen, CPu) cultures arguably the most important interneuron, the giant aspiny cholinergic neuron, is not present. When dissociated striatal neurons from E14.5 Sprague–Dawley rats were mixed with those from E18.5 rats, combined cultures from these two gestational periods yielded surviving cholinergic interneurons and representative populations of the other interneuron types at 5 weeks in vitro. Neurons from E12.5 CD-1 mice were combined with CPu neurons from E14.5 mice and the characteristics of striatal interneurons after 5 weeks in vitro were determined. All four major classes of interneurons were identified in these cultures as well as rare tyrosine hydroxylase positive interneurons. However, E14.5 mouse CPu cultures contained relatively few cholinergic interneurons rather than the nearly total absence seen in the rat. A later dissection day (E16.5) was required to obtain mouse CPu cultures totally lacking the cholinergic interneuron. We show that these cultures generated from two gestational age cells have much more nearly normal proportions of interneurons than the more common organotypic cultures of striatum. Interneurons are generated from both ages of embryos except for the cholinergic interneurons that originate from the medial ganglionic eminence of younger embryos. Study of these cultures should more accurately reflect neuronal processing as it occurs in the striatum in vivo. Furthermore, these results reveal a procedure for parallel culture of striatum and cholinergic depleted striatum that can be used to examine the function of the cholinergic interneuron in striatal networks.     

Pyramidal influences on interneurons of spinal segmentary reflector arcs in cat

Microelectrode discharges of potentials have been realized from segmentary interneurons of the dorsal horn and intermediate nucleus of the spinal cord in cat at the L₆–L₇ level by electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor region of the brain cortex. It has been established that corticifugal influences on segmentary interneurons of the system of the flexor reflex and on neurons activated by high threshold muscle afferents (groups Ib, II, and III), or high threshold cutaneous afferents are predominantly excitatory. Interneurons activated by muscle afferents of group Ia or by the lowest threshold cutaneous fibers are weakly subjected to pyramidal influences. The mean latencies of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's) and discharges evoked under the influence of pyramidal volley, for the neurons under study in the system of afferents of the flexor reflex are equal to 11.8±2.6 and 20.1±1.8 msec, respectively; for interneurons, excited only by high threshold muscle afferents, they are equal to 15.5±3.6 and 16.3±2.2 msec, respectively; and for interneurons, excited by high threshold cutaneous fibers they are equal to 11.8±2.6 and 18.3±1.4 msec, respectively. Possible pathways of activating segmentary interneurons from the lateral sensorimotor region of the brain cortex have been discussed.The A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 17–25, January–February, 1970.